ライフサイエンスコーパス: ion

1 pray ionization) to the solvent-free peptide ion.

2 fabricated for successful detection of S(2-) ion.

3 tra rich in b/y-type and c/z(*)-type product ions.

4 rization leads to the formation of molecular ions.

5 hydrogel matrices by adding divalent calcium ions.

6 xtent of the stopping distance of the helium ions.

7 for each pairwise combination of amino acid ions.

8 m adsorption potential for lead and chromate ions.

9 ctural information on the selected precursor ions.

10 ch produced intense ADP-ribose fragmentation ions.

11 he RNA polymerase domain contains two Mg(II) ions.

12 and overcomes catalytic inhibition by halide ions.

13 or the insertion and extraction of potassium ions.

14 n not only monovalent ions but also divalent ions.

15 an increase of paracellular permeability for ions.

16 Manipulating these ion accelerators, to convert the fast ions to neutral at

17 nts of the transmembrane helices can control ion access to the pore even in the NBD-dimerized conform

18 Importantly, we show that extended ion accumulation in conjunction with CRIMP compression a

19 CLC proteins transport chloride (Cl(-)) ions across cellular membranes to regulate muscle excita

20 s and experiments have shown that chaotropic ions actually exhibit enhanced concentrations at the air

21 e polarization charge and ionic screening of ions adsorbed on the graphene as well as charged amino a

22 main, and identifying how the divalent metal ions affect the HNH domain conformational transition rem

23 Computed fluoride-ion affinities (FIAs) of the hydroalane adducts as well

24 ted, terminal multiple bond between a Ce(IV) ion and a ligand fragment was also isolated by encapsula

25 he new theories for the predictions of metal ion and ligand binding sites and metal ion-dependent RNA

26 e enhanced association between the hydronium ion and the alcohol, as well as a higher intrinsic rate

27 The interactions between the central ion and the bath spins suppress the flip-flop rate of th

28 HPLC chromatograms of the expected [M-H](-) ion and UV absorption revealed the presence of five poss

29 ly enhance the association between hydronium ions and alcohols in a steric environment resembling the

30 H2O) (MOF-1203), are constructed from Ca(2+) ions and l-lactate [CH3CH(OH)COO(-)], where Ca(2+) ions

31 a physical barrier that controls passage of ions and macromolecules.

32 nsported upward through interactions between ions and neutrals or ambipolar diffusion.

33 ully understood, but interactions with metal ions and phenolic compounds are thought to play importan

34 Both lithium ions and protons are found to be involved in the oxygen

35 eractions between divalent Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions and the nanochannel walls reduced the native surfac

36 ly high reactivity toward aromatic diazonium ions and this reaction can be used to chemoselectively l

37 The charge ordered structure of ions and vacancies characterizing rare-earth pyrochlore

38 nergies of the spin states of O atom, Fe(2+) ion, and FeF2 and characterizes their excited spin state

39 oximately 2400 water molecules, 22 hydronium ions, and 10 chloride and contains a single Substance P

40 The radical-ion annihilation process is very efficient and causes an

41 y voltage profile was used in the ST region, ions are blocked at the TT-ST interface and accumulated

42 nd l-lactate [CH3CH(OH)COO(-)], where Ca(2+) ions are bridged by the carboxylate and hydroxyl groups

43 Many ions are known to affect the activity, stability, and st

44 lassical electrostatics theory predicts that ions are repelled from water/hydrophobe (e.g., air/water

45 For each combination it is shown that ions arising from (2)H-labeled tracers are completely di

46 and argon cluster ion beams (using Ar1500(+) ions at 5 keV).

47 of irradiation by protons, iron, and silver ions at MeV-level energies on a WSe2/6H-SiC vertical het

48 e allows extraction of new properties of the ion atmosphere and provides an electrostatic meter that

49 Strikingly, quantitation of the ion atmosphere content indicates that divalent cations a

50 ly charged cations to the inner shell of the ion atmosphere.

51 ears to occupy a key position in controlling ion balance and ion homeostasis in the plant cell.

