1 ing 10 mL of either cold or room temperature injectate.

2 ac output was measured with room temperature Injectate.

3 oversy, we examined the effects of 5 mL iced injectate (0 degrees to 4 degrees) infusions on cardiody

4                                     Epidural injectate flow is highly variable, both among patients a

5       Vertebral level, needle placement, and injectate flow patterns were determined from procedural

6            Thus, the use of iced temperature injectate for cardiac output determination is still a vi

7                             Iced temperature injectate gives a higher signal/noise ratio and less var

8                Advocates of room temperature injectate have suggested that iced temperature injectate

9 ignificant effect seen with iced temperature injectate infusion was a small, transient decrease in he

10 ed at baseline (just before iced temperature injectate infusion) and every 3 sec for 9 secs.

11 jectate have suggested that iced temperature injectate may perturb cardiodynamics.

12                            The use of cooled injectate reduced the mean error of the dual thermistor

13       Controversy exists regarding the ideal injectate temperature for measuring cardiac output.

14 ng a second thermistor positioned to measure injectate temperature in vivo just prior to entry into t

15 ill a viable alternative to room temperature injectate use, especially when a larger signal/noise rat

16                             Iced temperature injectate used in clinically relevant volumes causes tra

17    Even with ambient temperature injections, injectate warming during catheter transit varied conside

18 ac output with 10 mL of cold (0-5 degrees C) injectate was unchanged by pneumatic compression (off, 7

19                  MR fluoroscopic guidance of injectates was successful in both groups.

20  transient pain during the administration of injectate, which were resolved by the termination of the