ライフサイエンスコーパス: microbicidal

1 innate immune responses, PGLYRP1 is directly microbicidal.

2 recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) is directly microbicidal.

3 imately with the gastric mucosa to avoid the microbicidal acid in the stomach lumen.

4 lar concentrations of MPO increased H(2)O(2) microbicidal action 1,000-fold.

5 tococci plus MPO produced potent synergistic microbicidal action against all microbes tested, and RBC

6 s of ultrashort peptides that exhibit potent microbicidal action have potential as future drugs.

7 showed enhanced sensitivity in vitro to the microbicidal action of superoxide.

8 Selectivity of MPO microbicidal action was conventionally measured as the M

9 Synergistic microbicidal action was investigated by combining Strept

10 ay exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbicidal actions and is thus a potential drug for th

11 In addition to direct microbicidal actions, reactive nitrogen intermediates ha

12 We explored the storage, secretion, and microbicidal activation of protegrins in porcine neutrop

13 mall, cationic peptides which possess potent microbicidal activities against common bloodstream patho

14 efensin fold and showed equivalent or better microbicidal activities against several Gram-positive an

15 g/ml) exerted in vitro microbiostatic and/or microbicidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, E

16 ocyte recruitment and activation, resist the microbicidal activities of host antimicrobial peptides a

17 n, the capacity of IFN-gamma to activate the microbicidal activities of macrophages is not required f

18 IFN-gamma, a potent activator of the microbicidal activities of macrophages, is essential for

19 The potent phagocytic and microbicidal activities of neutrophils and macrophages a

20 The microbicidal activities of recombinant cryptdin-4 and (d

21 ns entry into the macrophage, suppresses the microbicidal activities of this host cell, and ultimatel

22 ndings may also reveal new insights into the microbicidal activities versus mammalian cell toxicities

23 In addition to avoiding macrophage microbicidal activities, M. tuberculosis triggers secret

24 s expressed in phagocytic cells and mediates microbicidal activities.

25 tes but insufficient to fully activate their microbicidal activities.

26 the intestinal lumen where they have potent microbicidal activities.

27 It has potent microbicidal activity against a broad spectrum of bacter

28 p4 have been shown to attenuate or eliminate microbicidal activity against all of the bacterial speci

29 oxin, platelet lysates were found to contain microbicidal activity against Bacillus subtilis (but not

30 acetate (PMA), neutrophils generated stable microbicidal activity against both Escherichia coli and

31 Moreover, microbicidal activity against C. albicans and S. cerevis

32 ntrast, Lys substitutions in RMAD-4 improved microbicidal activity against certain bacteria and perme

33 10 ex vivo exhibited a significantly greater microbicidal activity against E. coli compared with cell

34 blethal, PF-4 and CTAP-3 exerted synergistic microbicidal activity against E. coli.

35 osy patients and controls possess equivalent microbicidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Es

36 rHD-5 exhibits microbicidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Es

37 microM UC781 provided essentially equivalent microbicidal activity against NNRTI-resistant and wt vir

38 be identical to authentic indolicidin in its microbicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Esc

39 roteins induced during inflammation, exhibit microbicidal activity against systemic bacterial and fun

40 hages from these animals displayed defective microbicidal activity against the parasite in vitro.

41 wt) virus in each of these tests, with UC781 microbicidal activity against the various virus strains

42 y bactericidal, it was not rate limiting for microbicidal activity and appears to have been redundant

43 unodeficiency characterized by dysfunctional microbicidal activity and chronic inflammation.

44 trol by simultaneously regulating macrophage-microbicidal activity and hemopoietic function.

45 1 knockout mice indicated that the increased microbicidal activity and peroxynitrite production was d

46 e data indicate that the mechanism of tPMP-1 microbicidal activity at the bacterial cytoplasmic membr

47 Our results indicate that Fe(III) exerts its microbicidal activity by a mechanism that is oxygen inde

48 e of Leishmania mexicana subverts macrophage microbicidal activity by diverting arginine away from iN

49 In addition, the enhancement of microbicidal activity by LTs was also dependent on PKC-d

50 he isogenic wild-type strain and exerted its microbicidal activity even under anaerobic conditions.

