ライフサイエンスコーパス: inner hair cell

1 all hair cells (avian equivalent of cochlear inner hair cells).

2 axons and their sensory endings beneath each inner hair cell.

3 ed from a single synaptic ribbon in a single inner hair cell.

4 s, each of which is postsynaptic to a single inner hair cell.

5 cells prevented the functional maturation of inner hair cells.

6 icted to the cell apical region) in cochlear inner hair cells.

7 elease of glutamate at the ribbon synapse of inner hair cells.

8 th in transfected HEK293T cells and in mouse inner hair cells.

9 subtle structural changes in and surrounding inner hair cells.

10 ganglion cells and outer hair cells but not inner hair cells.

11 kout mice, the stereocilia were thickened in inner hair cells.

12 being higher in outer hair cells (OHCs) than inner hair cells.

13 responsible for encoding the SK channels of inner hair cells.

14 heir significance for Ca(v)1.3 regulation in inner hair cells.

15 litudes but no difference in degeneration of inner hair cells.

16 re extensive between supporting cells around inner hair cells.

17 of fast activating outward current from the inner hair cells.

18 fibers terminating onto the afferents to the inner hair cells.

19 chanical signal, which is then transduced by inner hair cells.

20 characterized BK channel expression in mouse inner hair cells.

21 lls and to a small increase in the number of inner hair cells.

22 rows of outer hair cells and a single row of inner hair cells.

23 yanodine and intracellular Cs+ block CICR in inner hair cells.

24 d is the predominant PMCA of hair bundles of inner hair cells.

25 ations in the cochlea that are transduced by inner hair cells.

26 /or electrical and synaptic processes at the inner hair cells.

27 of how BM vibrations are transmitted to the inner hair cells.

28 nesis and has been seen thus far only in the inner hair cells.

29 multitude of filopodia that intussuscept the inner hair cells.

30 ut also may express ChAT when they are below inner hair cells.

31 hair cells to innervate even the most basal inner hair cells.

32 or normal calcium currents and exocytosis in inner hair cells.

33 are similar to those of developing cochlear inner hair cells.

34 channels at the synaptic ribbons of auditory inner hair cells.

35 outer hair cells more severely affected than inner hair cells.

36 1.3 channels and Ca(2+) homeostasis in mouse inner hair cells.

37 erformed intracellular recordings from mouse inner hair cells across the lifespan and show that effer

38 deaf due to loss of glutamate release at the inner hair cell afferent synapse.

39 ereocilia of outer hair cells (OHCs) but not inner hair cells and affects interactions of stereocilia

40 Nevertheless, BK channels are present in inner hair cells and encode a fast activating outward cu

41 The prominent expression of delta1 in inner hair cells and in type I and type II vestibular ha

42 undary, producing unexpected duplications of inner hair cells and inner phalangeal cells.

43 individually dedicated to the homeostasis of inner hair cells and outer hair cells.

44 a novel function of BK channels in mammalian inner hair cells and provide a framework for future rese

45 ria for: (i) presynaptic disorders affecting inner hair cells and ribbon synapses; (ii) postsynaptic

46 crodissected immature (postnatal days 10-13) inner hair cells and spiral ganglion cells but not outer

47 mutational load expansion toward the apex in inner hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons.

48 bundle, structural aberrations in outer and inner hair cells and stria vascularis defects, leading t

49 ll differentiation and an over production of inner hair cells and that these effects are likely media

50 occur in the synapses between the cochlea's inner hair cells and the auditory nerve, effectively sev

51 ells in the region between the single row of inner hair cells and the first row of outer hair cells.

52 e first time, successful transduction of all inner hair cells and the majority of outer hair cells in

53 on at the first auditory synapse between the inner hair cells and the spiral ganglion neurons.

54 of the initial synaptic contacts between the inner hair cells and their afferent neurons caused by tr

55 fate mapping shows this region gives rise to inner hair cells and their associated inner phalangeal c

56 f presynaptic structures or processes of the inner hair cells and their input.

57 The efferent endings associate with inner hair cells and their synaptic afferents through co

58 A single row of inner hair cells and three or four rows of outer hair ce

59 that form a boundary between a single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells (OHC

60 ed region of the cochlea in which one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells are

61 f mechanosensory hair cells: a single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells.

