ライフサイエンスコーパス: natural gas

1 o be prospective for drain and sweetening of natural gas.

2 ove the efficiency of energy production from natural gas.

3 Methane represents the major constituent of natural gas.

4 of fuel switching from coal or petroleum to natural gas.

5 ral gas engines and compressed and liquefied natural gas.

6 mental mercury in light hydrocarbons such as natural gas.

7 ironmental impact of enhancing biofuels with natural gas.

8 thermogenic processes are the only source of natural gas.

9 of deep shale formations to retrieve oil and natural gas.

10 greenhouse gas and the primary component of natural gas.

11 nticlines are important structures that hold natural gas.

12 s, that favor a high adsorption capacity for natural gas.

13 ) and oil refineries, two major end users of natural gas.

14 esign and manufacture of vehicles powered by natural gas.

15 onment and for utilizing vast new sources of natural gas.

16 California resulted in a massive release of natural gas.

17 of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons rather than natural gases.

18 consumption of coal (49%), petroleum (25%), natural gas (17%), and biomass (9%).

19 as delivered to the region, demonstrate that natural gas accounted for approximately 60-100% of metha

20 Additionally, PAH levels closest to natural gas activity were an order of magnitude higher t

21 PAH levels closest to natural gas activity were comparable to levels previousl

22 lacement of existing fuels (coal and Russian natural gas) affect GHG emissions shows the mean emissio

23 stable isotopic and alkane ratio tracers of natural gas, agricultural, and urban CH4 sources in the

24 issions of methane, the primary component of natural gas and a potent greenhouse gas.

25 Shale is an increasingly viable source of natural gas and a potential candidate for geologic CO2 s

26 hanol is an important feedstock derived from natural gas and can be chemically converted into commodi

27 than water demands for the fuel cycle (e.g., natural gas and coal) and power plant manufacturing (e.g

28 ly explanation of the incident is that stray natural gas and drilling or HF compounds were driven app

29 inery, refinery configuration, and prices of natural gas and electricity revealed how the magnitude o

30 s wells in Pennsylvania caused inundation of natural gas and foam in initially potable groundwater us

31 ethylene production, both from conventional natural gas and from shale gas, are explicitly analyzed.

32 ement region near Red Deer, characterized by natural gas and light oil production, measured methane f

33 ade; (ii) natural gas-based fuels (liquefied natural gas and methanol) are the most probable substitu

34 ether with new installations and upgrades of natural gas and nuclear plants materialize in 2025, and

35 10(3) kg CH4 hr(-1) (95% CI) are emitted by natural gas and oil operations, including production, pr

36 frastructure to produce low carbon renewable natural gas and reducing global warming.Coalbeds produce

37 example, groundwater contamination by stray natural gas and spillage of brine and other gas drilling

38 ied to evaluate the environmental impacts of natural gas and to develop and assess the efficacy of em

39 Radon is also found in well water, natural gas, and ambient air.

40 uced from shale gas, conventionally produced natural gas, and coal.

41 y goods movement vehicles, including diesel, natural gas, and dual-fuel technology, compliant with US

42 d on expected energy prices; historical oil, natural gas, and water-production decline data per well;

43 Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) is an alternate storage system of natu

44 selectively capturing CO2 from flue-gases or natural gas are of interest in terms of rising atmospher

45 ated with the production and distribution of natural gas are of particular importance and warrant fur

46 but we also find that methane emissions from natural gas as a fraction of production have declined fr

47 Future energy systems may rely on natural gas as a low-cost fuel to support variable renew

48 A critical bottleneck for the use of natural gas as a transportation fuel has been the develo

49 am methane reforming, followed by the use of natural gas as fuel in the rest of the process units' he

50 lopments and technical challenges in storing natural gas as hydrates in wetted porous carbon material

51 the shipping sector in the next decade; (ii) natural gas-based fuels (liquefied natural gas and metha

52 00,000 tons of released petroleum liquid and natural gas became entrapped below the sea surface, but

53 No natural gas, biofuels, nuclear power, or stationary batt

54 coproduct displaces steam from an efficient natural gas boiler.

