ライフサイエンスコーパス: motoneurone

1 ent in presynaptic structures apposed to the motoneurone.

2 the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) motoneurone.

3 istics to the measured AHP trajectory of the motoneurone.

4 o that for the total sample of EPSPs in each motoneurone.

5 e central respiratory drive potential of the motoneurone.

6 cterise raphe pallidus inputs to hypoglossal motoneurones.

7 the resultant disfacilitation of hypoglossal motoneurones.

8 miniature glutamatergic EPSCs in hypoglossal motoneurones.

9 actions of group II afferents on ipsilateral motoneurones.

10 ifferent pathways to two different groups of motoneurones.

11 ar weight tracer Neurobiotin to neighbouring motoneurones.

12 ap junctional connections between developing motoneurones.

13 th the actions of spontaneously active gamma-motoneurones.

14 transmitting their activity to the abdominal motoneurones.

15 ic connections to internal intercostal nerve motoneurones.

16 expiratory neurones on expiratory laryngeal motoneurones.

17 tivity in both ipsilateral and contralateral motoneurones.

18 the densities of contacts reported for alpha-motoneurones.

19 ergic and noradrenergic innervation of gamma-motoneurones.

20 idence of monoaminergic innervation of gamma-motoneurones.

21 th the somata and dendrites of all the gamma-motoneurones.

22 sly reported for voluntarily activated human motoneurones.

23 and electrotonic coupling from neighbouring motoneurones.

24 between muscle spindle secondaries and gamma-motoneurones.

25 tinct K+ conductances in neonatal rat facial motoneurones.

26 smitter-sensitive K+ currents in hypoglossal motoneurones.

27 sitive persistent Na+ current in hypoglossal motoneurones.

28 than that for the internal or phrenic nerve motoneurones.

29 -somatic contacts onto retrogradely labelled motoneurones.

30 ided by the dynamic properties of individual motoneurones.

31 in the alpha-motoneurones more than in gamma-motoneurones.

32 rones increases inspiratory drive to phrenic motoneurones.

33 to generate late-E activity destined for AbN motoneurones.

34 ral respiratory drive potentials in the same motoneurones.

35 piratory depolarization seen in the recorded motoneurones.

36 death and abnormal function in the surviving motoneurones.

37 tly reduced compared with age-matched normal motoneurones.

38 ynapse between Ia afferents and soleus (Sol) motoneurones.

39 e rat close to the location of cardiac vagal motoneurones.

40 trolling the activity of flexor and extensor motoneurones.

41 membranes in ventral horn neurones, but not motoneurones.

42 n the firing patterns of flexor and extensor motoneurones.

43 toneurones to levels observed in the control motoneurones.

44 (C4 VR), which contains the axons of phrenic motoneurones.

45 act spinal cords, only a small proportion of motoneurones (19%) responded with late EPSPs to repetiti

46 BSNs, but only to internal intercostal nerve motoneurones (24/37, 65% of EBSN/nerve pairs), whereas d

47 ons were seen for external intercostal nerve motoneurones (4/19, 21% of EBSNs or 7/25, 28% of EBSN/ne

48 In a small proportion of motoneurones, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) evoked an inwar

49 in the cat, only a small proportion (16%) of motoneurones activated from the LRN showed late EPSPs af

50 permits independent control of the level of motoneurone activity and of step cycle timing.

51 muscle group I afferents increases extensor motoneurone activity and prolongs the extensor phase.

52 , the model can reproduce deletions in which motoneurone activity fails but the phase of locomotor os

53 anism can maintain the locomotor period when motoneurone activity fails.

54 ibition of reflexes related to the degree of motoneurone activity generated in direct response to the

55 Spike-triggered averages of phrenic motoneurone activity had 51 offset peaks and 5 offset tr

56 y result from changes of central respiratory motoneurone activity.

57 results in long-term facilitation of phrenic motoneurone activity.

58 epotently, by changes of central respiratory motoneurone activity.

59 known how the firing patterns of individual motoneurones adapt with fatigue.

60 were observed in either state (except in one motoneurone after the abolition of the respiratory drive

61 The differential PIC activation in different motoneurones, all of which are CaV1.3 positive, leads us

62 responses occurred with both types of gamma-motoneurone and excitation was not apparent.

