ライフサイエンスコーパス: limb bud

1 cells migrate from adjacent somites into the limb bud.

2 ic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the anterior limb bud.

3 n to promote Shh expression in the posterior limb bud.

4 ng to inhibit Shh expression in the anterior limb bud.

5 nication between cells within the developing limb bud.

6 oper patterning and growth of the developing limb bud.

7 at the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the limb bud.

8 anterior-posterior patterning of the amniote limb bud.

9 BMP4 represses Runx2 expression in the early limb bud.

10 he anterior-posterior axis of the vertebrate limb bud.

11 tic removal of several BMP activities in the limb bud.

12 ridge (AER) as a new signaling center in the limb bud.

13 og (Shh) mRNA to the posterior margin of the limb bud.

14 imiting Shh expression to the margins of the limb bud.

15 ecule Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in the developing limb bud.

16 ShhN across the anteroposterior axis of the limb bud.

17 y promotes the spread of Shh gradient in the limb bud.

18 of the ZPA, is absent from the dolphin hind-limb bud.

19 ore posteriorly in the proximal third of the limb bud.

20 cluding NCAM and collagen II (Col2a1) in the limb bud.

21 for the spatiotemporal control of Shh in the limb bud.

22 on of the skeletal architecture in the avian limb bud.

23 nism explaining regulative properties of the limb bud.

24 s widespread cell death within the embryonic limb bud.

25 n the developing eye, pharyngeal arches, and limb bud.

26 sing on its regulation of Grem1 in the mouse limb bud.

27 ate Shh expression at an ectopic site in the limb bud.

28 velopment of the heart, branchial arches and limb buds.

29 the order observed in either mouse or chick limb buds.

30 al termination consistent with that in chick limb buds.

31 y reduced in the distal mesenchyme of mutant limb buds.

32 proximodistal axis in the early stage 19-22 limb buds.

33 e development of contralateral, un-amputated limb buds.

34 s in mice such as somites, neural tubes, and limb buds.

35 he basal state of appendage development from limb buds.

36 al insects produce appendages from embryonic limb buds.

37 -specific differentiation of Dicer-deficient limb buds.

38 d Fgf10 is nearly abolished in double mutant limb buds.

39 arlier, coinciding with the elongation of T3 limb buds.

40 icles, the lumen of the spinal cord, and the limb buds.

41 cal ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb buds.

42 transcriptional regulators required in early limb buds.

43 patterning and skeletal morphogenesis of the limb buds.

44 2 chromatin complexes from mouse embryos and limb buds.

45 h ligands to ectopic sites in the developing limb buds.

46 delamination and migration of cells into the limb buds.

47 ntral nervous system, facial structures, and limb buds.

48 an anencephalic head, spine, upper and lower limb buds.

49 e we show that during early outgrowth of the limb bud, a small cohort of cells express the orphan gen

50 ICM of the blastocyst, the myotomes, and the limb bud AER, is regulated by distinct enhancer elements

51 MO2 is also expressed in developing tail and limb buds, an expression pattern we now show to be recap

52 ed to ectopic Shh expression in the anterior limb bud and a preaxial polydactyly (PPD) skeletal pheno

53 istal subridge mesodermal cells of the chick limb bud and also by the AER itself.

54 l2 was overexpressed in the developing chick limb bud and feather bud.

55 FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation a

56 hylome in RA FLS, we recently identified the limb bud and heart development (LBH) gene as a key dysre

57 ogenitor cells from different regions of the limb bud and identified unique cellular properties that

58 that developmental interactions between the limb bud and its innervation can be determinative for ad

59 expression to the proximal mesenchyme in the limb bud and later to chondrocytes associated with the f

60 establishes the anteroposterior axis of the limb bud and maintains proliferative expansion of limb e

61 ression of genes functioning in the proximal limb bud and orchestrates the establishment of anterior

62 (MPCs) have migrated from the somites to the limb bud and populated the prospective muscle masses.