62 sional finite-element methods, we modeled an inner hair-cell and an outer hair-cell stereocilia bundl

63 or-image duplications of tunnel of Corti and inner hair cells, and expressing ectopic vestibular-like

64 ls, esophageal skeletal muscle, and cochlear inner hair cells, and the absence of Fz4 in these cells

65 r cells, with the former being comparable to inner hair cells, and the latter comparable to OHCs, bas

66 of Corti between the primary receptors, the inner hair cells, and the peripheral processes of their

67 Postsynaptic specializations within inner hair cells apposed to labeled efferent axons inclu

68 es can affect the coupling between outer and inner hair cells are discussed.

69 Here, we show that neonatal inner hair cells are inhibited by cholinergic synaptic i

70 t displacement value, which implies that the inner hair cells are more sensitive to V(BM) than to BM

71 Mammalian inner hair cells are not electrically tuned and, yet, BK

72 While hair bundles of inner hair cells are of linear shape, those of outer hai

73 Inner hair cells are responsible for transducing mechani

74 lends support to the recent hypothesis that inner hair cells are stimulated by a net flow, in additi

75 Inner hair cells are transduced in an apex-to-base gradi

76 In the developing mammalian cochlea, inner hair cells are transiently innervated by efferent

77 rves, a measure of the tuning of the sensory inner hair cells, are also sharply tuned, but the thresh

78 mostly restricted to supporting cells of the inner hair cell area (i.e., inner border and inner phala

79 of afferent synapses was normal in both the inner hair cell area and the OHC area.

80 mmunostained efferent terminals in outer and inner hair cell areas.

81 y, in olivocochlear fibers in both outer and inner hair cell areas.

82 fespan and show that efferent innervation of inner hair cells arises in parallel with the loss of aff

83 es, ChAT immunoreactivity was detected below inner hair cells as early as P2 but was not detected bel

84 ng is in outer hair cells at the apex and in inner hair cells as well as spiral ganglion neurons at t

85 s of the greater epithelial ridge as well as inner hair cells at P0.

86 the basilar membrane to optimally drive the inner hair cells at their best frequency.

87 rders that result from noise-induced loss of Inner Hair Cell - Auditory Nerve synaptic connections.

88 of synaptic ribbons associated with loss of Inner Hair Cell - Auditory Nerve synaptic connections.

89 Inner hair cells, auditory synapses and spiral ganglion

90 d at the presynaptic ribbon synapse of adult inner hair cells both in wild-type and CaBP4(-/-) mice a

91 scin-C is abundant on the pillar side of the inner hair cell but does not accumulate on the modiolar

92 ns not only provide transient connections to inner hair cells but also may express ChAT when they are

93 yosin-XVa and is disrupted in Myo15(sh2/sh2) inner hair cells, but not in Myo15(sh2/sh2) outer hair c

94 d that labeled axons reached the vicinity of inner hair cells by P0 and outer hair cells by P2.

95 outer hair cells, whereas innervation of the inner hair cells by type I spiral ganglion neurons was n

96 Of multiple CaBPs detected in inner hair cells (CaBP1, CaBP2, CaBP4 and CaBP5), CaBP1

97 urther suggest that in the cochlea, neuronal-inner hair cell connections may dynamically reshape as p

98 The first efferent contacts that contacted inner hair cells contained a few irregularly sized vesic

99 ordings showed that ANFs contacting the same inner hair cell could have different SRs, with no correl

100 cal and middle turns, whereas both outer and inner hair cells displayed dynamic changes of alpha9 ACh

101 Moreover, Foxo3-knock-out (KO) inner hair cells do not display reductions in numbers of

102 Myo15(sh2/sh2) inner hair cells do not have obliquely oriented tip link

103 ells, followed by slower degeneration of the inner hair cells, during the first 3 weeks of life.

