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   1 y and the development of birth defects (e.g. neural tube defects).                                   
     2 the risk of having a pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect.                                     
     3 potential molecular mechanism underlying the neural tube defect.                                     
     4 e associated with pregnancy complicated by a neural-tube defect.                                     
     5 es a woman's risk of having an infant with a neural-tube defect.                                     
     6 an's risk of having a fetus or infant with a neural-tube defect.                                     
     7 ted with modification of disease and risk of neural tube defects.                                    
     8 m retinal degeneration and cystic kidneys to neural tube defects.                                    
     9 ed cross-midline cell divisions, and similar neural tube defects.                                    
    10 men and causes many complications, including neural tube defects.                                    
    11 n in the periconceptional period can prevent neural tube defects.                                    
    12 folate was not significantly associated with neural tube defects.                                    
    13 duced the occurrence of folic acid-sensitive neural tube defects.                                    
    14  who remain at increased risk of preventable neural tube defects.                                    
    15 sociation of folic acid supplementation with neural tube defects.                                    
    16 itute of Medicine to reduce the frequency of neural tube defects.                                    
    17                   Its deficiency can lead to neural tube defects.                                    
    18 ation in the treatment of homocystinuria and neural tube defects.                                    
    19 ed as candidate susceptibility gene in human neural tube defects.                                    
    20 lethality with embryos manifesting heart and neural tube defects.                                    
    21 hey were proven to prevent the occurrence of neural tube defects.                                    
    22 c kidney disease, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and neural tube defects.                                    
    23  the risk that women will have children with neural tube defects.                                    
    24 n between Wnt signaling and folate rescue of neural tube defects.                                    
    25 th as a result of skeletal malformations and neural tube defects.                                    
    26 e, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and neural tube defects.                                    
    27 is well established that folic acid prevents neural tube defects.                                    
    28 kappa B activity leads to prenatal death and neural tube defects.                                    
    29 oronary artery disease, Down's syndrome, and neural tube defects.                                    
    30 dreher(J) (dr(J)), all of which cause dorsal neural tube defects.                                    
    31 dy on folic acid supplementation and risk of neural tube defects.                                    
    32  supplementation provided protection against neural tube defects.                                    
    33 lar diseases and Alzheimers disease and with neural tube defects.                                    
    34  occurring mouse mutant that develops severe neural tube defects.                                    
    35 e was not associated with increased risk for neural tube defects.                                    
    36 te from drinking water and diet and risk for neural tube defects.                                    
    37 st occurrence, as well as the recurrence, of neural tube defects.                                    
    38 n disorders ranging from vascular disease to neural tube defects.                                    
    39  produces tail deformities and, rarely, open neural tube defects.                                    
    40  candidate risk factor for susceptibility to neural tube defects.                                    
    41 ormations, including craniofacial, heart and neural tube defects.                                    
    42 dify the incidence of spina bifida and other neural tube defects.                                    
    43 pendent risk factor for vascular disease and neural tube defects.                                    
    44  with a phenocopy of DGS, or neonatally with neural tube defects.                                    
    45 g either protein exhibit a high frequency of neural tube defects.                                    
    46 in the prevention of many diseases including neural tube defects.                                    
    47 ociated with a low risk of folate-responsive neural tube defects.                                    
    48 imal for the prevention of folate-responsive neural tube defects.                                    
    49 ood fortification are recommended to prevent neural tube defects.                                    
    50 s in lamin B1 are susceptibility factors for neural tube defects.                                    
    51 genetic basis underlying the pathogenesis of neural tube defects.                                    
    52  implications for a population-level risk of neural tube defects.                                    
    53 utations in Vangl2 are associated with human neural tube defects.                                    
    54 FR) 677C>T polymorphism is a risk factor for neural tube defects.                                    
    55  Ozone was associated with decreased odds of neural tube defects.                                    
    56 uring pregnancy to decrease the incidence of neural tube defects.                                    
    57 e identified 102 and 173, respectively, with neural-tube defects.                                    
    58 nd was highest for the nine stillbirths with neural-tube defects.                                    
    59 tified with folic acid to prevent congenital neural-tube defects.                                    
    60 n: Does fortification prevent folate-related neural tube defects?                                    
  
