ライフサイエンスコーパス: leukocyte rolling

1 nd tether extraction of leukocytes stabilize leukocyte rolling.

2 Weibel-Palade bodies and P-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling.

3 dministration of a compound that antagonizes leukocyte rolling.

4 etics, thereby failing to accurately predict leukocyte rolling.

5 surable effect on P- or L-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling.

6 pits, which enhances its ability to support leukocyte rolling.

7 ital microscopy induced P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling.

8 (EC) leukocyte receptor P-selectin initiates leukocyte rolling.

9 be limited by inhibiting selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling.

10 the firm adhesion of sticking cells than for leukocyte rolling.

11 oninflamed skin venules support constitutive leukocyte rolling.

12 ile not affecting the selectin-mediated slow leukocyte rolling.

13 on by rapid induction of P-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling.

14 locations and potentiate selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling.

15 deficient mouse almost completely eliminated leukocyte rolling.

16 electin-deficient mice significantly reduces leukocyte rolling.

17 ditional physiologic regulatory parameter of leukocyte rolling.

18 ement, particularly during selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling.

19 sis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and causes slow leukocyte rolling.

20 ed torque is critical for the maintenance of leukocyte rolling.

21 flow, whereas pCS caused a rapid increase in leukocyte rolling.

22 contribute significantly to the velocity of leukocyte rolling.

23 ally vasodilation, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte rolling.

24 e required for downstream signaling and slow leukocyte rolling.

25 /-) mice exhibited reduced histamine-induced leukocyte rolling.

26 eparation range to be 0.01-0.1 microm during leukocyte rolling.

27 ich partially inhibited P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling.

28 In contrast, leukocyte rolling 2 h after tumor necrosis factor alpha

29 ulted in a several-fold systemic increase in leukocyte rolling 2 to 4 hours after infusion.

30 ed a significant, time-dependent increase in leukocyte rolling (56 +/- 8 cells/min; P < 0.01 vs. cont

31 208075 dose-dependently reduced postischemic leukocytes rolling (7.3+/-2.3 vs. 3.3+/-1.4 vs. 0.7+/-0.

32 Leukocyte recruitment requires leukocyte rolling, activation, firm adhesion, and transm

33 tenuated thrombin-induced and L-NAME-induced leukocyte rolling, adherence, and transmigration in rat

34 bited leukocyte-endothelium interaction (ie, leukocyte rolling, adherence, and transmigration) induce

35 activation is crucial for the regulation of leukocyte rolling, adhesion and trans-vessel migration d

36 local vascular endothelial cells to mediate leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and extravasation by up-reg

37 mmation is a multistep process that involves leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and extravasation mediated

38 oaminooxidase that is involved in modulating leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and migration.

39 s pCRP administration significantly enhanced leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and transmigration via loca

40 ated and TNF-alpha-treated Galnt1(-/-) mice, leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and transmigration were sig

41 capacity of TNF-stimulated HUVECs to support leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and transmigration.

42 ation, NF-kappaB activation, vaso-occlusion, leukocyte rolling/adhesion, and heme lethality.

43 Leukocyte rolling after surgical trauma was assessed in

44 (only E-selectin present) show an absence of leukocyte rolling after trauma and severely reduced roll

45 Selectins and their ligands mediate leukocyte rolling, allowing interactions with chemokines

46 s of inflammation and tissue injury involves leukocyte rolling along the endothelial wall, followed b

47 Leukocyte rolling along the endothelium in inflammation

48 Senp2(+/-) mice exhibited increased leukocyte rolling along the endothelium, and accelerated

49 fragments, followed by E-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling along the endothelium.