52 gs huge benefit to both the existing lithium-ion batteries and next-generation lithium metal batterie

53 Sodium ion batteries are being considered as an alternative to

54 eing considered as an alternative to lithium ion batteries in large-scale energy storage applications

55 l energy densities exceeding that of lithium-ion batteries.

56 Li ion battery (LIB) and electrochemical capacitor (EC) are

57 As a lithium ion battery anode, our multi-phase lithium titanate hydr

58 Most next-generation Li ion battery chemistries require a functioning lithium me

59 the first time, we report a family of sodium-ion battery electrodes obtained by replacing stepwise th

60 y density limitations of state-of-the-art Li-ion battery technology.

61 structured arrays were fabricated by focused ion beam milling and their electrochemical response from

62 translate 3D-microscopy techniques (focused ion beam nanotomography, FIB-nt) typically used in the b

63 dified commercial cantilevers with a focused ion beam to optimize their properties for SMFS.

64 Gas cluster ion beam-secondary ion mass spectrometry (GCIB-SIMS) has

65 g and with sample cooling) and argon cluster ion beams (using Ar1500(+) ions at 5 keV).

66 -active, and calculations reveal that the Co ions behave as the reservoir for electrons, but their re

67 Specific ion binding to such sites induces changes in the filter

68 Many have proposed that calcium ions binding to daptomycin is a precondition for membran

69 r, both of which contain not only monovalent ions but also divalent ions.

70 determination of trace levels of heavy metal ions by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV).

71 r tailoring the energy level splitting of Ln ions by the highly designable 2D material crystal field

72 nal cross-section of single multiply charged ions can be obtained from these CDMS measurements by usi

73 peptide that targets the nociceptor-specific ion channel ASIC3.

74 esting that the isoboles for drug actions on ion channel function are not linear.

75 ment with fully atomistic simulations of the ion channel gramicidin embedded in a POPC membrane.

76 hallenges of docking large toxin peptides to ion channel homology models, as exemplified by the alpha

77 ermidine, a large natural cation involved in ion channel modulation, revealing a previously unrecogni

78 Stochastic events in a single ion channel system can be measured using current-time tr

79 ptor Potential A 1 (TRPA1) is a ligand-gated ion channel that contributes to inflammatory mechanical

80 alcium uniporter (MCU) is a highly selective ion channel that transports Ca(2+) into the mitochondria

81 lay at least two types of mechanically gated ion channel: normal mechanotransducer (MT) channels at t

82 ncluding the SNAREs [3], SM proteins [4, 5], ion channels [6, 7], and receptors (e.g., [8]).

83 ighted by redocking of peptide toxins to two ion channels and a binding protein in which the peptide

84 nals arising from measurement using multiple ion channels are more complicated to interpret.

85 steric modulators of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels are thought to act on elements of the pathw

86 trotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), but the specific ion channels essential to these activities remain to be

87 Modulators of transmitter-gated ion channels have a wide range of maximal effects as wel

88 le of mechanosensitive (MS) Ca(2+)-permeable ion channels in platelets is unclear, despite the import

89 racellular channels (CLIC) are non-classical ion channels lacking a signal sequence for membrane targ

90 The S672R mutation in heart cell ion channels leads to low heart rates and arrhythmia by

91 ssumed to be neuronal membrane receptors and ion channels, however new evidence points to critical ef

92 molecules, transmitter-modulator receptors, ion channels, signaling proteins, neuropeptides and vesi

93 ode-shift or hysteresis has been reported in ion channels.

94 induce an acidosis and activate acid sensing ion channels.

95 the structural basis for gating in potassium ion channels.

96 nism could also occur in the gating of other ion channels.

97 ly hypothesized temperature mechanism in TRP ion channels.

98 nd is extendable to other toxin peptides and ion channels.

99 study confirms the usefulness of the applied ion chromatographic method for the evaluation of the con

100 h Z </= 20 was proposed as an alternative to ion chromatography to obtain information about the degra

101 ncy AC fields, long DNA molecules form macro-ion clusters.

102 Here, we demonstrate a specific ion coactivation (SICA) effect at the interfaces of tran

103 Rapid separation and efficient ion collection at low pressure minimize losses in the FA

104 in the systems with magnesium and spermidine ions compared to the system with only salt.