51 Exogenous LTs increased AM microbicidal activity in a dose- and receptor-dependent

52 -gamma+CD4+ lymphocytes for the induction of microbicidal activity in host macrophages.

53 12 also showed microbicidal activity in long-term assays with heavily i

54 nellar acidification, granule secretion, and microbicidal activity in the AM.

55 have been demonstrated to exhibit increased microbicidal activity in vitro, a characteristic consist

56 with impaired IFN-gamma-dependent macrophage microbicidal activity in vitro.

57 gate the importance of LTs in regulating the microbicidal activity of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and

58 The direct in vitro microbicidal activity of antimicrobial proteins has long

59 part dependent on its ability to resist the microbicidal activity of host-generated reactive oxygen

60 results indicate that IL-15 upregulates the microbicidal activity of human monocytes against C. albi

61 eir role in defense against ROS/RNS-mediated microbicidal activity of infected macrophages.

62 NMMA did not impair the microbicidal activity of macrophages, however, and SNAP

63 other elastase-activated polypeptides in the microbicidal activity of neutrophil secretions and infla

64 in an epithelium-dependent fashion, enhance microbicidal activity of neutrophils as they arrive in t

65 The microbicidal activity of normal fluid was inactivated by

66 FN-gamma release by patient lymphocytes, and microbicidal activity of patient monocytes/macrophages w

67 uperior to G-CSF or GM-CSF for enhancing the microbicidal activity of PMNL and PMNL/PBMC against oppo

68 Optimal microbicidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (P

69 oprotegrins accounted for much of the stable microbicidal activity of porcine neutrophil secretions a

70 We assayed the microbicidal activity of recombinant human intestinal de

71 This phenomenon hampered the microbicidal activity of the macrophage and enhanced the

72 oxygen metabolites provides a mechanism for microbicidal activity of the neutrophil.

73 Nonetheless, the reduced microbicidal activity of UC781 against NNRTI-resistant H

74 We evaluated the microbicidal activity of UC781 against UC781-resistant (

75 turn, decreases PMN phagocytic capacity and microbicidal activity on PMNs in direct contact with CNF

76 nstrate that LTs, especially LTB4, enhanceAM microbicidal activity through the PKC-delta-dependent ac

77 Their fluid was deficient in microbicidal activity toward a colonizing strain of S. a

78 however, ONOO(-) does not appear to exhibit microbicidal activity toward this bacterium.

79 However, we now report that Fe(III) exhibits microbicidal activity towards strains of Salmonella ente

80 The role of LTs in enhancing AM microbicidal activity was evaluated pharmacologically an

81 Furthermore, lysate microbicidal activity was heat stable, neutralized by po

82 By contrast, LT-induced microbicidal activity was independent of the generation

83 e dinucleotide (NADPH) oxidase in LT-induced microbicidal activity was indicated by the fact that bac

84 , making it unlikely that reduced macrophage microbicidal activity was solely responsible for hemolys

85 IFN-gamma production and microbicidal activity were impaired in individuals with

86 ion were cell-permeant without the attendant microbicidal activity when measured in a fluorescence qu

87 age cytokine responses (without compromising microbicidal activity), thereby restraining inflammatory

88 LTB(4)-induced enhancement of phagocytosis, microbicidal activity, and signaling.

89 ant pPG3 and neutrophil proprotegrins lacked microbicidal activity, but the mature protegrins generat

90 immune responses, such as cell recruitment, microbicidal activity, cell activation, polarization of

91 associated with IFN-gamma-induced macrophage microbicidal activity, expression by cells of hemopoieti

92 Our results suggest that, in addition to its microbicidal activity, LL-37 may contribute to innate an

93 While initially increasing macrophage microbicidal activity, ROS rapidly induce programmed nec

94 s, yielding macrocyclic proteins with potent microbicidal activity.

95 itive LTD(4) enhancement of phagocytosis and microbicidal activity.

96 lammatory cytokine production and macrophage microbicidal activity.

97 kines may reach concentrations necessary for microbicidal activity.