50 electin) have been shown to be essential for leukocyte rolling along the vascular endothelium, the fi

51 Leukocyte rolling along the walls of inflamed venules pr

52 cell surface adhesion receptor that mediates leukocyte rolling along vascular endothelium at sites of

53 ncy was associated with a 2-fold increase in leukocyte rolling and a 5-fold increase in leukocyte adh

54 D-Glucose significantly increased leukocyte rolling and adherence in mesenteric postcapill

55 logs at 10 nmol/liter reduces L-NAME-induced leukocyte rolling and adherence in the mesenteric rat mi

56 However, the increased leukocyte rolling and adherence that occurred in cholest

57 n nitrate-fed mice there is reduced systemic leukocyte rolling and adherence, circulating neutrophil

58 (50 microM) significantly increased venular leukocyte rolling and adherence, which were also signifi

59 PS resulted in significant increases in both leukocyte rolling and adherence, which were maintained f

60 and wall shear rates, coupled with increased leukocyte rolling and adherence.

61 ice with pentostatin significantly decreased leukocyte rolling and adhesion (6.02 +/- 0.09 versus 1.7

62 However, leukocyte rolling and adhesion almost trebled by 7 days

63 of both agents led to marked improvements in leukocyte rolling and adhesion and decreased heterotypic

64 of the lung allograft with TNF-alpha induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in both arterioles and ve

65 .001), and NOS inhibition further increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion in both septic and contro

66 ulature demonstrated significant (P < 0.001) leukocyte rolling and adhesion in brain venules of P. be

67 tion in brain myeloperoxidase, and increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion in cerebral venules of wi

68 with LPS significantly inhibited LPS-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in mesenteric postcapilla

69 tion, intravital microscopy revealed reduced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in P2X7-deficient mice.

70 ere, we use intravital microscopy to examine leukocyte rolling and adhesion in Peyer's patch high end

71 escence microscopy revealed highly increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion in postcapillary skin ven

72 sive imaging revealed a dramatic increase in leukocyte rolling and adhesion in veins near the optic n

73 shed the inhibitory effect of adiponectin on leukocyte rolling and adhesion in vivo.

74 idized, but not native, EPA markedly reduced leukocyte rolling and adhesion to venular endothelium of

75 Leukocyte rolling and adhesion was increased in septic r

76 The effects of L-arginine on leukocyte rolling and adhesion were also measured, both

77 The effects of NOS inhibition on leukocyte rolling and adhesion were also measured.

78 Leukocyte rolling and adhesion were measured in cremaste

79 Leukocyte rolling and adhesion were significantly increa

80 esenteric microcirculation demonstrated that leukocyte rolling and adhesion were unaffected by the ab

81 l but not vitamin E, significantly decreased leukocyte rolling and adhesion, as well as capillary end

82 is, but NO is also an important inhibitor of leukocyte rolling and adhesion.

83 lecules including E-selectin, which mediates leukocyte rolling and adhesion.

84 n function, completely inhibited LPS-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion.

85 rum serotonin by > 80% and similarly reduced leukocyte rolling and adhesion.

86 Leukocyte rolling and arrest on the vascular endothelium

87 al shear force in diverse situations such as leukocyte rolling and arrest on the vasculature, capture

88 l microscopy of gingival vessels showed that leukocyte rolling and attachment to the vascular endothe

89 low rates, reduced microvascular endothelial leukocyte rolling and attachment, and minimized endothel

90 a cell-surface adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte rolling and attachment, has been hypothesized

91 ndothelial venules of lymph nodes to mediate leukocyte rolling and binds to a ligand on neutrophils t

92 d 10E9.6) on neutrophil recruitment in vivo, leukocyte rolling and circulating leukocyte concentratio

93 synovial microcirculation revealed enhanced leukocyte rolling and diminished adherence in mice lacki

94 Leukocyte rolling and emigration in response to inflamma

95 the role of the 3 selectins (E, L, and P) in leukocyte rolling and emigration, a null mutation for L-

96 function synergistically to mediate optimal leukocyte rolling and entry into tissues, which is essen

97 or P- plus E-selectins, lead to deficits in leukocyte rolling and extravasation.