105 This process is called faradaic ion concentration polarization.

106 esulting in an increase of peak current with ion concentration.

107 We also monitored Na(+) and Cl(-) ion concentrations and the temporal dynamics of conducti

108 pirical model to calculate in situ carbonate ion concentrations from [CO3(2-)]spec.

109 guide to investigate the role of glutamate, ion concentrations, and dynamics cell volume in other br

110 Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel ion conductance is regulated by diverse stimuli that dir

111 cently, we described potentiometric-scanning ion conductance microscopy (P-SICM) for ion-conductance

112 Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based

113 glial stimulation did not affect transmural ion conductance or cell-impermeant dye flux but the base

114 ransporters mediate multidrug resistance and ion conductance regulation.

115 or cell-impermeant dye flux but the baseline ion conductance was more variable in Sox10::CreER(T2+/-)

116 ning ion conductance microscopy (P-SICM) for ion-conductance measurement in polymer membranes and epi

117 ttern results from combinations of intrinsic ion conductances, inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inp

118 Herein, the photopatterning of a lithium-ion conducting solid electrolyte is demonstrated by modi

119 sidues creates a 'polar track' demarking the ion-conduction pathway.

120 an typical solids or how one can design fast ion conductors following simple principles.

121 batteries, improved thermoelectrics and fast-ion conductors in super-capacitors and fuel cells.

122 r at conserved residues essential for diiron ion coordination.

123 has demonstrated that Sn, Ge, Cu, Bi, and Sb ions could be used as alternative ions in perovskite con

124 tion and mass accuracy 21T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (21T FT-ICR MS

125 ) within these lakes using Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) an

126 ed by two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS).

127 extracts were analysed by Fourier Transform-Ion Cyclotron Resonance-Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), w

128 The crystal structure of the metal-ion dependent esterase MGS0169 from the amidohydrolase s

129 metal ion and ligand binding sites and metal ion-dependent RNA stabilities.

130 arbonyl represents an interesting example of ion-dipole interactions that has so far received little

131 s with high or medium confidence scores have ion dissociation patterns consistent with the xMSannotat

132 ce of NCs can be tuned and promoted by metal ion doping.

133 ring (RELS) confirmed MT swelling/shrinking, ion dynamics, and osmotic water transfer in MTs, as well

134 chromatography (HILIC) coupled to a negative-ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ES

135 This gradual frequency change is due to ion energy loss from collisions with the background gas.

136 studies of Pt(111) homoepitaxial growth and ion erosion in ultrahigh vacuum.

137 kes and show that the concentration of major ions, especially SO4(2-), has rapidly increased up to 50

138 Ion exchange at charged solid-liquid interfaces is centr

139 We used ion exchange chromatography to separate free and complex

140 ) ionophore-based polymeric films of defined ion-exchange capacity have recently emerged as a promisi

141 reater Pu capacity than the resin with fewer ion-exchange sites per unit mass.

142 pectral flux of space electrons, protons and ions for example in the radiation belts is inherently br

143 tly, strategies that forego transition metal ions for p-block elements have emerged.

144 utomated computational framework to annotate ions for possible chemical identity using a multistage c

145 n MS (HRMS) alone or in combination with all-ion-fragmentation (AIF), data-independent-acquisition (D

146 Combining transition metal ion FRET, patch-clamp fluorometry, and incorporation of

147 coupled to a QTOF mass spectrometer using an ion funnel interface to evaluate the m/z range transmitt

148 tructured PEDOT coating, paired with in situ ion gel electrolyte synthesis, gives enhanced electrode-

149 state was also demonstrated to saturate the ion guide with that charge state.

150 ser cooling and trapping of atoms and atomic ions has led to advances including the observation of ex

151 key position in controlling ion balance and ion homeostasis in the plant cell.

152 atomic charge were detected on the carbonate ions, implying that the proton migration is a synergetic

153 Despite the importance of ions in fungal decay mechanisms, the spatial distributio

154 e spatial distribution and quantification of ions in lignocellulosic cell walls and fungal hyphae dur

155 Bi, and Sb ions could be used as alternative ions in perovskite configurations to form a new environm

156 The role of ions in the fungal decay process of lignocellulose bioma

157 for 10min, the maximum accumulation of both ions in the yeast cells was observed.

