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   1 he pial surface to form layers (2-6a) of the insular cortex.                                         
     2 th low-fat meals on the hypothalamus and the insular cortex.                                         
     3 y portion of the thalamus, and the gustatory insular cortex.                                         
     4 me reduction in orbitofrontal, cingulate and insular cortex.                                         
     5 and conditioned taste aversion memory in the insular cortex.                                         
     6  by brain mechanisms that do not require the insular cortex.                                         
     7 ilar finding involving NMDA receptors in the insular cortex.                                         
     8 but also in auditory, visual, entorhinal and insular cortex.                                         
     9 cleus of the stria terminalis but not in the insular cortex.                                         
    10  lateral hypothalamus, central amygdala, and insular cortex.                                         
    11 lose to the external capsule and deep in the insular cortex.                                         
    12 e thalamus, second somatosensory cortex, and insular cortex.                                         
    13 reactivity (FLI) in the central amygdala and insular cortex.                                         
    14 ut decreased NGF and BDNF mRNA levels in the insular cortex.                                         
    15 stributions of neurons in the prefrontal and insular cortex.                                         
    16  to restore hunger-like response patterns in insular cortex.                                         
    17 tatory responses to stimulation of the human insular cortex.                                         
    18 ion and lysine acetyltransferase activity in insular cortex.                                         
    19 ctivities along with the ERK/MAPK cascade in insular cortex.                                         
    20 rgets of the gustatory system, including the insular cortex.                                         
    21 he anterior extreme capsule white matter and insular cortex.                                         
    22 e amygdala arise in the dysgranular parietal insular cortex.                                         
    23 rojected heavily to the dysgranular anterior insular cortex.                                         
    24 cerebellar hemisphere to activity in Sylvian-insular cortex.                                         
    25 led dendrite-like processes in the agranular insular cortex.                                         
    26 y covered by the Nr4a2-negative cells of the insular cortex.                                         
    27 ecting that of long-term potentiation in the insular cortex.                                         
    28 ng signal (prediction error) in the anterior insular cortex.                                         
    29 ns, like the putamen with connections to the insular cortex.                                         
    30 rs the signature of autonomic arousal in the insular cortex.                                         
    31 taste memory and AMPA receptor expression in insular cortex.                                         
    32 he parabrachial nucleus, and projects to the insular cortex.                                         
    33 , subgenual anterior cingulate, and anterior insular cortex.                                         
    34 NMDAR-dependent CaMKII- AMPAR pathway in the insular cortex.                                         
    35 he lateral pallium at the site of the future insular cortex.                                         
    36 gating of cardiac-related information in the insular cortex.                                         
    37 mapping of vestibular responses in the human insular cortex.                                         
    38 ecially within adjacent posterior regions of insular cortex.                                         
    39  not AM251, infusions into the interoceptive insular cortex (a region known to be activated in acute 
  
    41 tivated protein kinase (MAPK)/RSK cascade in insular cortex, a CNS region known to be crucial for the
    42 ral and functional abnormalities in the left insular cortex, a region also implicated in individuals 
  
  
    45 ctivation in both regions; however, only the insular cortex activations are significantly associated 
    46 l regions in rats, the agranular/dysgranular insular cortex (AIC) and the ventromedial prefrontal cor
    47  foundation for a role of the human anterior insular cortex (AIC) in emotional awareness, defined as 
  
  
    50 l-dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior insular cortex (AIC), a core hub of the "salience networ
  
    52 ronal ensembles in the orbitofrontal cortex, insular cortex, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens while ra
    53 ial temporal lobe, with values of 1.6 in the insular cortex and 0.7-1.0 in other cortical regions.   
    54 order) and with increased limbic activation (insular cortex and amygdala) during emotion processing (
    55 D2 receptor binding in the salience network (insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC] and t
    56 on group exhibited regional CBF increases in insular cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus; increases i
    57 erior temporal area extending to include the insular cortex and basal ganglia, lateralizing to the si
  
    59 body and to the modulation of pain (anterior insular cortex and brainstem, respectively) determines w
    60  assessed high-signal-intensity areas in the insular cortex and extreme capsule on coronal MR images 
    61 rCBF in the vicinity of the hypothalamus and insular cortex and in additional paralimbic and limbic a
    62 ontrol was associated with reduced volume in insular cortex and increased volume of caudate nucleus. 
    63 resentation has been demonstrated within the insular cortex and lateralization has been previously in
    64 insula is an interface between the posterior insular cortex and motor cortex and is connected with mo
  