63 surprisingly similar to that of the Xenopus limb bud and the zebrafish caudal fin, despite the diffe

64 pernumerary subclavian arteries in talpid(3) limb buds and abnormal expression of an artery-specific

65 the timely initiation of MyoD expression in limb buds and branchial arches, as enhancer deletion del

66 is substantially restricted to the terminal limb buds and craniofacial processes during early develo

67 cription factors, expressed in the embryonic limb buds and ectoderm, are disease genes for these cond

68 Maximal expression of SPG20 in the limb buds and forebrain during embryogenesis may explain

69 olecular dimorphisms between male and female limb buds and provide experimental evidence that the dig

70 expressed in central regions of early chick limb buds and proximal two thirds of later limbs, wherea

71 In the limb buds and somites, cartilage cell lineage differenti

72 with cartilage and tendon cell types in the limb buds and somites.

73 on for the loss of digit asymmetry in bovine limb buds and suggests that modifications affecting the

74 skeletal mesenchymal cells from mouse embryo limb buds and whole limb explants.

75 Limb-bud and heart (LBH) is a novel key transcriptional

76 Lbh (limb-bud and heart) is a novel, highly conserved putativ

77 or role for this enhancer resides within the limb bud, and it serves to maintain a level of Tcfap2a e

78 ogenic lineage, located in the center of the limb bud, and soft connective tissue lineages located in

79 r and anterior regions of distal E10.5 mouse limb buds, and analysis in E10.5 dissected limb buds the

80 is repression occurs both in mouse and chick limb buds, and is dependent on high FGF activity.

81 s comparable to its expression in developing limb buds, and it thus is an important marker for dediff

82 ally expressed in apoptotic regions of chick limb buds, and MafB/cFos heterodimers repressed apoptosi

83 , developing brain, craniofacial structures, limb buds, and tail bud.

84 A major function of the limb bud apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is to produce fib

85 BMP receptor gene Bmpr1a specifically in the limb bud apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a source of FGF

86 PKA levels in the limb bud are high posteriorly and low anteriorly, sugges

87 show that the mesenchymal cells of the early limb bud are not disorganized within the ectoderm as pre

88 Both mouse and chicken mutant limb buds are broad and short.

89 rly DNA synthesis in brain, spinal cord, and limb buds as efficiently as T3.

90 ubpopulation of Myf5(+ve) progenitors in the limb buds at the late embryonic stage ( approximately E1

91 al epithelium of regenerating Xenopus laevis limb buds, at the appropriate time and place to play a r

92 lank, a difference also seen at 3 days, when limb budding begins.

93 onse of the flank could help ensure that the limb bud bulges out from, rather than becoming engulfed

94 e, does not regulate cell orientation in the limb bud but instead establishes a gradient of cell velo

95 hh expression in the posterior margin of the limb bud, but how this polarity is established is not cl

96 e Fgf4 for Fgf8 expression in the developing limb bud by concomitantly activating a conditional Fgf4

97 oss of Vhl in mesenchymal progenitors of the limb bud caused severe fibrosis of the synovial joints a

98 -function allele is activated in a wild-type limb bud causes formation of a supernumerary posterior d

99 Primary chick limb bud cell cultures infected with Shox showed an init

100 in BMP-induced osteogenesis in cultures of a limb-bud cell line.

101 on studies using micromass cultures of mouse limb bud cells further supported the conclusion that Cyp

102 raction profiles between proximal and distal limb bud cells isolated from mutant stocks where various

103 ndent Shh signaling, was induced in anterior limb bud cells resulting in extra digits.

104 se results, Ddrgk1-/- mice displayed delayed limb bud chondrogenic condensation, decreased SOX9 prote

105 oreover, expression of SoxB1 proteins in the limb bud confers on mesodermal cells the potential to ac

106 s of MafB, cFos and cJun in developing chick limb buds control the number of apoptotic cells, and tha

107 ein in the posterior mesenchyme of the mouse limb bud correlates with a long-range chromatin interact

108 We found that premature AER loss in mutant limb buds delayed generation of autopod progenitors, whi

109 ra, sometimes multiple digits, from anterior limb bud demonstrating the negative role in Shh signalin

110 atory module at the time and place of distal limb bud development when the GCR participates in initia

111 P-D-patterning gene expression during early limb bud development, providing genetic evidence that AE

112 During limb bud development, these activities encoded by the ZR

113 However, cetacean embryos do initiate hind-limb bud development.

114 he timing of myogenic gene expression during limb bud development.