63 curve was taken to represent the AHP of the motoneurone and was closely exponential.

64 tials of preganglionic vagal and sympathetic motoneurones and continuously modulates their responsive

65 als (EPSPs) evoked by each afferent in alpha-motoneurones and interneurones contacted by terminals of

66 ganglia, including primary sensory neurones, motoneurones and interneurones, and in the anterior root

67 frequency range depends on cortical drive to motoneurones and is coherent with cortical oscillations

68 ining channels in the cell membrane of alpha-motoneurones and other spinal cord neurones.

69 ased inhibition is prevalent in neonatal XII motoneurones and plays an important role in shaping moto

70 with the strong synaptic connection between motoneurones and Renshaw cells.

71 in the excitation of tonically firing human motoneurones and that the noiseless motoneurone with a l

72 ents exert powerful actions on contralateral motoneurones and that these actions are mediated primari

73 rmacological responsiveness of central vagal motoneurones and that these changes were reversed follow

74 the smallest CRDPs in the lowest resistance motoneurones and was reduced or abolished following intr

75 cotinic cholinergic (nACh) from more rostral motoneurones, and electrotonic coupling from neighbourin

76 ed cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in motoneurones, and perhaps at other CNS sites, can be mod

77 nd "other" patterns on inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones, and premotor actions of decrementing and "

78 scle afferents when locally applied to gamma-motoneurones, and serotonin (5-HT) facilitates the trans

79 lso affects the properties of vagal efferent motoneurones, and to investigate whether these effects w

80 Ideas about the functions of static gamma-motoneurones are based on the responses of primary and s

81 Early in development, motoneurones are critically dependent on their target mu

82 Neonatal rat motoneurones are electrically coupled via gap junctions

83 The dendrites of spinal motoneurones are highly active, generating a strong pers

84 te that raphe pallidus inputs to hypoglossal motoneurones are predominantly glutamatergic in nature,

85 ggest that human skin and muscle sympathetic motoneurones are similarly entrained by external influen

86 ome of which project to abdominal expiratory motoneurones, are excited during the BHE.

87 as a direct excitatory action on hypoglossal motoneurones as a result of activation of 5-HT2 receptor

88 epolarizing ramps of potential recorded from motoneurones as they fired repetitively showed frequency

89 these excitatory synaptic inputs to presumed motoneurones at different positions along the spinal cor

90 are distributed over the dendrites makes the motoneurone axon collateral input susceptible to inhibit

91 spindle, without their significance for the motoneurone being appreciated.

92 Ca2+ channel mediated PICs, despite phrenic motoneurones being strongly immunohistochemically labell

93 In inspiratory-inhibited motoneurones, bicuculline abolished phasic inhibition, w

94 In late-inspiratory-inhibited motoneurones, blockade of GABA(A) receptors with bicucul

95 than the cholinergic C-terminals apposed to motoneurones, but larger than VAChT-immunoreactive termi

96 eurotransmitters at synapses onto jaw-closer motoneurones, but suggest that presynaptic control of tr

97 tion of I-Aug and I-Dec neurones and phrenic motoneurones by E-Aug neurones.

98 ing inspiratory (I-Aug) neurones and phrenic motoneurones by I-Aug neurones.

99 of 12-25 impulses s-1 was elicited from the motoneurones by injecting long (40 s) steps of constant

100 elicited repetitive discharges in cat spinal motoneurones by injecting noisy current waveforms throug

101 ingle muscle spindles to activation of gamma-motoneurones by natural stimuli were compared with their

102 assist in sustaining the activation of gamma-motoneurones by positive feedback.

103 The behaviour of real motoneurones can be expected to be at least as complex w

104 In nearly all motoneurones, central respiratory drive potentials (CRDP

105 nd axon guidance in the mouse and Drosophila motoneurone circuit points to an ancient origin for home

106 y of varicosities in apposition to the gamma-motoneurones compared with the density in the immediate

107 modulate the efficacy of the muscle spindle-motoneurone connection both after peripheral nerve injur

108 non-linear component of the response of the motoneurone could be described by the square of the line

109 ergic synaptic activity in the regulation of motoneurone coupling.

