1 , vancomycin dose, and number of concomitant nephrotoxins.

2 ESRD risk among cohorts exposed to potential nephrotoxins.

3 ent, adjusting for the receipt of additional nephrotoxins (aHR 1.94; 95% CI, 1.48-2.97).

4  and immune disorders, oxidative stress, and nephrotoxins, among others.

5 ischemia reperfusion, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxins and is associated with a high rate of morta

6 ntensive care unit level of care, receipt of nephrotoxins, and hospital, IV vancomycin plus piperacil

7 patotoxin acetaminophen (APAP) or the direct nephrotoxin cisplatin.

8 dition, recent information about the classic nephrotoxins (cisplatin, amphotericin B, and aminoglycos

9                         Upon introducing the nephrotoxin, Cyclosporine A, the epithelial barrier is d

10 lin were developed, each validated using the nephrotoxin gentamicin.

11 cit adaptive responses following exposure to nephrotoxins, such as cadmium.

12         Fluoride (F) is a widely distributed nephrotoxin with exposure potentially resulting from env