115 Interestingly, altered limb bud dimensions in Vangl2 mutants also affect limb g

116 sion of Hox constructs throughout the entire limb bud during development.

117 tive enhancer responsible for patterning the limb bud during development.

118 ing the postrelease spread of Shh across the limb bud during early development.

119 egulated in the proximal central core of the limb bud during the formation of the precartilage conden

120 al tissue, hindgut, heart, lung, kidney, and limb buds during midgestation.

121 eles were removed either from the developing limb bud ectoderm (using Msx2-Cre) or from the mesenchym

122 it has been stated that Hh signaling in the limb bud ectoderm cannot occur because components of the

123 etic ablation of Rac1 in the mouse embryonic limb bud ectoderm disrupts canonical Wnt signaling and p

124 d targets of Hh signaling are present in the limb bud ectoderm including the apex of the bud.

125 e expression is specifically elevated in the limb bud ectoderm of IKK-alpha-deficient mice.

126 g pathway and targets of this pathway in the limb bud ectoderm.

127 ion, of tetrads and rosettes in Fgfr2 mutant limb-bud ectoderm.

128 as elucidated the multiple roles of FGFR1 in limb bud establishment, growth and patterning.

129 Mutant limb buds exhibit a dorsoventral (DV) and anteroposterio

130 imal elements are differentially affected in limb buds exposed to radiation at early stages.

131 birth defect is mimicked in developing chick limb buds exposed to X-irradiation.

132 the AER persisted longer in the Bmp4 mutant limb buds exposing the forming digits to prolonged Fgf8

133 Limb bud expression depended on a cluster of HOX binding

134 wo candidates, Igfbp4 and Fstl, interdigital limb bud expression was reduced in Hoxa13 mutants.

135 In a nascent limb bud, FGFR1 promotes the length of the proximodistal

136 with elevated expression in the prospective limb bud field, is capable of inhibiting Hand2/Tbx3 expr

137 ayed upregulation of Gli3 in the prospective limb bud field.

138 In the early limb bud, for instance, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expresse

139 Although numerous molecules required for limb bud formation have recently been identified, the mo

140 ntral nervous system and the early stages of limb bud formation of the developing embryo.

141 of expression in the hindlimb field, during limb bud formation, alters neither limb outgrowth nor ex

142 outgrowth along the PD, AP and DV axes after limb bud formation.

143 plate mesoderm of the early embryo prior to limb bud formation.

144 lements is distinctly regulated early during limb-bud formation.

145 Our data indicate that the cetacean hind-limb bud forms an AER and that this structure expresses

146 pression at the distal edge of the embryonic limb bud, forms abnormally in the absence of Megf7.

147 However, studies on early limb buds found that Twist1(-/-) mutant limb mesenchyme

148 imb field mesoderm leading to bulging of the limb buds from the body wall.

149 xpression during the first day and blastemal/limb bud genes peaking at 7 to 14 days.

150 As the limb bud grows, the proximal limb is established through

151 ene expression regulation without disturbing limb bud growth.

152 number and volume density differences: 4-day limb buds had 2- to 2.5-fold as many cells per unit area

153 Mutant limb buds had normal steady-state Hoxa13 RNA expression,

154 The chick limb bud has been used as a model system for studying pa

155 For more than a century, the vertebrate limb bud has served as a model for studying cell signall

156 on tibial pioneer neurons in the developing limb bud have been well characterized in the grasshopper

157 On the other hand, in the limb bud, Hh signaling represses hypaxial myoblast diffe

158 to restrict Shh expression to the posterior limb bud, how they function together remains unclear.

159 Rspo2 is expressed in the AER of all limb buds, however the stunted phenotype is significantl

160 for appropriate muscle development in chick limb buds; however, Fgfr4 null mice show no phenotype.