55 ling and hydraulic fracturing have sparked a natural gas boom from shale formations in the United Sta

56 in a rural community heavily affected by the natural gas boom.

57 in a rural community heavily affected by the natural gas boom.

58 ehen (local dung), wood, kerosene/diesel, or natural gas burning for cooking and heating and all-caus

59 ia and industry have foreseen the storage of natural gas by adsorption (ANG) in porous materials, at

60 gas (LNG) are the most common forms in which natural gas can be stored.

61 We show that natural gas can enhance FT biofuel production by reducin

62 hing a heavy-duty truck fleet from diesel to natural gas can produce net climate damages (more radiat

63 Existing and new diesel and natural gas capacity can play an important role to provi

64 However, leaking natural gas causes climate damage because methane (CH4)

65 Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are th

66 tural gas fueled vehicles and the compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuelin

67 In this study, we consider compressed natural gas (CNG) use directly in conventional vehicles

68 sel-electric, ethanol (RED95) and compressed natural gas (CNG).

69 es: municipal solid waste landfills, oil and natural gas, coal mining, and agricultural manure manage

70 (CCS) retrofits of pulverized coal (PC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants.

71 e are likely to remain less competitive than natural gas combined cycle (without CO2 capture) and on-

72 Capturing CO2 from a natural gas combined cycle power plant instead of the ai

73 acing 8-10 existing power plants with modern natural gas combined cycle units would result in reducti

74 ingly important owing to the increase in the natural gas component of the energy sector.

75 en-path methane sensor was deployed around a natural gas compressor station to quantify the methane l

76 d loss audits for methane emissions at three natural gas compressor stations and two natural gas stor

77 One compressor station and one natural gas condensate processing facility were found to

78 ine transport of bitumen, it is diluted with natural gas condensate, and the resulting mixture, "dilb

79 lutants emissions and precursors, as well as natural gas constituents, from Marcellus shale gas devel

80 e loss increases the 20-y climate impacts of natural gas consumed in the region by roughly 50%.

81 al and steam-methane reforming processes for natural gas conversion and the gasification of biomass f

82 ace the current energy and capital intensive natural gas conversion process.

83 However, before natural gas could reach underground sources of drinking

84 Methane emissions from natural gas delivery and end use must be quantified to e

85 We assess residential electricity and natural gas demand in Los Angeles, California under mult

86 The Marcellus Shale is the largest natural gas deposit in the U.S. and rapid development of

87 l low-density polyethylene (LDPE), made from natural gas derived ethane (mean: 1.8 kg CO2e/kg LDPE).

88 (CV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and natural gas-derived electricity (NG-e) use in plug-in ba

89 Unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) generates large volumes o

90 Unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) produces environmental co

91 to determine whether mule deer habituated to natural gas development and if their response to disturb

92 Associations between unconventional natural gas development and nasal and sinus, migraine he

93 hale, the combined ozone impact of increased natural gas development and use in the power sector is l

94 The benefits and impacts of unconventional natural gas development are realized at different spatia

95 Oil and natural gas development in the Bakken shale play of Nort

96 c status, community type, and unconventional natural gas development measures based on drilled and pr

97 We examined the impact of natural gas development on habitat selection patterns of

98 ater, community, weather, and unconventional natural gas development were associated with indoor rado

99 Emissions from the natural gas distribution system were estimated from meas

100 Fugitive losses from natural gas distribution systems are a significant sourc

101 s with ground-fed wells in an area of active natural gas drilling.

102 erval of 562-770), an 11% increase over U.S. natural gas electricity generation.

103 We report natural gas emission rates for 1 y in the urban region o

104 activity of nonbiogenic VOCs suggesting that natural gas emissions may affect compliance with federal

105 I) and high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) natural gas engines and compressed and liquefied natural

106 rocesses and rates of subsurface/atmospheric natural gas exchange remain uncertain.