    62 a spectrum of birth malformations, including neural tube defects, a shortened and/or curly tail, no g
    63 ouse mutant with multiple defects, including neural tube defects, abnormal dorsal-ventral patterning 
    64  nitrogen oxide exposure was associated with neural tube defects (adjusted odds ratio = 1.8, 95% conf
    65  after conception in 1,223 case mothers with neural tube defect-affected pregnancies and 6,807 contro
    66 us pathologies, including vascular diseases, neural tube defects, Alzheimer disease, and pregnancy co
  
  
    69 ously affected child and the occurrence of a neural tube defect and possibly other birth defects in t
  
  
    72 tural pesticide use has been associated with neural tube defects and autism, but more subtle outcomes
  
  
    75  similar to the testing/screening method for neural tube defects and common chromosomal anomalies dur
  
    77 pes with PCP mutants including open eyelids, neural tube defects and disrupted cochlear stereociliary
  
    79  an essential nutrient, increase the risk of neural tube defects and lead to low performance on cogni
    80 gene (Sufu) led to a phenotype that included neural tube defects and lethality at mid-gestation (9.0-
  
    82 ive was to evaluate the associations between neural tube defects and maternal folic acid intake among
  
    84 late homeostasis can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects and may decrease the risk of Alzheim
    85 rtification of food is effective in reducing neural tube defects and may even reduce stroke-related m
    86 s recently associated with increased risk of neural tube defects and might also contribute to increas
  
    88  abnormalities with or without microcephaly, neural tube defects and other early brain malformations,
  
    90 tic studies in other groups of patients with neural tube defects and other neurodevelopmental abnorma
    91 ously reported positive associations between neural tube defects and periconceptional exposure to NSD
    92  birth defects, including holoprosencephaly, neural tube defects and polydactyly, and in adults resul
    93 lly lethal and recapitulates JBTS, including neural tube defects and polydactyly; however, the underl
    94 arkers in the caudal spinal cord, as well as neural tube defects and preaxial polydactyly, consistent
    95  during the periconception period to prevent neural tube defects and to ensure normal brain developme
    96  of its beneficial role in the prevention of neural tube defects and yet possible deleterious effects
    97 ere or had been pregnant with a fetus with a neural-tube defect and from 24 control women (20 with cu
    98 r understanding certain birth defects (e.g., neural tube defects) and the long-term consequences of e
    99 h defects that includes heart abnormalities, neural tube defects, and caudal dysgenesis syndromes.   
   100 re a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, neural tube defects, and colon and breast cancer; low le
   101 ates, have multiple malformations, including neural tube defects, and die due to failure of chorioall
   102 disposition accounts for most of the risk of neural tube defects, and genes that regulate folate one-
   103  is an established model of folate-sensitive neural tube defects, and homozygous mutant embryos devel
   104 e characterized by late embryonic lethality, neural tube defects, and intrauterine growth retardation
   105 ngl2 loss is embryonically lethal because of neural tube defects, and mutations in Vangl2 are associa
  
  
   108 2, which had been previously associated with neural tube defects, and vitamin B-12 status, as well as
   109  during the periconceptional period prevents neural tube defects, animal data suggest that higher sup
  
   111 blood levels of women who had a fetus with a neural tube defect are low for several micronutrients, p
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   119 embryos (whose phenotype is characterized by neural tube defects) as compared with Pax3(+/+) litterma
   120 oth chick and mouse results in a spectrum of neural tube defects associated with neuroepithelial diso
   121 lted in a high prevalence of severe anterior neural tube defect-associated congenital malformations. 
   122 se of folic acid supplements reduces risk of neural tube defects but a proportion of cases are not pr
   123 ike talpid(3) chicken embryos, have face and neural tube defects but also defects in left/right asymm
   124 y because of its proven effect in preventing neural tube defects, but the role of FA after the 12th g
   125 primidone, may increase the risk not only of neural-tube defects, but also of cardiovascular defects,
  
  
  
  
  
   131 or B12 homeostasis have been associated with neural tube defects, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
   132 y by E11 of Hif1a-/- embryos that manifested neural tube defects, cardiovascular malformations, and m
   133 aternal periconceptional NSD use between 334 neural tube defect cases and 7,619 nonmalformed controls
  