104 feedback loop that is positioned to regulate inner hair cell excitability and refine maturation of th

105 is a form of hearing loss in which cochlear inner hair cells fail to correctly encode or transmit ac

106 In Myo15(sh2/sh2) inner hair cells, fast adaptation is disrupted and the t

107 at embryonic day (E)14.5, beginning with the inner hair cells, Fgf20 expression precedes hair cell di

108 ges (2 ms repetition rate) of neonatal mouse inner hair cells filled with the fluorescent indicator F

109 ge in potassium channel expression turns the inner hair cell from a regenerative, spiking pacemaker i

110 endent inactivation is marginally greater in inner hair cells from CaBP4(-/-) than from wild-type mic

111 most sensitive range, is absent in outer and inner hair cells from homozygous Snell's waltzer mutant

112 Hair bundles of both outer and inner hair cells from mice were deflected by using sinew

113 o synaptic vesicle recycling in the auditory inner hair cells from the organ of Corti and to investig

114 s suggest that the effective stimulus to the inner hair cell hair bundles results not from a simple O

115 m the modiolar face and/or basal pole of the inner hair cell have larger ribbons and smaller receptor

116 Before this time, mouse inner hair cells have slow voltage responses and fire sp

117 The number of cochlear inner hair cells, however, is almost doubled.

118 neurons and is likely to depend on cochlear inner hair cell (IHC) action potentials.

119 Spatial magnitude and phase profiles for inner hair cell (IHC) depolarization throughout the chin

120 pends on the transfer characteristics of the inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapse and its multiple co

121 riggering of neurotransmitter release at the inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses by Ca(2)(+) entry

122 heminodes relative to excitatory input from inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses continued until ap

123 n requires efficient resupply of vesicles at inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses.

124 Yet inner hair cell (IHC) ribbons and auditory nerve respons

125 The model simulates fluid flow around the inner hair cell (IHC) stereocilia bundle.

126 triggers exocytosis of glutamate at cochlear inner hair cell (IHC) synapses.

127 The inner hair cell (IHC) to SGN synapse is susceptible to g

128 dynamics in a phenomenological model of the inner hair cell (IHC)-auditory nerve (AN) synapse succes

129 gle ribbon-type active zone of a presynaptic inner hair cell (IHC).

130 The inner hair cell (IHC)/auditory nerve fiber (ANF) synapse

131 Afferent synapses on inner hair cells (IHC) transfer auditory information to

132 le ribbon synapse in a single receptor cell (inner hair cell; IHC).

133 , roughly 95% of which innervate exclusively inner hair cells (IHCs) [2-4].

134 Ribbon synapses formed between inner hair cells (IHCs) and afferent dendrites in the ma

135 taneous whole-cell recordings from mammalian inner hair cells (IHCs) and auditory nerve fiber termina

136 n at birth, with gradual localization to the inner hair cells (IHCs) and its supporting cells, inner

137 y (P) 2, the efferent arbors associated with inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs) disp

138 ation and maintenance of stereocilia in both inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs).

139 Heterogeneity of synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and SGNs is an attractive candid

140 ntiation of afferent ribbon synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN

141 t cell types but remained relatively high in inner hair cells (IHCs) and to a lesser extent in IHC su

142 input from several ribbons, whereas cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) are contacted by several individ

143 Mammalian cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) are specialized for the dynamic

144 Mammalian cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) are specialized to process devel

145 The inner hair cells (IHCs) are the primary sensory receptor

146 Inner hair cells (IHCs) are the primary transducer for s

147 Inner hair cells (IHCs) are the true sensory receptors i

148 In the mature auditory system, inner hair cells (IHCs) convert sound-induced vibrations

149 Cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) convert sounds into receptor pot

150 Wrb-deficient mouse inner hair cells (IHCs) displayed normal numbers of affe

151 This activity occurs in inner hair cells (IHCs) during the first postnatal week,

152 In the mammalian cochlea, the sensory inner hair cells (IHCs) encode auditory information.

153 ion of Ca(2+)SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Auditory inner hair cells (IHCs) encode sounds into nerve impulse

154 From just after birth, mouse inner hair cells (IHCs) expressed a Ca(2+)-activated K(+

155 ing whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from inner hair cells (IHCs) in acutely excised apical turns

156 he two types of supporting cells surrounding inner hair cells (IHCs) in mice in vivo.