    66 ing of the multiple sensory functions of the insular cortex and of the cortical processing of vestibu
  
    68 labeling of the subjacent agranular parietal insular cortex and strong labeling of fibers and termina
    69 lation of neurons in this structure, and the insular cortex and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) intera
  
    71 re distributed most densely in the agranular insular cortex and the paraventricular nuclei of the tha
    72  thalamus, as well as metabolic decreases in insular cortex and the periaqueductal gray, were noted. 
  
    74 ocentric paralimbic regions of interest, the insular cortex and the temporal pole, were evaluated.   
  
    76  lateral hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, insular cortex, and amygdala of hungry rats that volunta
    77 ivated sites within the medial frontal lobe, insular cortex, and cerebellum distinct from, but close 
    78 er volume in medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), insular cortex, and subgenual anterior cingulate regions
  
  
    81 btained in patients with MDD in the anterior insular cortex, anterior and posterior thalamus, ventral
    82    Amygdaloid projections from the posterior insular cortex appear to be organized in a feedforward p
    83 hes, including viral vector transfections of insular cortex, arc fluorescence in situ hybridization (
    84 e ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and insular cortex are implicated in distributed neural circ
    85 s to determine whether NMDA receptors in the insular cortex are involved in this experience-dependent
    86 ns supports the conclusion that amygdala and insular cortex are necessary, but not sufficient, for th
    87 eural activity in the visual, cerebellar and insular cortex areas compared with a resting condition. 
    88 , anterior temporal, anterior cingulate, and insular cortex, as well as caudate, lenticulate, and amy
  
  
  
    92 ld expressions of disgust activated anterior insular cortex but not the amygdala; strong disgust also
    93 evate FLI expression in central amygdala and insular cortex, but also failed to induce stronger taste
    94 his pattern was seen in central amygdala and insular cortex, but not in basolateral amygdala, parabra
  
    96 beling of the subjacent dysgranular parietal insular cortex, but only sparse labeling in the basolate
    97 covery of von Economo neurons within macaque insular cortex by Evrard et al. described in this issue 
  
    99 th posterior parietal areas 7a, 7ip, and 7b, insular cortex, caudal superior temporal sulcus (STS), c
  
   101 atosensory representation in caudal granular insular cortex (CGIC) in the rat, either before or after
   102 satiety-related visceral signals converge in insular cortex, chemogenetic activation of hypothalamic 
   103 ding dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), insular cortex, cingular cortex, and the basal ganglia d
   104 signated histogenetic unit gives rise to the insular cortex/claustrum and should therefore be conside
   105 ing seven clusters across frontoparietal and insular cortex comparable to human MD regions and one un
  
  
   108 ed by anterograde tracer injections into the insular cortex, corticothalamic projections in the VPMpc
  
  
  
   112 essing, they make evident that the region of insular cortex destroyed is not necessary for the normal
   113 ene blue increased response in the bilateral insular cortex during a psychomotor vigilance task (Z = 
   114  regions within the human frontal cortex and insular cortex during food desirability choices, combine
   115 alamic activity and the interaction with the insular cortex elicited by fat may contribute to an effi
   116 odel of awareness proposes that the anterior insular cortex engenders feelings that provide an amodal
   117  propose that inflammation restricted to the insular cortex enhances associative taste memory through
   118 cortex in auditory processing, with the left insular cortex especially responsive to linguistic stimu
   119 terior dorsal insula, such that a portion of insular cortex forms an isolated pocket medial to the Sy
   120 rminals in granular and dysgranular parietal insular cortex from bregma to 3.8 mm behind bregma but o
   121 g approaches to delineate the likely area of insular cortex given to gustatory function and to charac
  
  
   124 g were placed in caudal granular/dysgranular insular cortex (IC) alone or in conjunction with the pos
  
  
  
   128 l amygdala (BLA) and the gustatory region of insular cortex (IC) have been implicated in these proces
   129 e present study investigated the role of the insular cortex (IC) in morphine-induced conditioned tast
  