98 WT cremaster in p75-/- mice showed a robust leukocyte rolling and firm adhesion upon TNF-alpha activ

99 amics, a computational method for simulating leukocyte rolling and firm adhesion, we have developed a

100 Interestingly, in ERK5-EKO mice, increased leukocyte rolling and impaired vessel reactivity were re

101 K5 knockout (ERK5-EKO) mice showed increased leukocyte rolling and impaired vessel reactivity.

102 lectins (PL(-/-)) show drastic reductions in leukocyte rolling and in extravasation of neutrophils in

103 We examined the quality of leukocyte rolling and L-selectin-mediated signaling.

104 Virtual lack of leukocyte rolling and low extravasation at sites of infl

105 Selectins mediate leukocyte rolling and may represent good anti-inflammato

106 gical role in cell adhesion as a mediator of leukocyte rolling and migration during inflammation, we

107 nd factor (vWF) and P-selectin, which induce leukocyte rolling and platelet adhesion and aggregation.

108 that the loss of ppGalNAcT-1 led to reduced leukocyte rolling and recruitment and increased rolling

109 mice exhibit a significant reduction in both leukocyte rolling and recruitment and we show a failure

110 raction of P-selectin with PSGL-1 results in leukocyte rolling and recruitment of leukocytes to sites

111 tosis, resulting in part from alterations in leukocyte rolling and recruitment.

112 h discrete steps involving selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling and subsequent firm adhesion mediated

113 ursodeoxycholic acid attenuated HNE-induced leukocyte rolling and their firm adhesion to the endothe

114 surface protrusion is an important aspect of leukocyte rolling, and it should not be ignored when leu

115 apid P-selectin up-regulation and associated leukocyte rolling, and suggest that endothelial SK-1 is

116 (IVM) demonstrated that RvE1 rapidly reduced leukocyte rolling (approximately 40%) in venules of mice

117 tor CGP77175A inhibited E-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling at a dose of 3 mg/kg.

118 forces, and successfully explains the stable leukocyte rolling at a wide range of shear rates over th

119 The observed differences in leukocyte rolling behavior demonstrated that ICAM-1 expr

120 and microvillus elasticity actively modulate leukocyte rolling behavior.

121 y gene targeting to lack CCR2 exhibit normal leukocyte rolling but have a pronounced defect in MCP-1-

122 ing mAb only partially inhibited LPS-induced leukocyte rolling, but completely inhibited LPS-induced

123 matically inhibited LPS-induced increases in leukocyte rolling, but unlike the P-selectin mAb did not

124 Inhibition of leukocyte rolling by 2- and 4-GSP-6 lasted 2-4 min.

125 Fucoidan also interferes with leukocyte rolling by binding to L-selectins (expressed o

126 In parallel plate flow assays used to model leukocyte rolling, cells expressing CD44/TSG-6 failed to

127 ing significantly reduced the "jerkiness" of leukocyte rolling, defined as the variability of velocit

128 ntegrins play a critical role in stabilizing leukocyte rolling during a protracted cellular activatio

129 f the L-, E-, and P-selectins, which promote leukocyte rolling during inflammation.

130 obilize it to the plasma membrane to mediate leukocyte rolling during inflammation.

131 ocyte migration to peripheral LNs (PLNs) and leukocyte rolling during inflammation.

132 PSGL-1) binding to P-selectin controls early leukocyte rolling during inflammation.

133 simulations are continued for at least 1s of leukocyte rolling during which the instantaneous quantit

134 yond its well-established roles in mediating leukocyte rolling, E-selectin is emerging as a multifunc

135 n-ligand bonds are primarily responsible for leukocyte rolling, experimental evidence suggests that c

136 TNF-alpha-stimulated leukocyte rolling, firm adhesion to ECs, and transmigrat

137 steps of the inflammatory response; namely, leukocyte rolling, firm adhesion, and transmigration.

138 Leukocyte rolling flux and rolling velocity were assesse

139 esis of functional selectin ligands in vivo, leukocyte rolling flux and velocity were studied in venu

140 y (0-15 min) after surgical trauma, the mean leukocyte rolling flux fraction was lower (10 +/- 3 vs 3

141 cremaster muscle venules indicated that the leukocyte rolling flux fraction was reduced at blood cen

142 Although the leukocyte rolling flux fraction was reduced by 70%, Peye

143 icrovascular flow velocities and reduced the leukocyte rolling flux.