110 In spinal motoneurones cultured from presymptomatic mice expressin

111 e shown that neonatal axotomy causes massive motoneurone death and abnormal function in the surviving

112 t the average firing rate of a population of motoneurones declines with time during a maximal volunta

113 hosphate (8-Br-cGMP), to voltage-clamped XII motoneurones decreased inspiratory drive currents.

114 de dismutase 1 (SOD1) initiate a progressive motoneurone degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosi

115 t an early electrophysiological correlate of motoneurone degeneration.

116 this mutation develop a similar progressive motoneurone degeneration.

117 The persistent inward current (PIC) in motoneurone dendrites, which is facilitated by monoamine

118 al populations with single interneurones and motoneurones described in the Hodgkin-Huxley style.

119 at a large number ( approximately 75%) of TA motoneurones died within 3 weeks after neonatal axotomy.

120 effects of each of the current transients on motoneurone discharge by compiling peristimulus time his

121 The ECTs produced modulation of motoneurone discharge similar to that produced by excita

122 urrence of individual current transients and motoneurone discharges.

123 In alpha-motoneurones, dual immunostaining procedures revealed th

124 e capable of influencing both types of gamma-motoneurone during walking through short latency spinal

125 ones participate in the control of laryngeal motoneurones during both eupnoea and coughing.

126 previous results on the control of laryngeal motoneurones during eupnoea and support the hypothesis t

127 that the excitatory synaptic input to spinal motoneurones during fictive swimming in Xenopus tadpoles

128 that there is an increase in common input to motoneurones during lengthening contractions and a great

129 e movement-related receptive field (MRRF) of motoneurones during passive joint movements of the cat h

130 tive contribution of direct common inputs to motoneurones during shortening contractions compared wit

131 to EPSPs measured in Xenopus tadpole spinal motoneurones during swimming.

132 The increased excitability of alpha-motoneurones during vlPAG activation may therefore drive

133 in mol-/- embryos, and oculomotor and facial motoneurones ectopically occupy ventral CNS midline posi

134 that the central pattern generator activates motoneurones effectively in all parts of the spinal cord

135 These data demonstrate that motoneurone electrical properties are profoundly altered

136 ion of the axotomized cells, abnormally high motoneurone excitability (input resistance significantly

137 tionally relevant measure of fluctuations in motoneurone excitability during repetitive discharge.

138 The primary control of spinal motoneurone excitability is mediated by descending monoa

139 Without the PIC, motoneurone excitability is very low.

140 n in the vlPAG-induced facilitation of alpha-motoneurone excitability observed after lesions of the p

141 lar recordings revealed a marked increase in motoneurone excitability, as indicated by changes in pas

142 urrents are involved in the control of alpha-motoneurone excitability, but the precise spatial distri

143 The findings with this new stimulus apply to motoneurone excitation by any rhythmic input, whether ge

144 cy-dependent depression reported for the I a-motoneurone excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

145 Wild-type DB motoneurones express VAB-7, have posteriorly directed ax

146 nately regulates different aspects of the DB motoneurone fate, in part by repressing unc-4.

147 changes were associated with a shift in the motoneurone firing pattern from a predominantly phasic p

148 hat the same premotor neurones help to shape motoneurone firing patterns during both eupnoea and coug

149 The change in motoneurone firing probability associated with a single

150 atory activity gates the timing of autonomic motoneurone firing, but does not influence its tonic lev

151 Phasic autonomic motoneurone firing, reflecting the throughput of the sys

152 is used to adjust the excitability (gain) of motoneurones for different motor tasks.

153 Trains of action potentials in motoneurones frequently commence with an initial doublet

154 d that the membrane impedance of hypoglossal motoneurones from both newborn and young animals exhibit

155 Thus it is likely that motoneurone gain is set by the interaction between diffu

156 such late EPSPs was still low (18%); 14% of motoneurones had EPSPs within the disynaptic range.