  
   132 present experiment examined the influence of insular cortex (IC) lesions on the intake of a taste sti
   133  the influence of excitotoxic lesions of the insular cortex (IC) on taste-potentiated odor aversion (
   134 strate that partial depletion of 5-HT in the insular cortex (IC) prevents LiCl-induced conditioned di
   135 tudies suggest that the anterior part of the insular cortex (IC) serves as primary taste cortex, wher
   136  the posterior half of GC in addition to the insular cortex (IC) that is just dorsal and caudal to th
   137 a significant increase in ACh release in the insular cortex (IC), a highly relevant structure for tas
   138  stronger Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in insular cortex (IC), amygdala, and brainstem than famili
  
  
  
  
  
   144 s designed to examine whether lesions of the insular cortex (IC; Experiment 1), the basolateral amygd
  
   146 r-bound protons, within a discrete region of insular cortex implicated in representing internal physi
  
   148 tion of those stimuli and implicate anterior insular cortex in auditory processing, with the left ins
   149 nvestigated the functional properties of the insular cortex in behaving monkeys using intracortical m
   150 es have challenged the necessary role of the insular cortex in both awareness and feeling by showing 
  
   152 olinergic neurotransmission in the posterior insular cortex in neuropathic pain condition and the inv
  
   154 ds of winning, consistent with a role of the insular cortex in signalling the probability of aversive
  
   156 ior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the posterior insular cortex in the anxiodepressive, sensory, and affe
   157 nversely, we report a signal in the anterior insular cortex in the highest earners that precedes the 
  
   159 suggests a prominent role of dorsal anterior insular cortex in the parasympathetic control of cardiac
   160 pite numerous studies suggesting the role of insular cortex in the processing of gustatory and olfact
  
  
   163 h the thinness of the anterior region of the insular cortex, in which highly impulsive (HI) rats expr
   164 s and were distributed widely throughout the insular cortex including anterior areas not previously t
   165 f the intralaminar complex (PINT) and caudal insular cortex (INS) block acquisition but not expressio
   166  functional areas of the brain including the insular cortex (involved in enteroceptive monitoring) an
   167  secondary somatosensory (SII) and agranular insular cortex ipsilaterally, as well as the homotopic a
  
   169  We suggest that fusion between temporal and insular cortex is an example of a relatively rare neuroa
  
  
  
  
   174 al conditioning, the gustatory region of the insular cortex is involved in encoding the taste of food
  
  
  
   178 e processing of interoceptive signals in the insular cortex is thought to underlie self-awareness.   
   179 thalamus, putamen, and pallidum), as well as insular cortex, is associated with greater change in bel
   180 the left IFG and left pallidum, putamen, and insular cortex, is associated with reduced change in bel
   181 the gustatory cortex, including parts of the insular cortex, is crucial for the processing of food it
   182 an assemblage of taste-responsive neurons in insular cortex, is widely regarded as integral to condit
  
   184 in rostral granular and dysgranular parietal insular cortex labeled the ventral posterior and parvice
  
   186 ces of pain remained present after posterior insular cortex lesion, even though the mechanical allody
  
  
  
   190  findings reveal that only discrete anterior insular cortex lesions, but not anterior cingulate corte
   191 lved in cardiovascular control; (2) the left insular cortex may be chiefly concerned with parasympath
  
  
   194 exercise in humans, suggesting that the left insular cortex may serve as a site for cortical regulati
   195 stable lesions to the vmPFC (n = 20) and the insular cortex (n = 13) were compared against healthy su
  
   197 d to activate limbic/paralimbic regions (eg, insular cortex, nucleus accumbens, and parahippocampal g
   198 roach to monitor visual cue responses in the insular cortex of behaving mice across hunger states.   
  
   200  analyses of the neuronal connections of the insular cortex of the macaque monkey using modern high-r
   201 gulation within the right and left posterior insular cortex of the rat, suggest the possibility of tr
   202  parahippocampal gyrus and frontal operculum/insular cortex of the right hemisphere and, to a lesser 
  
   204 eral areas, including the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, olfactory bulb, amygdala, and hippocampu
   205 lesions aimed at the gustatory region of the insular cortex on instrumental conditioning in rats.    
  