161 eleted VHL in mesenchymal progenitors of the limb bud, i.e. in cells not yet committed to the chondro

162 atin immunoprecipitation sequencing in chick limb buds identified potential target genes and regulato

163 ression of Has2 in the mesoderm of the chick limb bud in vivo results in the formation of shortened a

164 raverse long distances within the vertebrate limb bud in vivo.

165 f Engrailed-1 (En1) expression in the AER of limb buds in which Bmp2 and Bmp4 had been removed indica

166 on only in the Shh-expressing regions of the limb bud, in a conformation consistent with enhancer-pro

167 Hes1 inactivation in the limb bud increased femoral length and trabecular number.

168 n of chondrocyte progenitors in the proximal limb-bud independently of known P-D patterning markers a

169 ipitation of DNA-Gli3 protein complexes from limb buds indicated that Gli3 strongly binds to the Has2

170 is expressed in the distal mesenchyme of the limb bud, induces premature expression of both Myf5 and

171 This work shows that limb buds initiate earlier than previously thought, as a

172 , including limb positioning (Hoxc6, Hoxd9), limb bud initiation (Pitx1, Tbx4, Tbx5), and limb bud ou

173 hought to play a key instructive role during limb bud initiation and subsequent patterning.

174 However, inactivation after limb bud initiation causes an upregulation of two AER-FG

175 pression in the intermediate mesoderm before limb bud initiation had no effect on initial limb bud ou

176 an early role in limb bud outgrowth but not limb bud initiation.

177 d genes, expressed differentially across the limb bud, interact physically with Gli3.

178 striction of Shh expression to the posterior limb bud is essential for its polarizing effect.

179 of myogenic cells from the somites into the limb bud is followed by their extension from the proxima

180 Has2 expression in the limb bud is lost in Shh null and expanded anteriorly in

181 During this phase, the limb bud is prepatterned into anterior and posterior reg

182 location on the surface of the middle of the limb bud is sufficient to induce ectopic expression of T

183 -feedback loop crucial for the initiation of limb budding is activated.

184 f VEGF and Ang2a expression by Shh in normal limb buds is accompanied by vascular remodelling.

185 Our finding that the sequence in mouse limb buds is different led us to explore alternative mec

186 g region, at the posterior of the vertebrate limb bud, is pivotal in determining digit number and ide

187 l ligands may be expressed in the developing limb bud, it was possible that loss of Jagged2 disabled

188 cellular and molecular events that shape the limb bud itself have remained largely unknown.

189 varying [Gli3]:[total Hoxd] ratio across the limb bud leads to differential activation of Gli3 target

190 ed BMP signaling in the mesoderm between the limb buds leads to abnormal somite differentiation and a

191 gestation in a proximal-dorsal region of the limb bud, leads to the elimination of enough mesenchymal

192 abrogates ectopic Shh expression in anterior limb buds, limits overexpression in the zone of polarizi

193 In addition, Sox9-expressing limb bud mesenchymal cells also contributed to tendon an

194 analysis system to track the fate of single limb bud mesenchymal cells at different times in early l

195 er (R26R) mice revealed that Sox9-expressing limb bud mesenchymal cells gave rise to both chondrocyte

196 pression of chondrogenic and matrix genes in limb bud mesenchymal cells in micromass culture.

197 rough disruption of Tsc2 in craniofacial and limb bud mesenchymal progenitors.

198 y)-cre line led to Fgfr1 inactivation in all limb bud mesenchyme (LBM) cells during limb initiation.

199 is expressed and transcriptionally active in limb bud mesenchyme and in mesenchymal condensations.

200 e associated with decreased proliferation of limb bud mesenchyme and small cartilaginous condensation

201 t severely impairs Tcfap2a expression in the limb bud mesenchyme but generates only a modest reductio

202 terior and posterior polarity of the nascent limb bud mesenchyme by impacting Gli3 and Tbx3 expressio

203 Deficiency of VHL in limb bud mesenchyme does not alter the timely differenti

204 Conditional knockout of Hif-1alpha in limb bud mesenchyme does not impair mesenchyme condensat

205 8 function in the forelimb AER, we show that limb bud mesenchyme fails to survive in the absence of b

206 ent, and its conditional deletion from early limb bud mesenchyme in mice severely affects both initia

207 ing the Cre/loxP system in mice, we rendered limb bud mesenchyme insensitive to BMP signals through t

208 , we conditionally inactivated Hif-1alpha in limb bud mesenchyme using a Prx1 promoter-driven Cre tra

209 ial glycosyltransferase for HS synthesis, in limb bud mesenchyme using the Prx1-Cre transgene.