144 L-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling has been proposed to require a high ra

145 tagogue of Weibel-Palade bodies, slowed down leukocyte rolling in Adamts13(-/-) but not in WT mice.

146 y functional to support L-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling in Core2GlcNAcT-I-deficient mice.

147 pergammaglobulinemia, severe deficiencies of leukocyte rolling in cremaster venules with or without a

148 expression of selectin ligands required for leukocyte rolling in dermal microvessels.

149 ium-dependent lectin on leukocytes mediating leukocyte rolling in high endothelial venules and inflam

150 hat beta(2)-integrins are necessary for slow leukocyte rolling in inflamed venules.

151 -1 and LFA-1 play a cooperative role in slow leukocyte rolling in inflamed vessels, and that, althoug

152 Whether disrupted leukocyte rolling in L-selectin and ICAM-1 double-defici

153 Leukocyte rolling in liver tumor was twofold lower than

154 Leukocyte rolling in P-selectin/ICAM-1-deficient mice tr

155 TNF-alpha induced leukocyte rolling in P-selectin/ICAM-1-deficient mice, b

156 The defect in leukocyte rolling in PAR2-deficient mice did not persist

157 By contrast, leukocyte rolling in Peyer's patch HEV was not significa

158 studies have proposed that the abundance of leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules is due to int

159 Leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules of inflamed t

160 In contrast, 10E9.6 had no effect on leukocyte rolling in RB40.34-treated Balb/c or C57BL/6 m

161 ed on the wall of a flow chamber can support leukocyte rolling in shear flow.

162 ) significantly attenuated histamine-induced leukocyte rolling in the cremaster muscle.

163 However, a secretagogue failed to upregulate leukocyte rolling in the DeltaCT mice, indicating an abs

164 Selected compounds showed decrease in leukocyte rolling in the IVM mouse model.

165 The atherogenic diet stimulated leukocyte rolling in the mesenteric venules in both geno

166 The atherogenic diet stimulated leukocyte rolling in the mesenteric venules of LDLR-defi

167 e of mediating cell adhesion as it supported leukocyte rolling in the mutant mice.

168 We also investigated leukocyte rolling in the presence of PSGL-1 antibody or

169 Leukocyte rolling in the vasculature is mediated by the

170 ions with fucosylated glycan ligands mediate leukocyte rolling in the vasculature under shear forces.

171 Neither 9A9 nor 10E9.6 alone blocked leukocyte rolling in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-treated

172 We investigated trauma-induced leukocyte rolling in venules (diameter, 23 to 58 microns

173 face expression of P-selectin and subsequent leukocyte rolling in venules can be induced by mast cell

174 ns during inflammation, we have investigated leukocyte rolling in venules of tumor necrosis factor-al

175 electin ligand biosynthesis, we investigated leukocyte rolling in venules of untreated and TNF-alpha-

176 We report a strong reduction of leukocyte rolling in venules of vWf-deficient mice.

177 profiles, inhibition of P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling in vivo by such a compound has yet to

178 e of both SK-1 and SK-2 in histamine-induced leukocyte rolling in vivo was assessed using pharmacolog

179 duce but do not abolish P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling in vivo whereas PSGL-1-deficient mice

180 Leukocyte rolling in vivo, studied by intravital microsc

181 function synergistically to mediate optimal leukocyte rolling in vivo, which is essential for the ge

182 ctin ligand can inhibit P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling in vivo.

183 whether GSP can inhibit P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling in vivo.

184 WT and AnxA1-null animals without affecting leukocyte rolling, in comparison to saline control.

185 vated P-selectin-/- platelets did not induce leukocyte rolling, indicating that platelet P-selectin w

186 h angiogenesis suppression and inhibition of leukocyte rolling induced by gallbladder tumors.

187 Leukocyte rolling is also facilitated by members of the

188 Selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling is crucial for the proper function of

189 e made in L-selectin-deficient mice in which leukocyte rolling is entirely P-selectin dependent.

