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1 e unknown (a common occurrence when sampling natural populations).
2 le to measure fitness for all genotypes in a natural population.
3 associated with a slower rabies spread in a natural population.
4 me fitness have never been demonstrated in a natural population.
5 cross both host and symbiont lineages from a natural population.
6 sophila melanogaster recently sampled from a natural population.
7 iage and disease and of the diversity of the natural population.
8 ological factors, phenotype and fitness in a natural population.
9 fully sequenced inbred lines derived from a natural population.
10 ce between personality and pace-of-life in a natural population.
11 ral selection shape the genetic variation in natural populations.
12 ut microbiota between hosts and over time in natural populations.
13 he negative effects of ionizing radiation in natural populations.
14 w climate can alter patterns of selection in natural populations.
15 how the level of buffering is controlled in natural populations.
16 anisms is crucial for managing resistance in natural populations.
17 y concordant with phenotypic clines from the natural populations.
18 o the pathogen or resistance being common in natural populations.
19 hich eco-evolutionary feedbacks may occur in natural populations.
20 s known about SAM morphological variation in natural populations.
21 ndings help explain why sex is maintained in natural populations.
22 sticity and subsequent adaptive evolution in natural populations.
23 mutations that are most likely to persist in natural populations.
24 , model organisms, agricultural species, and natural populations.
25 and maintenance of behavioural diversity in natural populations.
26 ions with high in vitro fitness were rare in natural populations.
27 ts and (2) extremely rare polymorphisms from natural populations.
28 e substantial backup in the context of large natural populations.
29 problems of estimating these parameters for natural populations.
30 ent mechanisms by which climate has impacted natural populations.
31 eed in a given year occur in a wide range of natural populations.
32 understanding of many spreading processes in natural populations.
33 in the survival of neocentric chromosomes in natural populations.
34 understanding host-parasite co-evolution in natural populations.
35 d in predictions of multistressor effects on natural populations.
36 ant information about VA(W) is available for natural populations.
37 at can maximize crop yields may not exist in natural populations.
38 for a wealth of important fitness traits in natural populations.
39 pressed or its phenotypic effect reversed in natural populations.
40 enhance our understanding of the dynamics of natural populations.
41 n of the mixed-species genotypes observed in natural populations.
42 e known about how tolerance is manifested in natural populations.
43 hat are important determinants of fitness in natural populations.
44 city, which is well known to exist in finite natural populations.
45 n selection and evolutionary trajectories in natural populations.
46 introduced FST as a measure of structure in natural populations.
47 ons including backcrosses, intercrosses, and natural populations.
48 ies of directional phenotypic selection from natural populations.
49 utionary dynamics of protein polymorphism in natural populations.
50 have not been comprehensively quantified in natural populations.
51 and direction of selection on personality in natural populations.
52 on the distribution of genetic diversity in natural populations.
53 s for differences in leaf morphology between natural populations.
54 and we relate these findings to evolution in natural populations.
55 the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of natural populations.
56 lutionary ecology of collective behaviour in natural populations.
57 clarify the extent and form of sociality in natural populations.
58 n about the genes underlying these traits in natural populations.
59 iability between single and co-infections in natural populations.
60 chanisms that maintain such variation within natural populations.
61 and maintenance of behavioural diversity in natural populations.
62 disease dynamics, spread and persistence in natural populations.
63 nsertion allele of CYP6G1 in D. melanogaster natural populations.
64 e mapping and profiling genetic variation in natural populations.
65 litate the study of evolutionary genetics in natural populations.
66 icrocosms have not been validated in complex natural populations.
67 ulation and signaling hidden in N. attenuata natural populations.
68 evolution of nervous systems and behavior in natural populations.
69 d de novo assembly of genomes of plants from natural populations.
70 of gene flow between this pair of species in natural populations.
71 well match the patterns of mutation found in natural populations.
72 hysiological and biogeochemical processes in natural populations.
73 ribution to maintaining genetic variation in natural populations.
74 ty at Avpr1a and Oxtr could be maintained in natural populations.
75 ation rate, and mechanisms of maintenance in natural populations.
76 ood density, and tracheary element size from natural populations.
77 y at behavioral loci are largely unknown for natural populations.
78 or long-term changes in genetic variation in natural populations.
79 at reduces effective population size (Ne) in natural populations.
80 which may explain why it is prevalent among natural populations.
81 ve been limited genome-wide level studies in natural populations.
82 o environmental change, and communication in natural populations.
83 ifferent life cycle genotypes can coexist in natural populations.
84 ation rate varies at the individual level in natural populations.
85 nd the difficulties of tracking selection in natural populations.
86 the effects of standing genetic variation in natural populations.
87 tunities for the study of plant pathogens in natural populations.
88 rived from recently and independently formed natural populations.