158 The higher activity of hydronium ions in zeolites is caused by the enhanced association b

159 ertion and extraction of oxygen and hydrogen ions independently of each other can direct reversible p

160 ged as a promising approach to acquire multi-ion information about the sample, in analogy to performi

161 egraded device performance, possibly because ions initially on the perovskite lattice are displaced d

162 , which delivered the molecular formulae and ion intensities of the compounds present.

163 er to be simply calculated from the observed ion intensities using a standard curve with curve parame

164 on of glycans through comparison of reporter ion intensities.

165 The combination of ion intercalation with redox reactions of iodine allows

166 an orthogonal analytical dimension, reducing ion interference to improve reproducibility, peak capaci

167 generation of benzhydryl cation and oxonium ion intermediates from activated alkyl halides.

168 The organization of magnetic ions into networks of corner-sharing tetrahedra gives ri

169 hosphorus transistors without degradation of ION/IOFF ratio.

170 so far received little attention compared to ion-ion interactions (salt bridges) and dipole-dipole in

171 s that satisfy both repulsive and attractive ion-ion interactions.

172 Gas-phase ion/ion reactions of (13)C-TrEnDi-modified phosphatidyle

173 The buildup of radiation damage in ion-irradiated crystals often depends on the spatial dis

174 ering this transformation deliberately using ion irradiation could enable new electronic applications

175 Our ToF-SIMS results show that He ion irradiation leads to oxygen penetration into the irr

176 spatial resolution through selective helium ion irradiation with a well-controlled dose.

177 usual selective/preferential transport of Li ions is demonstrated by preforming an SEI layer on the e

178 Gas cluster ion beam-secondary ion mass spectrometry (GCIB-SIMS) has shown the full pot

179 ope probing coupled with nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) and fluorescence-based

180 3D imaging cluster Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) as a label-free approac

181 lar cell technology is combined with lithium-ion materials to investigate light-assisted battery char

182 ly via electron shuttles, and the consequent ion migration led to high anode salinities and conductiv

183 Super-ionic solids, which exhibit ion mobilities as high as those in liquids or molten sal

184 al cross sections (CCS), we created the PNNL Ion Mobility Cross Section Extractor (PIXiE).

185 However, analysis of ion mobility distributions reveals the two-state transit

186 e ion mobility spectrum agree with the basic ion mobility equation when using nitrogen as drift gas a

187 cids using low-pressure, ambient-temperature ion mobility experiments performed in a radio frequency-

188 redictions also indicate that high magnesium ion mobility is possible in other chalcogenide spinels,

189 ere considered and analyzed using drift time ion mobility mass spectrometry.

190 The utilization of ion mobility separation (IMS) improved the molecular cov

191 Ion mobility separation can add an orthogonal analytical

192 This novel field asymmetric time of flight ion mobility spectrometer (FAT-IMS) allows high repetiti

193 Full scan field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) combined with liquid c

194 to study the potential of gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) to differentiate lact

195 The observed peak shifts in the ion mobility spectrum agree with the basic ion mobility

196 aper, laser ablation electrospray ionization ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LAESI-IMS

197 ss section (CCS) measurements resulting from ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) experiments provi

198 es by ultraperformance liquid chromatography ion mobility-mass spectrometry.

199 COSY, NOESY, DOSY) NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), AFM, and TEM.

200 y 230 different molecular features (positive ion mode), including 70 known metabolites, in single dor

201 e prior to analysis by ESI-MS/MS in negative ion mode.

202 experiments were performed to understand the ion-molecule growth mechanism of small acetylene cluster

203 ith mass-spectrometric detection in selected ion monitoring mode (py-GC-SIM-MS).

204 lectric fields and depletion of local sodium ion nanodomains.

205 escribe the stabilization of the heaviest 4+ ion of the periodic table, under mild aqueous conditions

206 By varying the central metal ion of the polypyridyl complexes (Os, Ru, and Fe) and th

207 om extraneous (nonanalyte) substances (e.g., ions of heavy metals).