   207 ns whose locations matched with the anterior insular cortex or anterior cingulate cortex clusters ide
   208 on of others' pain in patients with anterior insular cortex or anterior cingulate cortex lesions whos
   209 ding the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, insular cortex, orbital cortex, and all cortical amygdal
   210 n including the nucleus accumbens, striatum, insular cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and medial forebra
  
   212 nular insular (AId) and regions of posterior insular cortex (PI-comprising the agranular, dysgranular
   213  choline has been evidenced in the posterior insular cortex (pIC) of neuropathic animal, which was si
  
   215    Animal and human studies suggest that the insular cortex plays an important role in subjective awa
   216  in the medial and lateral frontal cortices, insular cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, a
   217 al functional connectivity with parietal and insular cortex, predicted individual variability in stra
   218 ation of the secondary somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lob
   219 ded the olfactory system, nucleus accumbens, insular cortex, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental are
   220  that acute microinfusion of MK-801 into the insular cortex prevented the attenuation of gustatory ne
   221 ices received extensive projections from the insular cortex, primarily from its agranular areas.     
   222   Biocytin injections into granular parietal insular cortex produced a heavy labeling of the subjacen
  
  
  
  
   227 nd they suggest that discrete modules within insular cortex provide the basis for its polymodal integ
  
  
   230 oid-responsive site in the rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) of the rat and characterize the an
   231  by painful stimuli is the rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) where, as in other parts of the co
   232 inhibitor GBR-12935 in the rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC), a cortical area that receives a d
   233  touch, but evidence suggests involvement of insular cortex rather than parietal somatosensory cortic
  
   235 iocytin injections into dysgranular parietal insular cortex resulted in heavy labeling of the subjace
   236     Finally, in Experiment 3, lesions of the insular cortex retarded CTA acquisition but had no influ
   237 approximately 20% less c-fos ir-cells in the insular cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and dentate gyrus.
   238  a third network comprising the right fronto-insular cortex (rFIC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC
  
  
   241  an unanticipated long-lasting activation of insular cortex signal transduction cascades in novel tas
   242 al component of the functional topography of insular cortex; such an approach could have general appl
   243  in activity in the vicinity of the anterior insular cortex, suggesting that this region participates
   244 alimbic areas such as anterior cingulate and insular cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA) and parie
   245 , bilateral lesions to a region of posterior insular cortex, termed the "sensory insula," prevented t
   246 in cortical areas such as the prefrontal and insular cortex that are associated limbic structures.   
   247 fic VMpo projection area in dorsal posterior insular cortex that provides the basis for a somatotopic
   248 he endopiriform nucleus and claustrum of the insular cortex, the globus pallidus, the ventromedial hy
   249 aterally, the middle frontal gyrus, the left insular cortex, the left middle temporal gyrus, and the 
   250 reward and emotion encompassing the anterior insular cortex, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala.
   251 lum together with the anterior and posterior insular cortex, the putamen, as well as subcortical whit
   252 fferences in the extent of the damage to the insular cortex, three findings were common to both indiv
   253 terior suprasylvian cortex (vPS) and temporo-insular cortex (TI) lesions on complex visual and audito
   254 ptic glutamatergic projections from anterior insular cortex to central amygdala is critical to relaps
   255 ardiac nervous system, from the level of the insular cortex to the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, 
  
   257 pendent on glutamatergic transmission in the insular cortex, to investigate the behavioral and cellul
  
   259 n the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the insular cortex, two regions that have been shown to be r
  
   261  in the amygdala, frontal operculum-anterior insular cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the 
   262 tions uncover a pathway from AgRP neurons to insular cortex via the paraventricular thalamus and baso
   263 t investigation was to determine whether the insular cortex was activated during volitional dynamic e
  
  
   266 pression in both nucleus accumbens shell and insular cortex was positively associated with risk-takin
   267 r performance for both the angular gyrus and insular cortex was reliably enhanced by the addition of 
   268 using high-resolution fMRI revealed that the insular cortex was sensitive to both visible and invisib
  
  
  
  
   273 greater connectivity between the DMN and the insular cortex, which is a brain region known to process
  
   275 rkers of myeloarchitectural integrity of the insular cortex, while affective empathy was predicted by
   276 nd other areas of the frontal cortex and the insular cortex with hypothalamic, ventral, and dorsal st
   277      The association of dysgranular parietal insular cortex with the posterior thalamus suggests it m
   278 sentation of sensorimotor information in the insular cortex, with possible involvement of limbic area
   279 ucture enclosed between the striatum and the insular cortex, with widespread reciprocal connections w
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