97 or studying the evolution of a pathogen in a natural population and to understand the adaptive change
99 vernalization pathway vary extensively among natural populations and are thus candidates for the adap
100 ses hidden quantitative genetic variation in natural populations and could be responsible for the sma
101 ucturing is critical for the conservation of natural populations and for drawing accurate ecological
104 te as stable polymorphisms within or between natural populations and influence ecologically relevant
105 lants, limiting geographical distribution of natural populations and leading to major agronomical los
109 of genetic diversity seem to vary greatly in natural populations and species, but the determinants of
111 typical for Serbia however the existence of natural populations and unexpectedly suitable agro-clima
112 ognitive trait has never been estimated in a natural population, and the possibility that positive li
113 is known about the frequency of cheaters in natural populations, and cheaters may do poorly because
114 e uncovered the SL trans-splicing in copepod natural populations, and demonstrated that CopepodSL was
115 sequence space, characterizing diversity in natural populations, and experimentally investigating ev
116 ondrial genome of seed plants, especially in natural populations, and how this can result in offsprin
117 to which these results are representative of natural populations, and of the response over more than
118 ng that they confer an adaptive advantage in natural populations, and our analyses support the presen
119 tool for evaluating inbreeding depression in natural populations, and suggest that, to date, the prev
120 lemma and its predictions for cooperation in natural populations; and it provides a general framework
121 d to understand how demographic processes in natural populations are affected by climate variability,
124 , multivariate genetic analyses of data from natural populations are challenging because of modest sa
126 y relevant behavioural specialisation within natural populations are likely to have far-reaching ecol
127 t fitness exert deleterious effects and that natural populations are often composed of subpopulations
128 veals that a majority of large-scale CNVs in natural populations are removed by purifying selection.
131 at is an example of this problem, as several natural populations are suffering introgression of genes
132 ut it appears that a significant fraction of natural populations are truncated, conducting only one o
133 Although methods of studying selection in natural populations are well established, our understand
134 ng both manipulative analyses and surveys of natural populations, are necessary to adequately test fo
135 es are present in 18-26%, 9-14% and <1.5% of natural populations at 150 m with >/=85% identity to str
136 ene flow, and whether heteroplasmy occurs in natural populations at a frequency greater than predicte
137 ents can rapidly produce strong selection on natural populations at multiple biological levels that r
138 er, been unable to estimate division rate in natural populations at the appropriate timescale (hours
139 effects of random drift will be amplified in natural populations by the large variances among individ
140 ossing replicate line pairs from two sets of natural populations (C<-->R, B<-->S) separated by simila
144 nkage experiments with eight D. melanogaster natural populations collected from California (CM1, CM2,
145 eld encompasses detailed genetic analyses of natural populations, comparative genomic analyses of clo
147 have important fitness consequences and that natural populations contain extensive diversity at these
148 an exploitation is often blamed, the role of natural population dynamics in the passenger pigeon's ex
150 ese changes also may affect the evolution of natural populations either directly or indirectly by alt
151 teractions (S*E), but we reviewed studies of natural populations estimating the extent of genotype-by
155 nd better which are more likely to evolve in natural populations going through the process of local a
157 ion of individual inbreeding coefficients in natural populations has been challenging, and, consequen
158 for the distribution of genetic diversity in natural populations has occupied a central role in molec
160 the evolution of morphological diversity in natural populations, however, has not been explored.
161 Analyzing amino acid-changing variants from natural populations in a comparative population genomic
162 f bank voles Myodes glareolus collected from natural populations in areas with varying levels of back
163 ection, shaping the adaptive trajectories of natural populations in complex ways, and deserves furthe
164 the empirical support for widespread CGV in natural populations, including its potential role in eme
166 der to better understand how the activity of natural populations influences and regulates all major b
168 iven to whether or not methods for surveying natural populations introduce systematic bias that will
169 sublethal effects of disease outbreaks among natural populations is challenging and requires longitud
170 Testing these quantitative predictions in natural populations is difficult because of large enviro
171 g only, the amount of observed inbreeding in natural populations is generally low compared with that
173 rlying the molecular evolution of viruses in natural populations is needed before accurate prediction
174 hitecture of genetic differentiation between natural populations is of central importance in evolutio
176 and constraints on phenotypic plasticity in natural populations is thus crucial for characterising t
178 and use change are making the world in which natural populations live increasingly fragmented, often
179 the gene flow is widespread and abundant in natural populations, maintaining high diversity, while d
182 ere, we sampled 100 yearling lizards from 10 natural populations (n = 10 per population) along an ext
186 This was possible for the first time in a natural population of ant colonies using data from long-
189 of the bacterial community associated with a natural population of marine phytoplankton under oil spi
192 Using a dataset spanning 31 years from a natural population of pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleu
195 ted fine-scale recombination rate maps for a natural population of the Eastern house mouse, Mus muscu
196 enetic analyses indicate that the only known natural population of the species shows low genetic dive
197 results of a molecular cytogenetic study on natural populations of a neoallopolyploid, Tragopogon mi
198 sted if variable exposure to radiation among natural populations of bank voles Myodes glareolus in Ch
200 en to interrogate the alleles segregating in natural populations of Caenorhabditis elegans: we induce
202 reproducible patterns of gene expression in natural populations of developing embryos, despite inher
203 eport of independent genome sequences of two natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster (37 from
204 transposon insertion allele of CYP6G1 in the natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster is unknow
206 f enzymes and proteins to study variation in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura, at a se
208 he cold-adapted ants, and so we first assess natural populations of early and late blooming plants.