208 The influence of Tm(3+) or Ho(3+) ion on optical temperature behavior of Y2O3:Er(3+) micro

209 acterizations confirm the presence of Cu(2+) ions only at the center of single 6-rings that act not o

210 an ionic route involving K(+) and (t)BuO(-) ions or a neutral heterolytic route involving the [KO(t)

211 a neutral base catalyst in which the contact ion pair is maintained in the course of the reaction.

212 describe kinetic and mechanistic aspects of ion-pair formation, and we obtain NBO-based bonding indi

213 The presence of divalent ions, particularly calcium, appears to be an important s

214 microscopy structure of chicken Slo2.2, the ion permeation pathway of the channel is closed by a con

215 ends, small molecule ligands, and palladium ions; polyMOCs are formed via metal-ligand coordination

216 Unexpectedly, the extracellular mouth of the ion pore remains closed, indicating that local movements

217 s unidentified because of the lack of parent ion preservation.

218 can generate single- or alternating-polarity ion pulses, and is ideal for inducing nanoelectrospray i

219 e insight on the structural mechanism of the ion pumping process.

220 This may open new avenues for the study of ion pumps and similar electrogenic targets.

221 nown that CO2 directly affects acid-base and ion regulation, respiratory function and aerobic perform

222 use this analysis to predict that magnesium ions remodel the landscape, shifting the equilibrium awa

223 litating local homeostasis by redistributing ions, removing neurotransmitters, and releasing factors

224 Using pharmacological intervention and ion replacement, we show that inhibition of K(+) transpo

225 e vast majority of the calcium and carbonate ions required for supersaturation with respect to aragon

226 rane voltage or contractile apparatus Ca(2+) ion responses (force resolution 1microN, 0-10mN for the

227 m donor reactivity correlates with the metal ion's ability to bind exogenous ligands.

228 r previous work on single analyzer precursor ion scans in a linear quadrupole ion trap, we now report

229 The PEDOT-C14-based solid contact (SC) ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) (H(+), K(+), and Na(+))

230 ducting polymer-based solid contact (SC) for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) that could become the ul

231 ective optodes (ISOs), the optical analog of ion-selective electrodes, have played an increasingly im

232 n of the sensitive surface of a conventional ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET) with the a

233 es, with and without an additional potassium ion-selective membrane (ISM) coating, following their fi

234 e SC, which in combination with all kinds of ion-selective membranes (ISMs) would match the performan

235 performance, short-lifetimes, and expensive ion-selective membranes as well as high price, toxicity,

236 Ion-selective optodes (ISOs), the optical analog of ion-

237 SMIT1 had no effect on Kv1.1 (KCNA1) gating, ion selectivity, or pharmacology.

238 Without exception, SMIT1 altered KCNQ ion selectivity, sensitivity to extracellular K(+), and

239 ditions under which the pH sensitivity of an Ion Sensitive Field Effect transistor (ISFET) sensor can

240 coagulative activities, and transition metal ion sequestration, highlighting that the immune response

241 uorescence spectroscopy, amongst them Fe(3+) ions showed quenching behavior in the emission spectra.

242 a maximum accumulation of selenium and zinc ions (simultaneously) in the biomass.

243 A Na-ion solid-state electrolyte, Na3 P0.62 As0.38 S4 , is de

244 elomeric repeats depending on DNA length and ion solution condition.

245 MS), which uses a carbon fiber bundle as the ion source, is useful for the analysis of small organics

246 ains a single Substance P (SP) [SP + 3H](3+) ion (SP(3+); amino acid sequence RPKPQQFFGLM-NH2).

247 ve standard deviation (RSD) of 0.29% for all ion species across the three additional laboratories.

248 The ion-specific signals isolated in CV-PACs allow precise a

249 The unprecedented resolution of cold-ion spectroscopy coupled with tandem MS may render this

250 als a delicate interplay through which metal ions stabilize the amyloid structure, which in turn shap

251 pic envelopes in mass spectra can reveal the ion stoichiometry but not geometry.