157 Inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea are the mammalian

158 Inner hair cells (IHCs) in the mammalian cochlea are abl

159 Inner hair cells (IHCs) in the middle turn of the cochle

160 s and prevented the normal synaptogenesis in inner hair cells (IHCs) in the newly identified mouse mu

161 ory system, spontaneous activity of cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) is initiated by the release of A

162 (2+)-activated K(+) currents were studied in inner hair cells (IHCs) of mature mice.

163 The systematically varying innervation of inner hair cells (IHCs) of the cochlea provides a model

164 Inner hair cells (IHCs) of the cochlea use ribbon synaps

165 nsory epithelium and then diverge to contact inner hair cells (IHCs) or outer hair cells (OHCs), resp

166 OHCs) in the mature mammalian cochlea and on inner hair cells (IHCs) prior to the onset of hearing.

167 onset of hearing at postnatal day 12, mouse inner hair cells (IHCs) produce spontaneous and evoked a

168 TRACT: Just before the onset of hearing, the inner hair cells (IHCs) receive inhibitory efferent inpu

169 ansient and sustained exocytosis in auditory inner hair cells (IHCs) remain largely unknown.

170 In the developing auditory system, inner hair cells (IHCs) spontaneously fire Ca(2+) spikes

171 Inner hair cells (IHCs) were not significantly affected

172 k Ca(2+) and Ba(2+) currents of mature du/du inner hair cells (IHCs) were reduced by 30-40%, respecti

173 ogical membrane properties of mouse cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) were studied from just after ter

174 + entry and exocytosis were studied in mouse inner hair cells (IHCs) which, together with the afferen

175 ed by cochlear hair cells, preferentially in inner hair cells (IHCs), and was lacking from the postsy

176 on-type active zones (AZs) of mouse auditory inner hair cells (IHCs), but its modes and molecular reg

177 (AAV1) leads to transgene expression in only inner hair cells (IHCs), despite broader viral uptake.

178 s affecting the afferent dendrites under the inner hair cells (IHCs), however, little is known about

179 periodically release ATP, which depolarizes inner hair cells (IHCs), leading to bursts of action pot

180 diate neurotransmitter release from auditory inner hair cells (IHCs), pancreatic insulin secretion, a

181 Significance statement: Inner hair cells (IHCs), the auditory sensory cells of t

182 Cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs), the mammalian auditory sensory

183 sensitivity of the synaptic machinery allow inner hair cells (IHCs), the primary auditory receptors,

184 (2+) current (I(Ca)) in prehearing and adult inner hair cells (IHCs), the primary sensory receptors o

185 Inner hair cells (IHCs), the primary sensory receptors o

186 s calcium action potentials are generated by inner hair cells (IHCs), which form the primary sensory

187 ction potential activity in immature sensory inner hair cells (IHCs), which is crucial for the refine

188 potential (AP) activity in immature sensory inner hair cells (IHCs), which is crucial for the refine

189 nputs: the presynaptic active zones (AZs) of inner hair cells (IHCs).

190 ase from the primary cochlear receptors, the inner hair cells (IHCs).

191 f loss of input from their target cells, the inner hair cells (IHCs).

192 he upper lateral plasma membrane in cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs).

193 at the ribbon synapses of sensory cells, the inner hair cells (IHCs).

194 cells prevented the functional maturation of inner hair cells (IHCs).

195 tosis, and sound encoding at the synapses of inner hair cells (IHCs).

196 CaV1.3 Ca(2+) channels at the AZs of sensory inner hair cells (IHCs).

197 rt provided by their peripheral targets, the inner hair cells (IHCs): following ototoxic drugs or aco

198 ings of spiral ganglion cells in females and inner hair cells in males.

199 Kcnq4_v3 variant in the spiral ganglion and inner hair cells in the basal hook region.

200 terns around ribbons from serial sections of inner hair cells in the cat, and compared data from low

201 Development of an extra row of inner hair cells in the cochlea and an approximate doubl

202 by action potentials (APs) arising from the inner hair cells in the developing cochlea.