209 here are limited data on the extent to which natural populations of fish can recover from exposure to
210 locus controlling wing-pattern variation in natural populations of H. numata The combined effect of
211 in 59 Tragopogon miscellus plants from five natural populations of independent origin; this allotetr
212 ness has rarely been examined empirically in natural populations of long-lived mammals, particularly
216 compared Cu stress responses in cultures and natural populations of marine Synechococcus from two co-
218 method to map loci for flowering time within natural populations of Mimulus guttatus, collecting the
219 d color dimorphism (FLCD) that segregates in natural populations of more than 20 species of the Droso
222 In the North Atlantic Ocean, we found that natural populations of Prochlorococcus adhered to Redfie
223 ome-wide similarity between experimental and natural populations of R. pomonella underscores the impo
224 database of long-term life-history data for natural populations of seven primate species that have b
227 aits at the teosinte branched1 (tb1) gene in natural populations of teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglum
228 ver, the effect of tb1 on trait variation in natural populations of teosinte has not been investigate
229 ort a case of homoploid hybrid speciation in natural populations of the budding yeast Saccharomyces p
230 ic techniques to document viral infection in natural populations of the calanoid copepods Acartia ton
231 mesocosms to examine the "arms race" between natural populations of the coccolithophore Emiliania hux
232 n of laboratory and greenhouse studies of 32 natural populations of the common agricultural weed, Ipo
235 to molecular and non-molecular phenotypes in natural populations of the most studied model plant.
236 garden experiment with seeds collected from natural populations of the native annual plant Lepidium
237 comprehensive survey of genetic diversity in natural populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elega
238 nol rosmarinic acid were identified among 13 natural populations of the plant by ESI-MS, LC-DAD and L
242 omus (P.) papatasi but no data available for natural populations of Turkey, where leishmaniasis is en
243 Although studies on laboratory species and natural populations of vertebrates have shown reproducti
245 ge analyses involving association studies in natural populations or segregating populations resulting
246 hat contribute to behavioral variation among natural populations or species, particularly in vertebra
247 ory strains reflect the hotspot diversity of natural populations or whether broad-scale variation in
249 this is the result of selection manifest in natural populations over millennial timescales, so has n
251 rulence can therefore persist in the face of natural population processes, and social interactions (r
252 veral years before collapse, a sharp drop in natural population productivity, and a lagged response t
253 This ongoing spread of the P-element in natural populations provides a unique opportunity to und
260 ted tetraploid potatoes, showing that extant natural populations represent an essential source of unt
262 in this network throughout development in a natural population, some of which has a heritable geneti
263 an alter selection on phenological traits in natural populations, something that has important implic
264 owever, profiling these SNPs across multiple natural populations still requires substantial time and
266 re it is difficult to study social traits in natural populations, such as bacteria and other microbes
267 ed in Trichodesmium metagenomic samples from natural populations suggesting them to be potential in s
268 otypes tend to remain relatively constant in natural populations, suggesting a limit to trait evoluti
269 ndance of recessive deleterious mutations in natural populations suggests they are likely to be prese
270 une investment may influence disease risk in natural populations synergistically, through a trade-off
272 y and address some of the cryptic threats to natural populations that are likely to result from any n
273 n be used to measure the spatial dynamics of natural populations that are otherwise difficult or cost
274 man-mediated selection on rapid responses of natural populations that can lead to unexpected long-ter
275 ed organisms, there is a dearth of data from natural populations that reside under a range of environ
276 ce, SNPs were scored for 53 clones from five natural populations that varied in lake trophic status.
278 arasitic B chromosomes invade and persist in natural populations through several mechanisms for trans
279 ces of anthropogenic environmental change on natural populations throughout historic time periods.
281 es will also shed light on the potential for natural populations to adapt to novel climates in highly
282 ach leverages the myriad of polymorphisms in natural populations to elucidate and quantitate the mole
283 hly replicated experimental manipulations of natural populations to show that males with rare colour
286 ation variation and its phenotypic impact in natural populations to those made using near-isogenic po
287 generate epialleles that are not present in natural populations, underlying epigenetic dynamics in y
288 nce in seven species of nonhuman primates in natural populations, using long-term, individual-based d
289 es are beginning to provide a glimpse of how natural population variation together with multiplexed,
293 ng the introgression of mitochondrial DNA in natural populations, we advocate that evaluating alterna
294 hropogenic impacts on evolutionary change in natural populations, we need long-term environmental, ge
295 how that point mutations and their spread in natural populations were responsible for differences in
296 ts seedlings clustered around the parents in natural populations, when transplanted into the range of
297 refore, that findings can be extrapolated to natural populations, where new mutations may be transfer
298 to assess the relevance of these findings to natural populations, where selection pressures are unkno
299 ble temperatures as well as physical flux in natural populations, which will affect the ecology and e
300 of introgression after a range expansion in natural populations without the need to evoke other mech
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