252 A relation between ions structure and speeds of sound is presented by highl

253 ons, the reversible insertion of multivalent ions such as Mg(2+) and Al(3+) into electrode materials

254 Ion-surface interactions between divalent Ca(2+) and Mg(

255 Since K(+), NO3(-), and NH4(+) are major ions taken up by plants, CIPK23 appears to occupy a key

256 rgent, unlike the prominent convergent tecto-ION terminals in Neognathae.

257 s a weak off-centre 'd(5) effect' for Fe(3+) ions that could be exploited in multiferroics.

258 ed to separate isomeric Au(I) metallopeptide ions that were formed by Zn(II) displacement from the pa

259 in the sample matrix, the concentrations of ions, the pH and the redox potential.

260 In contrast to monovalent lithium or sodium ions, the reversible insertion of multivalent ions such

261 ilitate the intramolecular exchange with FA+ ions, thereby enabling the formation of dense and compac

262 tion mechanism, in which transport of silver ions through alumina dielectric leads to bias-induced nu

263 r, these methods required an influx of metal ions to increase their concentrations for detection.

264 these ion accelerators, to convert the fast ions to neutral atoms with little change in momentum, tr

265 ith very high sensitivity were 2.5 ng on the Ion Torrent platform and 10 ng on Illumina.

266 six healthy individuals were sequenced with ion-torrent and analyzed using DEseq2.

267 On the other hand, ion transfer at lower concentrations is chiefly controll

268 on these results, we propose a model for the ion translocation mechanism that explains previously con

269 Fast ion transport and superior mechanical properties of soli

270 allows direct visualization of heterogeneous ion transport of biological samples for the first time.

271 elevance to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ion transport.

272 ins are important for regulation of cellular ion transport.

273 n on Na/K-ATPase-mediated ATP hydrolysis and ion transport.

274 SLC39A8 encodes ZIP8, a divalent metal ion transporter best known for zinc transport.

275 Although the copper ion transporter CopA has been known in Escherichia coli,

276 One ion transporter was also shown to cause additional chang

277 Na(+) gradient nor expression changes in key ion transporters and regulatory proteins.

278 e first experimental evidence that synthetic ion transporters can disrupt both autophagy and induce a

279 roteins necessary for PT function, including ion transporters, receptors, and membrane-trafficking ma

280 evelopment, as well as the transport of some ion transporters.

281 An electrostatic linear ion trap (ELIT) has been configured to allow for the sim

282 in a Fourier transform electrostatic linear ion trap (ELIT) mass spectrometer.

283 nd fragmentation of peptides and proteins in ion trap mass spectrometers, but the spectral signal-to-

284 er neutral loss scans in a linear quadrupole ion trap using orthogonal double resonance excitation.

285 r precursor ion scans in a linear quadrupole ion trap, we now report the development of single analyz

286 These results provide strong evidence that ion trapping in protozoa occurs and that it is an import

287 llows for a one-electron reduction of MV(2+) ions upon UV irradiation to form MV(+*) radical cations

288 lactis JBB 500 were enriched with magnesium ions using Pulsed Electric Fields.

289 Three-dimensional ion volume reconstructions were also acquired of wood ce

290 ion behavior of FONs towards different metal ions was investigated with fluorescence spectroscopy, am

291 substitution reactions for the dodecaborate ion, whereby this cluster was observed to react directly

292 bits are represented by the spins of trapped ions, which can be prepared in various initial pure stat

293 issociation (FISCID) yields fragmentation of ions, which reduces sample complexity associated with ov

294 tate interaction with the active site Fe(2+) ion, while the benzonitrile group accepts a hydrogen-bon

295 size and weaker affinity with SnI2 than FA+ ions will facilitate the intramolecular exchange with FA

296 complex 3 in 54 % yields bearing the Ge2(2+) ion with Ge in the oxidation state +1.

297 effect spectroscopies on carefully selected ions with a greater or lesser degree of symmetry in orde

298 IO involves irradiating singly charged lipid ions with electrons having kinetic energies of 5-16 eV.

299 We find that ions with hydrated diameters larger than the slit size c

300 d larger aggregations and released less zinc ions (Zn(2+)) at greater temperature and salinity, toxic