   135 lation defects, axial patterning defects and neural tube defects complicating an assessment of the ro
  
   137 from women with a pregnancy complicated by a neural-tube defect contains autoantibodies that bind to 
   138  mouse mutant that exhibits a severe form of neural tube defect, craniorachischisis, in which almost 
   139 ciated with a variety of disorders including neural tube defects (during pregnancy) and heart disease
   140  in development at mid-gestation and exhibit neural tube defects, enlargement of the pericardial sac 
   141  nitrosatable drugs may increase the risk of neural tube defects, especially in conjunction with a mo
  
   143 from Hungary initiated in 1984, incidence of neural tube defects for folic acid supplementation compa
  
  
  
   147 ular disease, stroke, cognitive decline, and neural tube defects have been completed or are underway.
  
  
  
  
   152 fortification of flour for the prevention of neural tube defects in addition to the existing extensiv
  
   154 al folic acid supplements reduce the risk of neural tube defects in children, but it has not been det
   155  apoptotic cells were also found at sites of neural tube defects in embryos carrying null mutation of
  
   157  Hectd1 alleles cause incompletely penetrant neural tube defects in heterozygous animals, indicating 
   158     In contrast, we found a low incidence of neural tube defects in heterozygous Splotch mice that al
  
  
  
   162 ycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3), produce neural tube defects in mouse embryos grown in vitro.    
  
   164 nvironmental factors affect the incidence of neural tube defects in Splotch mice, these results estab
  
  
   167 d containing supplements decreased recurrent neural tube defects in the offspring of women with a pre
   168 sufficiency on the basis of elevated risk of neural tube defects in women 12-49 y old (e.g., RBC fola
   169 g of folic acid daily can reduce the risk of neural-tube defects in areas with high rates of these de
  
  
  
  
   174  use or dietary folate intake was related to neural tube defects, indicating that fortified food is p
   175 with folic acid in reducing the incidence of neural tube defects is a major success story for public 
  
   177 in attempts to ameliorate homocystinuria and neural tube defects is supplementation of the diet with 
   178 eatment-specific effects on the incidence of neural tube defects, left-right patterning defects and a
   179 itionally been associated with prevention of neural tube defects; more recent work suggests that it m
   180      Some relate to birth defects other than neural tube defects, neurological functions or varied as
  
   182 ms produced offspring at a rate of 11.3% for neural tube defect (NTD) formation, whereas no embryos i
  
   184 in Cameron County, Texas, a surveillance and neural tube defect (NTD) recurrence prevention project f
   185 ing behaviors were associated with increased neural tube defect (NTD) risk among offspring, using pop
   186 mutants that exhibit the most severe form of neural tube defect (NTD), termed craniorachischisis.    
  
  
  
   190 ay be risk factors for having a child with a neural tube defect (NTD); however, the data are inconsis
  
   192 ve been associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects (NTD), possibly due to a sustained s
  
   194 uces a woman's risk for having a baby with a neural-tube defect (NTD), the effects of such supplement
   195 udied the association of these patterns with neural tube defects (NTDs) and congenital heart defects 
   196 se-control study populations of infants with neural tube defects (NTDs) and nonmalformed controls del
   197 mely effective in reducing the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) and other congenital abnormal
   198 Vangl genes encoding core PCP proteins cause neural tube defects (NTDs) and Vangl2 mutations also imp
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   208      Folic acid prevents 70 percent of human neural tube defects (NTDs) but its mode of action is unc
  
  
  
   212 lemental and dietary zinc intake and risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in a population-based case-co
   213 abetes mellitus in early pregnancy can cause neural tube defects (NTDs) in embryos by perturbing prot
  
  
   216 ncreased FGR frequency and caused occasional neural tube defects (NTDs) in Mthfd1(gt/+) embryos.     
  