157 charges of single medial gastrocnemius gamma-motoneurones has been investigated in a decerebrate cat

158 It is suggested that only when motoneurones have undergone this transition can they sur

159 cs on the membrane properties of hypoglossal motoneurones in a neonatal rat brainstem slice preparati

160 Here, we used whole-cell recording from motoneurones in brainstem slices to test if neurotransmi

161 l hindbrain induced the formation of somatic motoneurones in rhombomere 4 only, and Hox genes normall

162 Intracellular recordings were made from motoneurones in segments T5-T9 of the spinal cord of ana

163 intracellular recordings from 206 upper limb motoneurones in ten chloralose-anaesthetized macaque mon

164 ing rhythmic activity of flexor and extensor motoneurones in the absence of rhythmic input and propri

165 istal to the NTS and closer to cardiac vagal motoneurones in the caudal ventral medulla contributes t

166 y from the preinspiratory neurones to the L1 motoneurones in the in vitro preparation.

167 were readily evoked in non-phrenic cervical motoneurones in the same (decerebrate) preparations.

168 he descending control of respiratory-related motoneurones in the thoracic spinal cord remains the sub

169 ain led to the generation of ectopic somatic motoneurones in ventral rhombomeres 1-4, and was accompa

170 e cell recordings were made from hypoglossal motoneurones in vitro.

171 ilm electrode for detection of the output of motoneurones in vivo and in humans, through muscle signa

172 Hox genes play a role in patterning somatic motoneurones in vivo.

173 A simple model of the motoneurone, incorporating synaptic noise and an after-h

174 In the nematode, C. elegans, DA and DB motoneurones innervate dorsal muscles and function to in

175 ver, a comparison of group II input to gamma-motoneurones innervating medial gastrocnemius and four o

176 stem last-order presynaptic input fibres to motoneurones innervating the different facial muscles an

177 te that the timing of inputs received by the motoneurones innervating the first dorsal interosseus of

178 hysiological and morphological properties of motoneurones innervating the flexor tibialis anterior (T

179 d morphological properties of vagal efferent motoneurones innervating the stomach.

180 elatively simple, general description of the motoneurone input-output function.

181 on at excitatory (glutamatergic) synapses on motoneurones involves GABAergic, but not glycinergic inh

182 mpared with the cat, where only one group of motoneurones is activated during expiration and only one

183 f the synchronization between external nerve motoneurones is derived from disynaptic common inputs an

184 capacity of rhombomeres to generate somatic motoneurones is labile at the neural plate stage but bec

185 lification of synaptic excitation in phrenic motoneurones is mainly the result of NMDA channel modula

186 Kv2.1-IR in alpha-motoneurones is not directly associated with presumed in

187 In alpha-motoneurones, Kv2.1 immunoreactivity (-IR) was abundant

188 that expression of POMC-derived peptides in motoneurones may be important for maintaining muscle con

189 vibrissa, hypoglossal, and potentially other motoneurones, may serve to transiently and purposely syn

190 imated potential' (EP) was tested on a model motoneurone (MN) with a voltage-dependent threshold; the

191 sia appears to depress activity in the alpha-motoneurones more than in gamma-motoneurones.

192 stigated in presynaptic membranes in Xenopus motoneurone-muscle cell cultures.

193 In non-inhibited motoneurones, neither bicuculline nor strychnine markedl

194 For phrenic motoneurones, no plateau potentials were observed in eit

195 costal nerves of the rat is unusual, in that motoneurones of both branches of the intercostal nerves,

196 recordings were made from seventy-six gamma-motoneurones of hindlimb muscles in chloralose anaesthet

197 xperimental protocol was performed in lumbar motoneurones of intact, pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cat

198 irs and the SA muscle pair revealed that the motoneurones of the Tr muscles share some common presyna

199 clude that in small electrotonically compact motoneurones of the Xenopus tadpole, our simple model ca

200 lation mimicked the natural actions of gamma-motoneurones on either the primary or the secondary endi

201 afferent fibres and/or descending tracts and motoneurones or interneurones interposed in the spinal p

202 ts are associated with particular classes of motoneurones or particular physiological conditions.

203 synapse on the pathway to the external nerve motoneurones, or a correlation kernel for a monosynaptic

204 Since the majority of inputs to spinal motoneurones originate from intrinsic spinal premotor in

205 e Pdgfra(+) oligodendrocyte progenitors--and motoneurones--originate.