107 .50 per thousand cubic feet (Mcf) of gaseous natural gas exported as LNG ($.028/kWh).

108 l and public health impact of unconventional natural gas extraction activities, including hydraulic f

109 piratory conditions in residents living near natural gas extraction activities.

110 Natural gas extraction from Marcellus Shale generates la

111 unties to offset damages from unconventional natural gas extraction in exchange for consolidated stat

112 This work suggests that natural gas extraction is contributing PAHs to the air,

113 This work suggests that natural gas extraction may be contributing significantly

114 undreds of organic chemicals are used during natural gas extraction via high-volume hydraulic fractur

115 Natural gas extraction, often referred to as "fracking",

116 Natural gas extraction, often referred to as "fracking,"

117 Volumes of natural gas extraction-derived wastewaters have increase

118 red to conventional materials for aggressive natural gas feeds.

119 lution of methane leakage from an artificial natural gas field.

120 ts of the flue gas emanating from a coal- or natural gas-fired power plant, have never been reported.

121 in estimates of methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas-fired power plants (NGPP) and oil refineries

122 tion for a hybrid cooling system at coal- or natural-gas-fired power plants with and without amine-ba

123 s, semitrucks, residential gas furnaces, and natural-gas-fired power plants.

124 es in fuel mix (for example, substitution of natural gas for coal) playing a comparatively minor role

125 A growing dependence on natural gas for energy may exacerbate emissions of the g

126 a blending limit that constrains the use of natural gas for enhancing the biomass-to-liquids (BTL) p

127 r to upgrading emissions (45%) is the use of natural gas for hydrogen production through steam methan

128 gies to reduce the carbon footprint of using natural gas for MHDVs, ranging from increasing vehicle f

129 d States has increased the interest in using natural gas for transportation.

130 the uncontrolled release of large amounts of natural gas from the reservoir to the surface.

131 her quality heat generated in the exhaust of natural gas fuel cycles are expected to increase the ava

132 emissions were characterized from twenty-two natural gas fueled transit buses, refuse trucks, and ove

133 In this study, methane emissions from HD natural gas fueled vehicles and the compressed natural g

134 mulation to estimate CH4 emissions from U.S. natural gas gathering and processing operations.

135 H4) emissions measurements obtained from 114 natural gas gathering facilities and 16 processing plant

136 s can benefit from reduced fuel costs and as natural gas has a lower CO2 intensity compared to diesel

137 , and more globally evenly distributed fuel, natural gas has considerable environmental, economic, an

138 In today's perspective, natural gas has gained considerable attention, due to it

139 Flaring to dispose of natural gas has increased in the United States and is ty

140 Natural gas has the potential to increase the biofuel pr

141 Dual fuel diesel and natural gas heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) operate on a com

142 enarios, ranging from colloidal particles to natural gas hydrates, and that, as a result, the general

143 Extraction of oil and natural gas (hydrocarbons) from shale is increasing rapi

144 t been quantitatively evaluated; the role of natural gas in the decline therefore remains speculative

145 The increased use of natural gas in the power sector, in place of coal-fired

146 which are increasingly being used to odorize natural gas in transmission networks as they have less h

147 ttributed to a shift from the use of coal to natural gas in US electricity production.

148 n research on separation and purification of natural gas including the benefits and drawbacks of each

149 er investigation, particularly as the use of natural gas increases in the United States and internati

150 nd storage (T&S) sector of the United States natural gas industry using new data collected during 201

151 is one of the crucial challenges facing the natural-gas industry.

152 Single-point failures of natural gas infrastructure can hamper methane emission c

153 newable energy by utilizing existing coalbed natural gas infrastructure to produce low carbon renewab

154 of methane emissions from California oil and natural gas infrastructure with observed variability sug

155 ncy (DRE) was calculated by assuming a flare natural gas input composition of 60-100% CH4.