203 d progressive degeneration of both outer and inner hair cells in the organ of Corti, following two re

204 The strength of efferent inhibition of inner hair cells increases with hearing threshold elevat

205 rthermore, transmitter secretion of cochlear inner hair cells is compromised in mice lacking otoferli

206 al functional differentiation of the sensory inner hair cells is less clear.

207 al functional differentiation of the sensory inner hair cells is less clear.

208 nstrate that an Fgf8 signal arising from the inner hair cells is the key component in an inductive pa

209 type-I afferents by glutamate released from inner hair cells) is silenced [5, 6].

210 to was observed just below and medial to the inner hair cell layer.

211 supporting cell on the neural aspect of the inner hair cell layer.

212 and cell bodies in the cochlear apex without inner hair cell loss.

213 nocopies JLNS, with deafness associated with inner hair cell malfunction.

214 the endogenous release of glutamate from the inner hair cells may increase the strength of efferent i

215 hat CRFR1 has a developmental role affecting inner hair cell morphology and afferent and efferent syn

216 age than low-frequency cells; high-frequency inner hair cells must have a low Ca(2+) buffer capacity

217 In addition, VGLUT3 is expressed in the inner hair cells of the auditory system.

218 ere we present voltage-clamp recordings from inner hair cells of the C57BL/6J mouse model of age-rela

219 em anterogradely labeled terminals below the inner hair cells of the cochlea prior to P5 and labeled

220 nces in afferent neurons and, in the case of inner hair cells of the cochlea, vulnerability to damage

221 The inner hair cells of the cochlea, whose hair bundles are

222 In contrast, inner hair cells of the mammalian cochlea are extrinsica

223 The outer and inner hair cells of the mammalian cochlea perform differ

224 Inner hair cells of the mammalian cochlea translate acou

225 (P21) to P120 mice that is most apparent in inner hair cells of the middle turn.

226 ral ganglion cells, but not with the loss of inner hair cells or a reduced thickness of the stria vas

227 pparatus in the inner ear and is composed of inner hair cells, outer hair cells, and highly specializ

228 In the cochlea, inner hair cells persistently expressed high levels of a

229 Inner hair cells possess calcium channels that are essen

230 ErbB2 null mice retain afferents to inner hair cells possibly because of the prominent expre

231 notransduction and the acquisition of mature inner hair cell potassium currents.

232 Fade-out of whirlin in inner hair cells precedes that of outer hair cells, cons

233 Inner hair cells primarily function as afferent sensory

234 Notably, a single ribbon synapse of inner hair cells provides the entire input to each cochl

235 These efferent neurons inhibit inner hair cells, raising the possibility that they play

236 Tall (inner) hair cells receiving little or no efferent innerv

237 hly disorganized efferent innervation to the inner hair cell region.

238 In connexin knock-outs, inner hair cells remained stuck at a prehearing stage of

239 ng the limited autoregulation of Ca(v)1.3 in inner hair cells remains a mystery.

240 Overexpression of twinfilin 2 in cochlear inner hair cells resulted in a significant reduction of

241 Genetic loss of VGLUT3 in cochlear inner hair cells results in profound deafness.

242 he mechanical responses of hair bundles from inner hair cells revealed a characteristic resonance and

243 ical recordings from postnatal (P) days P8-9 inner hair cells revealed ACh-gated currents in alpha10(

244 Exocytosis at the inner hair cell ribbon synapse is achieved through the f

245 The solitary inner hair cell ribbon synapse uses multivesicular relea

246 y neuropathy owing to disordered function of inner hair cell ribbon synapses (temperature-sensitive a

247 blocker, would reduce noise-induced loss of Inner Hair Cell ribbons.

248 eneration of supernumerary hair cells in the inner hair cell row is suppressed, while supernumerary h

249 The synaptic currents, as well as the inner hair cell's response to acetylcholine, are mediate

250 the compound action potentials, a measure of inner hair cell sensitivity, are significantly elevated.

251 that make simple one-to-one connections with inner hair cell sensory receptors, it has an elaborate o

252 Remarkably, each inner hair cell serves as the sole input for 10-30 indiv

253 POINTS: Spontaneous activity of the sensory inner hair cells shapes maturation of the developing asc

254 ir role in this regard, Ca(v)1.3 channels in inner hair cells show little Ca(2+)-dependent inactivati

255 ter gene results in binaural transduction of inner hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons and vestibular

256 neurons originating in the brainstem inhibit inner hair cell spontaneous activity and may further ref

257 ed by conspicuous elongations and fusions of inner hair cell stereocilia and progressive degeneration

258 s, consistent with the earlier maturation of inner hair cell stereocilia.