98 he cryptdin-4 N terminus are determinants of microbicidal activity.

99 otein essential for optimal oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity.

100 e superoxide production results in deficient microbicidal activity.

101 part by regulating macrophage phagocytic and microbicidal activity.

102 or cooperatively to strengthen each other's microbicidal activity.

103 otein-1 to phagosomes, suggesting attenuated microbicidal activity.

104 e secretion, particle uptake, and macrophage microbicidal activity.

105 crophage necrosis while preserving increased microbicidal activity.

106 itrite abrogated the SDR-induced increase in microbicidal activity.

107 rimes macrophages for increased cytokine and microbicidal activity.

108 ic anemia, which leads to reduced macrophage microbicidal activity.

109 e accumulation was independent of neutrophil microbicidal activity.

110 tPMP-1 is microbicidal against a broad spectrum of bloodstream pat

111 ial as a lead for developing therapeutic and microbicidal agents to help combat the spread of AIDS.

112 eth cells in small intestinal crypts secrete microbicidal alpha-defensins in response to bacteria and

113 the base of small intestinal crypts secrete microbicidal alpha-defensins, termed cryptdins (Crps) in

114 neth cells in small intestine crypts secrete microbicidal alpha-defensins, termed cryptdins, as compo

115 ng with subsequent reactive products, exerts microbicidal and cytotoxic activities.

116 the presence of iNOS activity, IFN-gamma is microbicidal and effects eradication.

117 bility of MTB 19-kDa lipoprotein to activate microbicidal and innate immune functions early in infect

118 es, expressed in the inflamed lung, with key microbicidal and modulatory roles in innate host defense

119 utrophils were compared with regard to their microbicidal and phagocytic capacities, generation of re

120 e effector molecules of innate immunity with microbicidal and pro- or anti-inflammatory activities.

121 The phagosome must then balance microbicidal and proteolytic degradation functions with

122 te mediators, macrophages are insufficiently microbicidal and provide a nonhostile environment in whi

123 Therefore, balanced production of microbicidal and suppressive cytokines in inflamed skin

124 M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and have microbicidal and tumoricidal activity, whereas the M2 ma

125 yte NADPH oxidase, the enzyme that generates microbicidal (and pro-inflammatory) oxygen radicals.

126 affects MIC and recalcitrance to killing by microbicidal antimicrobial agents.

127 the recalcitrance of biofilms to killing by microbicidal antimicrobial agents.

128 mmunity to gram-negative bacteria, by direct microbicidal as well as endotoxin-neutralizing action.

129 ture TLR signaling, association, and PGLYRP1 microbicidal assays relevant to bovine innate immunity.

130 ayed a bimodal dose-response relationship in microbicidal assays, and Tbeta-4, which had greater acti

131 t macrophages, where they are protected from microbicidal attack.

132 These effects also can cause increased microbicidal capacity in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo.

133 into the cells results in enhancement of the microbicidal capacity of macrophages, as measured by rea

134 ost immune function, from boosting phagocyte microbicidal capacity to driving T cell differentiation

135 How mycobacteria survive in these broadly microbicidal cells is an important question.

136 Hepcidin was non-hemolytic at microbicidal concentrations and had lower specific activ

137 urface area, which is sufficient to generate microbicidal concentrations in the intestinal lumen.

138 granulomatous disease (CGD) fail to produce microbicidal concentrations of reactive oxygen species (

139 inimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum microbicidal concentrations were evaluated, together wit

140 n macrophages without signaling an effective microbicidal counterattack is unresolved.

141 The in vitro microbicidal decrement due to NEI was restored by an amo

142 CD68.hMcl-1 AMs phenocopied the microbicidal defect because transgenic mice demonstrated

143 ESWT showed a significant microbicidal effect for Streptococcus mutans and an unen

144 For 213Bi-18B7, the microbicidal effect was predominantly due to "direct-hit

145 s were initially oxidized without associated microbicidal effect.

146 robicidal systems were sufficient for a full microbicidal effect.