206 e likely to be necessary to produce a useful motoneurone output.

207 PSPs were found in 45/83 bulbospinal neurone/motoneurone pairs, with a mean amplitude of 40.5 microV.

208 nt inward currents (PICs) in cat respiratory motoneurones (phrenic inspiratory and thoracic expirator

209 s into the functional roles of inhibition in motoneurones physiologically activated in natural rhythm

210 In expiratory motoneurones, plateau potentials were observed in the de

211 t to know whether oscillatory drive to human motoneurone pools changes with development.

212 ity occur simultaneously in multiple agonist motoneurone pools for a number of cycles.

213 cating the presence of a common drive to the motoneurone pools innervating these two muscles.

214 onization of input activity to the different motoneurone pools is involved.

215 In adults, motoneurone pools of synergistic muscles that act around

216 al nervous inputs between the left and right motoneurone pools results in both abnormal motor unit sy

217 During these 'deletions', antagonist motoneurone pools usually become tonically active but ma

218 tely 20 Hz common oscillatory drive to human motoneurone pools.

219 iratory drive currents and plasticity of XII motoneurones, possibly contributing to their adaptation

220 t increase to above 90 deg, showing that the motoneurone potentially provides a major contribution to

221 asurements of 'excitability', a simple model motoneurone receiving noisy tonic background excitation

222 nes recorded intracellularly and in 26 of 74 motoneurones recorded extracellularly).

223 group II muscle afferents tested (in 6 of 18 motoneurones recorded intracellularly and in 26 of 74 mo

224 addition of noise altered the pattern of the motoneurone response to the current transients: both the

225 In seven of the monkeys motoneurone responses to stimulation of the ipsilateral

226 eflected by reciptocal sympathetic and vagal motoneurone responsiveness to breathing changes.

227 respiratory gating of sympathetic and vagal motoneurone responsiveness to stimulatory inputs for dif

228 relationship between the time course of the motoneurone's afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and the varia

229 bend, the onset of which was related to the motoneurone's AHP duration.

230 The discharge statistics of noise-driven cat motoneurones shared a number of features with those prev

231 Immunohistochemical analyses of vagal motoneurones showed an increased number of oxytocin rece

232 Most motoneurones showed EPSPs with short latencies (1.2-2.5

233 At rest, static and dynamic gamma-motoneurones showed opposite responses.

234 ive by means of a medullary lesion), but all motoneurones showed voltage-dependent amplification of t

235 e also increased the firing frequency of the motoneurones slightly, the effects of noise on ECT effic

236 ne and GABA-immunoreactive boutons along the motoneurone soma and proximal dendrites, and of immunore

237 alterations in ionic conductances in spinal motoneurones, specifically the manifestation of persiste

238 mechanisms involved in generating hindbrain motoneurone subtypes, focusing on somatic motoneurones,

239 activity is defined by the specification of motoneurone subtypes.

240 ductances and electrotonic coupling to other motoneurones suggest that ligand-gated conductance media

241 We conclude that single motoneurones supplying the extensor hallucis longus, a m

242 the presence of common synaptic drive to the motoneurones supplying the muscles involved.

243 of GDNF that produce maximal enhancement of motoneurone survival in vitro and in vivo also produce a

244 d from disynaptic common inputs and that any motoneurone synchronization peak with a half-width great

245 Motoneurone synchronization was measured by cross-correl

246 High input conductance motoneurones tend to be large, so these results may expl

247 onosynaptic connection to the external nerve motoneurones that had a slower time course than that for

248 cGMP/PKG-dependent signalling pathway in XII motoneurones that modulates inspiratory drive currents a

249 of noise-driven discharge in rat hypoglossal motoneurones that support this alternative explanation.

250 .E.M.) and dynamic (2.2+/-0.2 ms, n=7) gamma-motoneurones that were not significantly different (P>0.

251 In the remaining motoneurones, the 5-HT-evoked decrease in K+ conductance

252 modelling and experiment has shown that the motoneurones themselves produce a significant phase adva

253 f group II muscle afferents on contralateral motoneurones through their disynaptic actions on commiss

254 responses of rat hypoglossal and cat lumbar motoneurones to a variety of excitatory and inhibitory i

255 se results may explain the tendency of large motoneurones to degenerate first in ALS.