   218 sly showed that apoptosis is associated with neural tube defects (NTDs) in Pax-3-deficient Splotch (S
   219  resulting from homozygous matings uncovered neural tube defects (NTDs) in some animals and axial ske
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   227 supplementation can reduce the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs), although just how folates be
   228  supplementation prevents up to 70% of human neural tube defects (NTDs), although the precise cellula
  
   230 on prevents the occurrence and recurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs), but the causal metabolic pat
   231 ortant role in determining susceptibility to neural tube defects (NTDs), for example between differen
  
  
   234 he risk in infants of birth defects, such as neural tube defects (NTDs), known as diabetic embryopath
   235 ation reduces the occurrence and severity of neural tube defects (NTDs), many cases are resistant to 
   236  canonical WNT signaling, and are a model of neural tube defects (NTDs), preventable with dietary fol
   237 letion-induced autophagy deficiency leads to neural tube defects (NTDs), similar to those in diabetic
   238  effect of folate against the development of neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically, anencephaly an
  
   240 al ventricles, which is seen in fetuses with neural tube defects (NTDs), was present on review of MR 
   241 id supplementation can prevent many cases of neural tube defects (NTDs), whereas suboptimal maternal 
   242 vere anomalies of the nervous system, called neural tube defects (NTDs), which are among the most com
   243 Folate supplementation prevents up to 70% of neural tube defects (NTDs), which result from a failure 
   244 mouse mutant causes congenital cataracts and neural tube defects (NTDs), with the NTDs being caused b
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   257 suboptimal RBC folate for protection against neural tube defects (NTDs); among nonconsumers of folic 
   258 s have also been identified in patients with neural tube defects (NTDs); however, the relationship be
  
   260 within 3 km of a landfill site was found for neural-tube defects (odds ratio 1.86 [1.24-2.79]), malfo
   261 nd elective termination on the prevalence of neural tube defects, oral clefts, abdominal wall defects
   262  responsible for several diseases, including neural tube defects, polycystic kidney disease, retinal 
   263  been implicated in adverse outcomes such as neural tube defects, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion,
   264 including some evidence that a proportion of neural tube defect pregnancies may be the result of vita
   265 n in the primary prevention or recurrence of neural tube defect pregnancies, as was the case with fol
  
   267 bserved in other common disorders, including neural tube defects, pregnancy complications, and Alzhei
   268  death, pneumonia, congenital heart disease, neural tube defects, preterm birth and low birth weight,
  
   270 yos, consistent with a proposed mechanism of neural tube defect prevention through stimulation of cel
   271  perturbed choline metabolism contributes to neural tube defects produced by DMAE and ET-18-OCH3.    
   272 e large number of mouse genes known to cause neural tube defects provide a starting point for identif
   273  without the potential for childbearing, and neural tube defect recurrence; and studies conducted in 
  
   275 NGL2 are found to cause Robinow syndrome and neural tube defects, respectively, our results further s
  
  
  
   279 ontroversial, but studies of mouse models of neural tube defects show that anencephaly, open spina bi
   280 urthermore, because folate deficiency causes neural tube defects, some birth defects unexplained by o
  
   282 ice cause recessive embryonic lethality with neural-tube defects, suggesting a species difference in 
   283 ans to prevent a greater proportion of human neural tube defects than can be achieved by folic acid a
   284 hese findings, Ski-/- mice display a cranial neural tube defect that results in exencephaly and a mar
  
   286 s that carry null mutations in Pax-3 develop neural tube defects that resemble the malformations that
   287 ew of the severe congenital malformations - 'neural tube defects' - that result when closure fails.  
   288  1995 in an area of China with high rates of neural-tube defects (the northern region) and one with l
   289  between FGFR-1-mediated signal pathways and neural tube defects, the most common malformations in th
  
   291 on folic acid supplementation for preventing neural tube defects to inform the US Preventive Services
   292 tal abnormalities in the fetus, ranging from neural tube defects to neurocristopathies such as cleft-
   293 e 20 individual malformation categories, eg, neural tube defects, transposition of great vessels, ven
   294 food with folic acid to reduce the number of neural tube defects was introduced 10 y ago in North Ame
  
   296  of the role of folate in protecting against neural tube defects, we propose that NAT1 is a candidate
   297 use model that exhibits folic acid-resistant neural tube defects, we tested the effect of specific co
  
   299 ho did not take any folic acid, the rates of neural-tube defects were 4.8 per 1000 pregnancies of at 
  
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