147 The microbicidal effectiveness of H(2)O(2) and of OCl(-) was

148 s are probably dictated by the need to evade microbicidal effector function, as well as to avoid proi

149 d potentially down-regulate inflammatory and microbicidal effector mechanisms of the innate immune re

150 Consequently, AMphi did not produce the microbicidal effector molecule NO following TLR4 or TLR3

151 ual role; at high concentrations they act as microbicidal effector molecules that destroy intracellul

152 ated macrophage activation and generation of microbicidal effector molecules.

153 ive production of inflammatory cytokines and microbicidal effectors.

154 be explained in part by the requirement for microbicidal effects in the treatment of established IE,

155 eruginosa formed a biofilm that resisted the microbicidal effects of RA and ultimately caused plant m

156 hat NET formation limits infection by direct microbicidal effects on Toxoplasma as well as by interfe

157 al proteins (PMPs) are hypothesized to exert microbicidal effects via cytoplasmic membrane disruption

158 ly efficient oxidant for methionine, and its microbicidal effects were found to correspond linearly w

159 assess the influence of Deltapsi on peptide microbicidal effects.

160 l-characterized broad spectrum and selective microbicidal effects.

161 and dimethyl sulfamethoxazole enhanced their microbicidal effects.

162 -based biosensor is evaluated to monitor the microbicidal efficacy of sterilization processes applyin

163 d apply the cationic polymer and to test its microbicidal efficiency is conservatively estimated to b

164 pathogen Legionella pneumophila bypasses the microbicidal endosomal compartment by an unknown mechani

165 Microbicidal endpoints can be determined qualitatively u

166 Paneth cells secrete microbicidal enteric alpha-defensins into the small inte

167 cludes the extrusion of a lattice of DNA and microbicidal enzymes known as neutrophil extracellular t

168 w conductance) urine, and the 36 aa form was microbicidal even in normal (high conductance) urine.

169 Neutrophil granules contain microbicidal factors, the membrane-bound components of t

170 The incapacitation of highly microbicidal first-responding macrophages may contribute

171 , termed rhesus theta defensin-1 (RTD-1), is microbicidal for bacteria and fungi at low micromolar co

172 bOBP was microbicidal for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteri

173 paclitaxel to activate macrophages to become microbicidal for Leishmania major was examined.

174 The finding that bOBP was microbicidal for organisms in which peptidoglycan is abs

175 Several of the peptides were microbicidal for the gram-positive bacteria and C. neofo

176 us modulates host defense through regulating microbicidal function and fate of phagocytes, revealing

177 HNP release, an environment hostile to their microbicidal function and that of their infiltrating bre

178 has been proposed to have a key role in the microbicidal function of phagocytes.

179 y proton pumping and is capable of restoring microbicidal function to compromised AMs in CF and enhan

180 ns may be under selection to confer superior microbicidal function under physiologic conditions.

181 ve stress alter mitochondrial metabolism and microbicidal function, reducing the delayed phase of int

182 ygen species (ROS), which serve an important microbicidal function.

183 e amount of peptide required to exercise the microbicidal function.

184 utrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)) microbicidal function.

185 Although its microbicidal functions are well established in vitro, hu

186 istent ratio of effector cells that activate microbicidal functions of macrophages or help B cells ma

187 Because the microbicidal functions of macrophages profoundly count o

188 acentas expressed CD14, exhibited macrophage microbicidal functions, but were less inflammatory than

189 Upon arrival, neutrophils quickly initiate microbicidal functions, including the production of anti

190 grate to foci of infection, where they exert microbicidal functions.

191 stinal lymph nodes independent of neutrophil microbicidal functions.

192 activation state that is proinflammatory and microbicidal in nature but that possesses a regulatory a

193 were purified to homogeneity and shown to be microbicidal in the low micromolar range (</=10 micro g/

194 They are highly microbicidal in vitro and probably important in vivo, ye

195 based extracellular traps that contribute to microbicidal killing and have also been implicated in au

196 pha,beta-methylene-diphosphate) enhanced the microbicidal M1 subset predominance, diminished IL-4- an

197 e differentiation of Ly6C(hi) monocytes into microbicidal macrophages or monocyte-derived dendritic c

198 vironmental microbes may continually recruit microbicidal macrophages through TLR-dependent signallin

199 rsor activities of monocytes toward moDCs or microbicidal macrophages.