190 e observations show that P-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling is not required for the development of

191 This severe defect in leukocyte rolling may explain the absence of leukocyte r

192 AM-1 is the main ligand responsible for slow leukocyte rolling mediated by Mac-1, but not LFA-1.

193 ized in contributing to the dynamic range of leukocyte rolling observed in vivo during inflammatory p

194 Selectin adhesion molecules mediate leukocyte rolling on activated endothelium, a prerequisi

195 toplasmic viscosity plays a critical role in leukocyte rolling on an adhesive substrate.

196 dorsal skinfold chamber revealed unaffected leukocyte rolling on anti-VWF treatment.

197 rce to receptor-ligand molecules involved in leukocyte rolling on blood vessel walls.

198 CD44 enables slow leukocyte rolling on E-selectin expressed on inflamed en

199 The selectins and their ligands mediate leukocyte rolling on endothelial cells, the initial step

200 L-Selectin mediates leukocyte rolling on endothelium and immobilized leukocy

201 ctivated endothelial cells, is essential for leukocyte rolling on endothelium which leads to extravas

202 nction as an adhesion receptor that mediates leukocyte rolling on hyaluronan (HA).

203 ix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, can mediate leukocyte rolling on hyaluronan substrates and has been

204 synergistic increase in E-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling on microvascular endothelium in vivo.

205 These functional studies show that leukocyte rolling on P- and L-selectin is ablated in cel

206 PSGL-1 cytoplasmic domain is dispensable for leukocyte rolling on P-selectin but is essential to acti

207 lectin requires a threshold shear to support leukocyte rolling on P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (P

208 ocyte cortical cytoskeleton is essential for leukocyte rolling on P-selectin.

209 tween catch and slip bonds might explain why leukocyte rolling on selectins first increases and then

210 Leukocyte rolling on the endothelium via selectin molecu

211 During leukocyte rolling on the endothelium, surface protrusion

212 presents a generic mechanism for stabilizing leukocyte rolling on the endothelium.

213 Leukocyte rolling on the vascular endothelium requires i

214 hat ADAMTS13 deficiency results in increased leukocyte rolling on unstimulated veins and increased le

215 cyte migration to peripheral lymph nodes and leukocyte rolling on vascular endothelium during inflamm

216 L-selectin mediates leukocyte rolling on vascular endothelium during inflamm

217 , has dual function as a selectin ligand for leukocyte rolling on vascular selectins expressed in inf

218 nteractions of PSGL-1 with selectins mediate leukocyte rolling on vascular surfaces.

219 Selectin-ligand interactions (bonds) mediate leukocyte rolling on vascular surfaces.

220 to be far less than velocities observed for leukocytes rolling on L-selectin in vivo.

221 Nevertheless, the number of leukocytes rolling on postcapillary venules in an E-sele

222 Leukocytes rolling on selectins extrude thin membrane te

223 ti-LFA-1 significantly reduced the number of leukocytes rolling on venule endothelial surfaces, but t

224 ngly, unlike VEGF-A, VEGF-C did not increase leukocyte rolling or adhesion in tumor vessels.

225 suppressed leukocyte extravasation, but not leukocyte rolling or firm adhesion, elicited by IL-1beta

226 a strategy that did not significantly reduce leukocyte rolling or sticking in iris vessels but blocke

227 Leukocytes rolling or adhering to endothelium were count

228 vascular leakage but did not further enhance leukocyte rolling over pCS alone.

229 tal microscopy, we showed that the number of leukocytes rolling per minute in unstimulated veins was

230 om inflammatory regions might form part of a leukocyte rolling response, increasing the plaque volume

231 We conclude that the residual trauma-induced leukocyte rolling seen in P-selectin-deficient mice is c

232 e rolling, and it should not be ignored when leukocyte rolling stability is studied systematically.