256 ability and persistent Na(+) current in G93A motoneurones to levels observed in the control motoneuro

257 ked from group II afferents in contralateral motoneurones to presynaptic inhibition as an indicator o

258 We also used the responses of the motoneurones to the white noise stimulus to derive zero-

259 etween corticospinal tract fibres and spinal motoneurones undergo activity-dependent reorganization.

260 etween corticospinal tract fibres and spinal motoneurones undergo activity-dependent reorganization.

261 for significant corticospinal excitation of motoneurones via a system of C3-C4 propriospinal neurone

262 electrophysiological properties of vibrissa motoneurones (vMNs) in rat.

263 n to reverse to a hyperpolarization when the motoneurone was depolarized, which was interpreted as in

264 Thus at long intervals, the motoneurone was randomly excited by noise and its post-s

265 I a axons on the firing behaviour of single motoneurones was assessed in anaesthetized cats.

266 Plasma membrane-associated Kv2.1-IR in alpha-motoneurones was distributed in a mosaic of small irregu

267 y-phased inhibition in inspiratory-inhibited motoneurones was potentiated by Sp-cAMP.

268 even units), the inhibition of dynamic gamma-motoneurones was reduced throughout the step cycle, incl

269 When some static gamma-motoneurones were active at low frequency (< 15 Hz) they

270 sitive K+ conductance of neonatal rat facial motoneurones were examined in brainstem slices using who

271 Most gamma-motoneurones were excited by group II afferents from sev

272 efficacy of the ECTs, particularly when the motoneurones were firing at lower frequencies.

273 e somata and/or dendrites of the dye-coupled motoneurones were identified as potential sites of gap j

274 Immunoreactive synaptic terminals on motoneurones were identified on serial ultrathin section

275 xpiratory bulbospinal neurones to identified motoneurones were investigated using spike-triggered ave

276 Eight gamma-motoneurones were labelled with rhodamine-dextran, and 5

277 Inhibitory currents in XII motoneurones were potentiated by protein kinase A (PKA)

278 the retrograde response of adult rat spinal motoneurones were quantified at 7 days.

279 Discharges of inspiratory motoneurones were recorded extracellularly in the thorac

280 A few motoneurones were seen where depolarization revealed sig

281 evoked by group II muscle afferents in gamma-motoneurones were shorter than minimal latencies of resp

282 rimentally when two monosynaptic pathways to motoneurones were stimulated.

283 ed in relation to cutaneous effects on gamma-motoneurones which are suggested to form an adaptive con

284 Activity of other static gamma-motoneurones which tensed the intrafusal fibres appeared

285 in motoneurone subtypes, focusing on somatic motoneurones, which are confined to the caudal hindbrain

286 m, patch-clamp recordings were made from XII motoneurones, which were divided into three populations

287 GABA)-immunoreactive terminals on trigeminal motoneurones, which were identified by the retrograde tr

288 ng human motoneurones and that the noiseless motoneurone with a linear trajectory provides an inadequ

289 by approximating the passive response of the motoneurone with a simple resistance-capacitance circuit

290 Intracellular dialysis of XII motoneurones with an inhibitory peptide to PKG (PKGI) in

291 ectively identified as inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones with augmenting, decrementing, plateau and

292 Intracellular recordings were made from motoneurones with axons in the intercostal nerves of T9

293 This was the case both for motoneurones with axons in the internal intercostal nerv

294 with the strongest connections to expiratory motoneurones with axons in the internal intercostal nerv

295 discharge patterns, and expiratory laryngeal motoneurones with decrementing firing patterns.

296 ponses were seen in about one third of gamma-motoneurones with input from the group II muscle afferen

297 In the decerebrates, motoneurones with purely inspiratory CRDPs were rare (1/

298 ver, even after the lesion the proportion of motoneurones with such late EPSPs was still low (18%); 1

299 revealed monosynaptic EPSPs in all groups of motoneurones, with the strongest connections to expirato

300 after a neonatal axotomy, at a time when the motoneurones would be either in the process of degenerat