210 is dynamically expressed in the early distal limb bud mesenchyme, with expression becoming downregula

211 ed to inhibit Shh expression in the anterior limb bud mesenchyme.

212 opment, we deleted POR specifically in mouse limb bud mesenchyme.

213 tor, is disrupted specifically in the bovine limb bud mesenchyme.

214 tured chondrocytic cells and differentiating limb-bud mesenchyme.

215 es, it has been shown that activation in the limb bud mesoderm is required for normal limb developmen

216 Neurons need a signal(s) from limb bud mesoderm to initiate ER81 expression.

217 tivated the gene for HA synthase 2, Has2, in limb bud mesoderm using mice that harbor a floxed allele

218 he Prx1(cre) transgene to inactivate Bmp4 in limb bud mesoderm.

219 We have found that chondrogenesis in limb bud micromass cultures similarly entails a loss of

220 ucleotides to manipulate Barx2 expression in limb bud micromass cultures, we determined that Barx2 is

221 using several mammalian cell lines and chick limb bud micromass cultures, we determined that mutant R

222 In limb bud micromass cultures, which faithfully mimic in v

223 ndrogenesis were examined in E11.5 long-term limb bud micromass cultures.

224 ed light on the cellular basis of vertebrate limb bud morphogenesis and uncover new layers to the seq

225 haviour that possibly contributes to altered limb bud morphogenesis.

226 ng limb, and Northern blot analysis of chick limb bud mRNA shows that APBP-1 mRNA expression is inver

227 In developing limb buds, Msx2 transcripts are expressed in the apical

228 we provide evidence that Msx1 expression in limb bud muscle precursor cells is dependent on the cano

229 t/TCF and the Msx1/Pax3/MyoD pathways within limb bud muscle precursor cells.

230 pport the expression of the Msx1 gene within limb bud muscle precursor cells.

231 drives the proximal-distal elongation of the limb bud necessary to set the stage for subsequent morph

232 We show that, in the limb bud of the embryonic day 9.5 embryo, where Hoxd is

233 In the limb buds of both p63 and Dlx5;Dlx6 murine models of SHF

234 ive tumor edges, and in the neural crest and limb buds of mouse embryos.

235 In developing limb buds of mutant mice, chondrogenic differentiation o

236 f cWnt signaling to specify osteoblasts from limb bud or bone marrow progenitors.

237 mbinase expression to inactivate Hes1 in the limb bud or in osteoblasts.

238 does not regulate myogenic initiation in the limb bud or maintenance in the first or second branchial

239 Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the limb bud organizing centre called the zone of polarizing

240 other tissues, including pharyngeal arches, limb buds, otic vesicles, photoreceptor cell layer, slow

241 Together with previous lineage studies of limb buds, our results indicate that, at the pelvic leve

242 ollowed by their extension from the proximal limb bud out onto the thorax.

243 limb bud initiation (Pitx1, Tbx4, Tbx5), and limb bud outgrowth (Shh, Fgf10), and studied their expre

244 strate that COUP-TFII plays an early role in limb bud outgrowth but not limb bud initiation.

245 Limb bud outgrowth in chicken embryos is initiated durin

246 icle morphogenesis as well as the AER during limb bud outgrowth in humans, whereas it is not required

247 Limb bud outgrowth is driven by signals in a positive fe

248 limb bud initiation had no effect on initial limb bud outgrowth or on the formation of normal limbs.

249 revealed an obligatory role for COUP-TFII in limb bud outgrowth since mutant cells are unable to cont

250 to play a critical role in the initiation of limb bud outgrowth via restriction of Fgf10 expression t

251 hindlimb field confirms its requirement for limb bud outgrowth.

252 al ridge (AER), which is required for proper limb bud outgrowth.