233 of the presumed glycocalyx rolled more like leukocytes: rolling steps were more uniform and shear re

234 n of platelets in Adamts13(-/-) mice reduced leukocyte rolling, suggesting that platelet interaction

235 E-Selectin-null mice showed more rapid leukocyte rolling than wild-type or ICAM-1-deficient mic

236 We conclude that slow leukocyte rolling through E-selectin results in long tra

237 -1) is expressed as a homodimer and mediates leukocyte rolling through interactions with endothelial

238 ng drastically increases the transit time of leukocytes rolling through an inflamed tissue and thus a

239 The addition of cyanoborohydride to leukocytes rolling through L-selectin on mildly oxidized

240 microscopy of mesenteric venules showed that leukocyte rolling time was decreased, whereas rolling ve

241 Leukocyte rolling time, defined as the time it takes for

242 ently and markedly attenuated L-NAME-induced leukocyte rolling to 10 +/- 4 (P < 0.01), 4 +/- 1 (P < 0

243 increasing levels of shear stress stabilize leukocyte rolling under flow.

244 dly enhances E-selectin's ability to mediate leukocyte rolling under flow.

245 ytokine-activated endothelial cells mediates leukocyte rolling under flow.

246 lectin mediates, in part, the early event of leukocyte rolling under hydrodynamic flow, the contribut

247 via long-lived catch-bonds that support slow leukocyte rolling under shear stress.

248 intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 in leukocyte rolling using gene-targeted mice deficient in

249 udied the effect of cytoplasmic viscosity on leukocyte rolling using our three-dimensional numerical

250 Specifically, leukocyte rolling velocities during inflammation are sig

251 Leukocyte rolling velocities in cremaster muscle venules

252 Consistent with previous studies, leukocyte rolling velocities on P-selectin were observed

253 Increased leukocyte rolling velocities presumably translated into

254 Leukocyte rolling velocities were significantly reduced

255 Leukocyte rolling velocity (Vwbc) and the number of adhe

256 ouse cremaster muscle venules show increased leukocyte rolling velocity and reduced leukocyte recruit

257 This extracellular activation loop reduces leukocyte rolling velocity and stimulates adhesion.

258 The IC-mediated slow leukocyte rolling velocity and subsequent adhesion and e

259 Rolling flux and average leukocyte rolling velocity in ICAM-1-deficient mice was

260 a role for L-selectin shedding in regulating leukocyte rolling velocity in vivo.

261 In contrast, leukocyte rolling velocity is significantly decreased an

262 alysis of the mesenteric venules showed that leukocyte rolling velocity was markedly decreased and nu

263 The median leukocyte rolling velocity was reduced in L-/- mice and

264 injection--we recorded significantly reduced leukocyte rolling velocity, which suggests PSGL-1 up-reg

265 he earliest steps in leukocyte adhesion (ie, leukocyte rolling) via administration of a recombinant s

266 ainst P- and E-selectin, L-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling was almost completely abolished in cre

267 he majority of observed L-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling was between free flowing leukocytes an

268 L-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling was completely abolished in Galnt1(-/-

269 In untreated core 2(-/-) mice, leukocyte rolling was dramatically reduced with markedly

270 Leukocyte rolling was mediated solely by the interaction

271 w chamber assay, P- and E-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling was mildly reduced in St3gal6-null mic

272 A significant decrease in leukocyte rolling was observed at 30-min and 5-hr reperf

273 Leukocyte rolling was significantly slower for leukocyte

274 With a biomechanical model of leukocyte rolling, we calculate the force history on the

275 With a biomechanical model of leukocyte rolling, we predict the force history of the a

276 /c mice, but 9A9 almost completely inhibited leukocyte rolling when combined with the function-blocki

277 substantially reversed P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling, whereas control GSP, which are not fu

278 ctin-dependent, but not E-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling, whereas in double-deficient mice, E-s

279 so led to a significant 1.4-fold increase in leukocyte rolling, whereas inhibition of heme oxygenase

280 ds to intermediate affinity and induces slow leukocyte rolling, whereas P-Rex1 is not involved in the

281 Leukocyte rolling, which is increased in CD44-deficient

282 Leukocyte rolling, which is mediated by P-selectin in th

283 lectin-mediated integrin activation and slow leukocyte rolling, which promotes ischemia-reperfusion-i