200 y macrophages is believed to be an important microbicidal mechanism for a variety of intracellular pa

201 This microbicidal mechanism named classical netosis has been

202 neutrophils and claimed to constitute a new microbicidal mechanism.

203 Slamf1 regulates microbicidal mechanisms in macrophages, therefore we inv

204 Both of these approaches are based upon non-microbicidal mechanisms of action, and thereby do not pl

205 he capacity of L. pneumophila to subvert the microbicidal mechanisms of the macrophage, intracellular

206 ts rapid and uncontrolled activation elicits microbicidal mechanisms that have deleterious effects [1

207 ely, directly controlled by cytokine-induced microbicidal mechanisms triggered within infected nonpha

208 t M. tuberculosis interferes with macrophage microbicidal mechanisms.

209 athway unrelated to the macrophage's primary microbicidal mechanisms.

210 oglobulin with no antifungal activity into a microbicidal molecule.

211 with no inherent antifungal activity into a microbicidal molecule.

212 of microbial ligands, inducing expression of microbicidal molecules and cytokines via the adapter pro

213 f inflammation, followed by rapid release of microbicidal molecules, chemokines, and proinflammatory

214 history of the search for leukocyte-derived microbicidal molecules, emphasizing the roles played by

215 mall intestinal crypts, release a variety of microbicidal molecules, including alpha-defensins and ly

216 The microbicidal myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-chloride system

217 The discovery of the microbicidal myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system and the

218 ation of pathogens through deployment of the microbicidal NADPH oxidase is given priority at the expe

219 d that the fungal cell was protected against microbicidal nitrogen-derived oxidants when large amount

220 Microbicidal NO production is reliant on inducible NO sy

221 infect permissive macrophages while evading microbicidal ones.

222 may be a factor contributing to the specific microbicidal or chemokine-like properties of HBD-2.

223 within phagosomes that rapidly develop into microbicidal organelles.

224 used by COX-2 to produce NO2* as a terminal microbicidal oxidant and nitrating agent.

225 idase (Duox/SCN(-)/LPO) system generates the microbicidal oxidant hypothiocyanite in the airway surfa

226 Although the formation of microbicidal oxidants by LPO has been recognized for som

227 phagocytes in which defective production of microbicidal oxidants leads to severe recurrent infectio

228 dase to generate the superoxide precursor of microbicidal oxidants.

229 generate superoxide (O2*-), the precursor of microbicidal oxygen species that play an important role

230 d the production of nitric oxide, a powerful microbicidal pathway.

231 d their expression of effector cytokines and microbicidal pathways, all of which were delayed in nonv

232 of the activity of CD8(+) CTLs and of other microbicidal pathways.

233 ytoplasmic granules, demonstrating that this microbicidal peptide is a secretory product of Paneth ce

234 testinal Paneth cells secrete alpha-defensin microbicidal peptides as mediators of innate enteric imm

235 cteria and bacterial antigens, and discharge microbicidal peptides at effective concentrations accord

236 beta-Defensins are microbicidal peptides implicated in host defense functio

237 stinal lumen by decreasing the expression of microbicidal peptides in Paneth cells through direct int

238 Protegrins, a group of broadly microbicidal peptides isolated originally from porcine n

239 s an activating enzyme for the precursors of microbicidal peptides must be taken into account when th

240 l intestinal crypts secrete granules rich in microbicidal peptides when exposed to bacteria or bacter

241 o phagosomes, which subsequently mature into microbicidal phagolysosomes.

242 a skewing of the immune response away from a microbicidal phenotype as evidenced by decreases in indu

243 den switch from the classical M1 macrophage (microbicidal) phenotype toward an alternative M2 (repair

244 n of DOP-4 in the nervous system activates a microbicidal PMK-1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase

245 3 activity may counteract cardiac macrophage microbicidal polarization, rendering the local immune re

246 Protocols for the synthesis of the microbicidal polycation N,N-dodecyl,methyl-polyethylenim

247 K4A and R4A displayed moderate microbicidal potency and Gram-negative selectivity.

248 expected function for this K+ channel in the microbicidal process.