156 to over 100 gallons per ton with increasing natural gas input.

157 4.1 million barrels of oil and 10(10) mol of natural gas into the Gulf of Mexico, forming deep-sea pl

158 yet challenging pathway to convert abundant natural gas into value added chemicals.

159 Raw natural gas is a complex mixture comprising methane, eth

160 Methane originating from biogas or natural gas is an attractive and environmentally friendl

161 roximately 150 billion cubic meters (BCM) of natural gas is flared and vented in the world annually,

162 The key requirement for a portable store of natural gas is to maximize the amount of gas within the

163 on technologies such as lean-burn compressed natural gas (LB-CNG) or hybrid electric buses (HEB), and

164 -value theory to explore the distribution of natural gas leak sizes.

165 f CH4 throughout the city reflecting diffuse natural gas leakage and downstream usage as possible sou

166 18 prior studies, we show that all available natural gas leakage data sets are statistically heavy-ta

167 ional measurements of air emissions from the natural gas life cycle are essential to understanding th

168 Air emissions from the natural gas life cycle include greenhouse gases, ozone p

169 ctive zeolites is a promising technology for natural gas liquefaction.

170 Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are the most common forms in which nat

171 tudy analyzes how incremental U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports affect global greenhouse gas (

172 e compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fueling stations that serve them were

173 f particles from a ship running on liquefied natural gas (LNG) were made on-board a ship with dual-fu

174 el year (MY) 2010 or newer diesel, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and hydraulic hybrid diesel engines d

175 uated for a range of inputs for well-to-pump natural gas loss rates, vehicle efficiency, and pump-to-

176 Emission measurements from five natural gas management facilities were 1.2-4.6 times lar

177 Natural gas (methane, CH4) is widely considered as a pro

178 lasers is suitable for online monitoring of natural gas mixtures with sensitivity and spectroscopic

179 2013 Southeast Nexus and 2015 Shale Oil and Natural Gas Nexus campaigns.

180 Natural gas (NG) has been regarded as a bridge fuel towa

181 g to oil consumption and global warming, and natural gas (NG) is considered to be a relatively clean

182 rmation about the location and magnitudes of natural gas (NG) leaks from urban distribution pipelines

183 t of methane (CH4) emissions associated with natural gas (NG) production, especially as recent advanc

184 cent growth in production and utilization of natural gas offers potential climate benefits, but those

185 seepage, we find that methane emissions from natural gas, oil and coal production and their usage are

186 ossil fuel industry (production and usage of natural gas, oil and coal) is thought to contribute 15 t

187 quantify fugitive CH4 emissions from Oil and Natural Gas (ONG) operations in the Barnett Shale area.

188 dicate a link between emissions from oil and natural gas operations and concerns about exposure to ha

189 Oil and natural gas operations have continued to expand and move

190 egional methane (CH4) emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Barnett Shale, Texas, usin

191 ion is a promising route to converting coal, natural gas, or biomass into synthetic liquid fuels.

192 syngas, generated from gasification of coal, natural gas, or biomass, into lipids that can be used fo

193 reenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different natural gas pathways for medium and heavy-duty vehicles

194 d to the petroleum-based fuels), while other natural gas pathways increase emissions for non-Class 8

195 ctor-trailers and refuse trucks, none of the natural gas pathways provide emissions reductions per un

196 ission reductions for Class 8 trucks through natural gas pathways with current technologies.

197 d in recent decades, but incidents involving natural gas pipelines still cause an average of 17 fatal

198 e data for 39 open- and closed-loop coal and natural gas plants from across the U.S., which operated

199 have shown that many of the world's coalbed natural gas plays are secondary biogenic in origin, sugg

200 ial for indirect carbon capture from coal or natural gas power plants.

201 is the relatively short driving distance of natural-gas-powered vehicles due to the lack of an appro

202 e Eagle Ford shale were estimated at various natural gas price points for the power sector.