259 Modulating the amount of free PIP2 in inner hair-cell stereocilia resulted in the following: (

260 the tectorial membrane directly overlies the inner hair cell stereociliary bundles, these data provid

261 mice suggest roles for the ALC in regulating inner hair cell stereociliary growth and differentiation

262 with Otoa mutations is caused by a defect in inner hair cell stimulation, and reveal the limbal attac

263 e inner ear, mainly outer hair cells (OHCs), inner hair cells, stria vascularis, spiral ganglia, and

264 ntials was within the normal range found for inner hair cell summating receptor potentials.

265 Sound coding at the auditory inner hair cell synapse requires graded changes in neuro

266 in and Ca(v)1.3 Ca(2+) channels at the mouse inner hair cell synapse, which limits channel availabili

267 cellular mechanism known for HHL is loss of inner hair cell synapses (synaptopathy).

268 function follows a conserved mechanism where inner hair cell synapses are lost, termed cochlear synap

269 hannels and the exocytosis calcium sensor at inner hair cell synapses changes along the mammalian coc

270 on of AMPKalpha in OHCs, reduced the loss of inner hair cell synaptic ribbons and OHCs, and protected

271 nduced hearing loss by mediating the loss of inner hair cell synaptic ribbons and outer hair cells.

272 a(2+) currents and membrane capacitance from inner hair cells that clarin-1 is not essential for form

273 ry epithelium after death (especially of the inner hair cells), the tectorial membrane appeared to be

274 ere we present evidence for such a change in inner hair cells, the primary sensory receptors in the m

275 For every inner hair cell, there are approximately three outer hai

276 ontaneously release ATP, which causes nearby inner hair cells to depolarize and release glutamate, tr

277 neurons projected spirally along the row of inner hair cells to innervate even the most basal inner

278 95% of the cochlear nerve and contact single inner hair cells to provide acoustic analysis as we know

279 long, spinelike processes that protrude from inner hair cells to reach distant efferent endings.

280 nously released ATP in the cochlea activates inner hair cells to trigger bursts of action potentials

281 lecules at the afferent synapses of cochlear inner hair cells to trigger exocytosis of neurotransmitt

282 Inner hair cells transmit auditory information to the br

283 earing relies on two types of sensory cells: inner hair cells transmit the auditory stimulus to the b

284 ential to maintain synaptic Ca(2+) influx in inner hair cells via fueling Ca(2+)-ATPases to avoid an

285 of strial marginal cells and is augmented in inner hair cells vs. outer hair cells.

286 primary sensory fibers innervating a single inner hair cell, we quantified the sizes of presynaptic

287 channel alpha and beta subunits in mammalian inner hair cells, we analyzed the morphology, physiology

288 suggesting that additional pillar cells and inner hair cells were a result of increased recruitment

289 By P9, almost all inner hair cells were absent and by P16 all inner and ou

290 Fibers underneath the inner hair cells were also MOR immunoreactive.

291 mycin injections (from P8 to P16), surviving inner hair cells were evident at P16 but absent by P19,

292 Stereocilia of St3gal5(-/-) inner hair cells were fused by P17, and protein tyrosine

293 The inner hair cells were of normal number with preserved mo

294 uditory nerve fibers innervating neighboring inner hair cells were recorded in the same cochleae in c

295 t in young adult animals, the stereocilia of inner hair cells were reduced in width and length.

296 s were of two types: type I fibers contacted inner hair cells, whereas type II fibers crossed the tun

297 ling synchronizes the output of neighbouring inner hair cells, which may help refine tonotopic maps i

298 r cells were more heavily immunostained than inner hair cells while Hensen's cells showed still less

299 in background have selective degeneration of inner hair cells while outer hair cells remain structura

300 ochondrial NADH in outer hair cells, but not inner hair cells, within minutes of administration.