249 killed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and microbicidal products contained within granules.

250 e activate the phagocyte oxidase to generate microbicidal products in infected cells.

251 tes results in the generation and release of microbicidal products that are essential for normal host

252 Thus, NO activates robust microbicidal programs while also limiting damaging infla

253 encoded molecules first discovered for their microbicidal properties but recently shown to have pro-

254 ing this, we have determined the binding and microbicidal properties of bPGRP-S in a range of solutio

255 vide a novel target in modulating macrophage microbicidal properties.

256 The broadly microbicidal protegrins (PG1, -2, and -3) were originall

257 ar HDPs were used: thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein (tPMP) and human neutrophil defensi

258 Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein (tPMP) is secreted by rabbit platel

259 PFGE) relatedness, thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein (tPMP)-susceptibility phenotype, ac

260 Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein (tPMP-1) is a small, cationic pepti

261 cationic molecule thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein 1 (tPMP-1) exerts potent activity a

262 bility to cationic thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein 1 (tPMP-1) have been individually p

263 Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein 1 (tPMP-1) is a small, cationic pep

264 d the influence of thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein 1 (tPMP-1) on the progression and h

265 lococcal peptides: thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein 1 (tPMP-1), gramicidin D, and prota

266 susceptibility to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1 (tPMP), were used: ISP479C (paren

267 Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1 (tPMP-1) is a small, cationic sta

268 Platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs) are hypothesized to exert m

269 Platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs) are small antimicrobial pep

270 Platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs) are small, cationic peptide

271 host defense role is the release of platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs) in response to agonists gen

272 antimicrobial host defense by releasing PLT microbicidal proteins (PMPs) or PLT kinocidins (PKs).

273 Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins (tPMP-1 and tPMP-2) are believed t

274 l peptides, termed thrombin-induced platelet-microbicidal proteins (tPMPs).

275 consisting of nuclear DNA with histones and microbicidal proteins, are expelled from activated neutr

276 related to the generation and scavenging of microbicidal reactive intermediates.

277 gamma, and enhances macrophage production of microbicidal reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates

278 dent recruitment of macrophages that produce microbicidal reactive nitrogen species.

279 tive in generating superoxide and downstream microbicidal reactive oxidants, leading to recurrent lif

280 mmune defense mechanism through formation of microbicidal reactive oxidants.

281 tous disease (X-CGD), a defect of neutrophil microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation re

282 the innate immune system results in a rapid microbicidal response against microorganisms, which need

283 Leishmania organisms are susceptible to microbicidal responses generated in response to phagocyt

284 e role for parasite-encoded arginase in host microbicidal responses has not previously been documente

285 e effect of COPD on alveolar macrophage (AM) microbicidal responses was investigated.

286 ticks to detect invading bacteria and mount microbicidal responses.

287 expression of genes whose products suppress microbicidal responses.

288 uction may have disrupted nitric oxide-based microbicidal responses.

289 es within host phagocytes by modulating host microbicidal responses.

290 loride ion as a substrate to form the highly microbicidal species hypochlorous acid (HOCl) at neutral

291 enerate other oxidants, including the highly microbicidal species hypochlorous acid.

292 lecule may have utility as a microbicide, or microbicidal supplement, for HIV-1.

293 race amounts of elastase constitute a binary microbicidal system that is likely to contribute to the

294 nd appears to have been redundant with other microbicidal systems in the cell.

295 abolic defects, suggesting that nonoxidative microbicidal systems were sufficient for a full microbic

296 However, as DCs are not typically microbicidal, the mechanisms by which DC modulation enha

297 ce reactive oxygen metabolites, an important microbicidal tool in host defense.

298 of .NO with O(2).(-) and if so, was ONOO(-) microbicidal toward B. anthracis.

299 y qualify as a valuable lectin for potential microbicidal use.

300 Histones may combine microbicidal with prothrombotic properties to fight inva