203 on coal-fired power plants together with low natural gas prices have contributed to a recent decline

204 instruments, and if firms market the abated natural gas, private net benefits may be generated.

205 usly measured downwind of facilities such as natural gas processing plants, compressor stations, and

206 capturing CO2 first from chemical plants and natural gas processing, then from paper mills, power pla

207 attery electric vehicles (BEVs) powered with natural gas-produced electricity are the only fuel-techn

208 While natural gas produces lower carbon dioxide emissions than

209 hile there have been significant declines in natural gas production between measurements, recent incr

210 reases in the number of wells and associated natural gas production during the past 10 years.

211 xtend fracture networks that enhance oil and natural gas production from unconventional reservoirs.

212 and quantification of methane emissions from natural gas production has become increasingly important

213 ources, contributed approximately 2% of U.S. natural gas production in 2015.

214 electricity generation in the Texas grid and natural gas production in the Eagle Ford shale were esti

215 Oil and natural gas production in the Western United States has

216 uid unloadings were measured at 107 wells in natural gas production regions throughout the United Sta

217 ted (pneumatic) controllers were measured at natural gas production sites and a small number of oil p

218 Emissions from natural gas production sites are characterized by skewed

219 Atmospheric methane emissions from active natural gas production sites in normal operation were qu

220 ate methane emissions from all components on natural gas production sites in the Barnett Shale produc

221 t, we estimated total methane emissions from natural gas production sites in the Barnett Shale; funct

222 Emissions from natural gas production varied in delta(13)C and alkane r

223 in the United States, with 8% of total U.S. natural gas production, and thus, our results represent

224 s from the natural gas sector when scaled by natural gas production, but it is higher than emissions

225 for 2010 California petroleum production and natural gas production, processing, transmission, and di

226 have dramatically increased domestic oil and natural gas production, they have also raised concerns f

227 ouse Gas Inventory and correspond to 1.5% of natural gas production.

228 the greenhouse gas footprint of U.S. onshore natural gas production.

229 are due to fugitive emissions from upstream natural gas production.

230 least once a week and burning either wood or natural gas/propane was associated with a modestly highe

231 conditions for petrochemical separations and natural gas purification.

232 ration performance in water desalination and natural gas purification.

233 esses including flue-gas desulfurization and natural-gas purification, but the design of porous mater

234 Biogas upgrading to natural gas quality is essential for the efficient use o

235 quire only slight modifications for use with natural gas; rather, the main problem is the relatively

236 itically examined as a viable technology for natural gas recovery from coalbed methane (CBM) reservoi

237 ficant potential for feasible application in natural gas refining to gasoline and materials under mod

238 idation of methane, the primary component of natural gas, remains an important challenge in catalysis

239 of abundant conventional and unconventional natural gas reserves have revitalized strong interest in

240 Here, we sought to (a) quantify natural gas residual fluid sources and endpoints to boun

241 ties (CWTF) received 9.5% (8.5 x 10(8) L) of natural gas residual fluids in 2013, with some facilitie

242 ates for some processes in a newly developed natural gas resource and contributes valuable comparison

243 monstrating a potential low carbon renewable natural gas resource.

244 The economic value of unconventional natural gas resources has stimulated rapid globalization

245 gas become two most important unconventional natural gas resources in US.

246 tion of CERS, the multicomponent analysis of natural gas samples.

247 timate for nationwide CH4 emissions from the natural gas sector when scaled by natural gas production

248 This Review summarizes the needs of natural gas separation, gives an overview of the current

249 4 representing the most consistent tracer of natural gas sources.

250 be unrelated to the presence of underground natural gas storage areas or unconventional oil/gas prod

251 hree natural gas compressor stations and two natural gas storage facilities.

252 ssues, advantages, and drawbacks involved in natural gas storage in these two classes of materials ar

253 ncluding geologic storage of carbon dioxide, natural gas storage, and oil and gas development.