253 n the brain, peripheral nerves, spinal cord, limb buds, palate, heart, and otic vesicles.

254 t to be a key signaling molecule involved in limb bud patterning along the proximodistal or anteropos

255 Med31 mutants have normal limb bud patterning but defective or delayed chondrogene

256 ist1 activity thresholds contribute to early limb bud patterning, and suggest how particular combinat

257 s an in vivo requirement for BBS function in limb bud patterning.

258 ite segmentation, it is essential for proper limb bud positioning.

259 xtensively used to study patterning in avian limb bud precartilage cells.

260 cellular automaton model for the behavior of limb bud precartilage mesenchymal cells undergoing chond

261 f polarizing activity (ZPA) in the posterior limb bud produces Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) protein, which pl

262 ectodermal or mesenchymal compartment of the limb bud receives the Jagged2 signal.

263 n the posterior mesenchyme of the developing limb bud regulates patterning and growth of the developi

264 ascades that control apoptosis in developing limb buds remain largely unclear.

265 but only ACM can rescue MNs after unilateral limb bud removal.

266 tissue and molecular interactions within the limb bud required for patterning and morphogenesis of th

267 Proper outgrowth of the limb bud requires a positive feedback loop between Sonic

268 In the mouse, limb bud-restricted spatiotemporal Shh expression occurs

269 Analysis of the compound mutant limb buds revealed that, in addition to sustaining cell

270 In addition, anterior limb buds show aberrant Gli3 processing, consistent with

271 tant embryos exhibited growth defects in the limb buds similar to those of Hand2 null embryos.

272 on of these signals is essential to restrict limb bud size.

273 of known P-D patterning markers and overall limb-bud size.

274 correlates with the spatiotemporal domain of limb bud-specific Shh expression, but close Shh and ZRS

275 posterior limb margins over a wide range of limb bud stages.

276 trongly expressed in the pharyngeal arch and limb bud, supporting a site- and stage-specific requirem

277 is a secreted molecule made in the posterior limb bud that affects patterning and development of mult

278 s expressed in muscle precursor cells of the limb bud that also express Pax3.

279 ubapical mesenchymal cells of the developing limb bud that are undergoing proliferation, directed mig

280 ide evidence from mouse conditional knockout limb buds that the bHLH family transcription factor gene

281 hin neighboring subregions of the developing limb bud, the compound patterns did not show signs of cr

282 primitive mesenchymal cells of the embryonic limb bud, the EF mice were noted to have a number of dev

283 In the developing limb bud, the expression of HMGN1 is complementary to So

284 e critical signaling center of the posterior limb bud, the Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA), as has

285 gl2 alters the shape and dimensions of early limb buds: the width and thickness are increased, wherea

286 e limb buds, and analysis in E10.5 dissected limb buds themselves, we show that there is a loss of po

287 ating and extending axons to the base of the limb bud, they display spontaneous, highly rhythmic, and

288 lock in polarizing region cells of the chick limb bud times the duration of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expr

289 caused by a higher liquid-like cohesivity of limb bud tissue compared with flank.

290 odermal ridge (AER) at the distal tip of the limb bud to direct outgrowth along the proximal to dista

291 uced by this effect will cause the incipient limb bud to phase separate from the surrounding flank, w

292 Through analysis of the early limb bud transcriptome, we identified a posteriorly-enri

293 ic expression of Chrdl1 throughout the avian limb bud using viral misexpression resulted in an oligod

294 idge (AER) at the distal tip of the tetrapod limb bud was shown to produce signals necessary for deve

295 ressed in the apical ectodermal ridge in the limb bud, we demonstrate that the Fgf9-/- limb phenotype

296 expression to the marginal mesenchyme of the limb bud, we undertook a series of grafting and extirpat

297 ssues including, classically, the developing limb bud where it controls digit number and identity.

298 e of limb level somites and migrate into the limb bud where they form the dorsal and ventral muscle m

299 previous observation that treatment of chick limb buds with Myostatin results in a severe decrease in

300 In the limb bud, Wnt5a signaling gradient controls limb elongat

301 created and screened an E11.5-E12.5, distal limb bud yeast two-hybrid prey library.