254 dered to be the most promising materials for natural gas storage, as they exhibit properties such as

255 ine-region database to compare scenarios for natural gas supply and demand, constraints on the electr

256 tively mitigating methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain requires addressing the disprop

257 sess the climate implications of a diesel to natural gas switch in heavy-duty trucks.

258 rns over mitigating methane leakage from the natural gas system have become ever more prominent in re

259 nsmission and storage (T&S) sector of the US natural gas system were measured, including 25 sites req

260 sphere from all downstream components of the natural gas system, including transmission, distribution

261 nd 16 processing plants in the United States natural gas system.

262 to 30% of the total net CH4 emissions in the natural gas systems GHGI.

263 Adsorbed natural gas systems have the potential to store high den

264 bility of CCS, the CO2 target, the liquefied natural gas tank cost and potential oil resources affect

265 le the economical small-scale utilization of natural gas that is currently flared or stranded, has no

266 to be converted by indigenous microbes into natural gas, thus demonstrating a potential low carbon r

267 can allow the vast reserves of methane from natural gas to augment or replace oil as the source of f

268 While using natural gas to fuel electric vehicles could achieve larg

269 onversion of hydrocarbons from petroleum and natural gas to higher-value materials.

270 Biological conversion of natural gas to liquids (Bio-GTL) represents an immense e

271 an the RTO for every category for the use of natural gas to produce electricity.

272 e to the currently used process of reforming natural gas to supply H2 needed to upgrade bio-oils to s

273 tified HDVs powered by diesel and compressed natural gas totaling over 6800 miles of on-road operatio

274 t's electric power demand using an auxiliary natural gas turbine-based combined heat and power plant.

275 emerging industries, such as unconventional natural gas (UNG) extraction, could offset stationary so

276 to investigate the impact of unconventional natural gas (UNG) production operations on regional air

277 ther biological sources contribute 48% while natural gas usage and other fossil fuel sources contribu

278 However, GBTL facilities would need to limit natural gas use to less than 19.1% on a LHV energy basis

279 government statistics and geospatial data on natural gas use, we find the average fractional loss rat

280 to 38,200 L CH4 day(-1) each, comparable to natural gas used by 1.7 to 7.0 homes, respectively.

281 ortation sector is another growing sector of natural gas utilization, and it requires an efficient an

282 found to be most sensitive to the amount of natural gas utilized as feedstock by the steam methane r

283 l-to-wheels methane emissions reductions and natural gas vehicle efficiency improvements would be req

284 By substituting diesel for natural gas, vehicle operators can benefit from reduced

285 e-way catalyst (TWC) equipped stoichiometric natural gas vehicles emit 96% lower NOx emissions as com

286 HG reductions were found if Russian pipeline natural gas was displaced for electricity and heating us

287 ite, using the air emissions associated with natural gas wastewater transport as a case study.

288 We estimate that natural gas well pad soils account for 4.6 x 10(-4) (1.6

289 ethane hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide from natural gas well pad soils and from nearby undisturbed s

290 relationship between household proximity to natural gas wells and reported health symptoms.

291 with a ground-fed water supply, proximity of natural gas wells may be associated with the prevalence

292 lkanes and isotopically depleted relative to natural gas wells.

293 obioreactors to produce low carbon renewable natural gas, which can be considered carbon neutral, or

294 and reducing global warming.Coalbeds produce natural gas, which has been observed to be enhanced by i

295 gas (ANG) is an alternate storage system of natural gas, which is advantageous as compared to CNG an

296 EVs powered by low-emitting electricity from natural gas, wind, water, or solar power reduce environm

297 mbined steam and dry reforming of methane or natural gas with H2O and CO2 exclusively to metgas (CO-2

298 a quarter part of the overall used methane (natural gas) with oxygen of the air (oxidative bi-reform

299 that methane (CH4), the primary component of natural gas, with some tracer, was leaking around an exi

300 of methane (CH4, the principal component of natural gas) within a porous material at ambient tempera