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1 y serve as a potent and effective endogenous neuromodulator.
2 and external inputs: the classical role of a neuromodulator.
3 PD-L1 as an endogenous pain inhibitor and a neuromodulator.
4 ctivity through functioning as an inhibitory neuromodulator.
5 hysiological roles as a second messenger and neuromodulator.
6 otulinumtoxinA and percutaneous or implanted neuromodulators.
7 pin and TKRPs might act as cotransmitters or neuromodulators.
8 of a modular temporal program controlled by neuromodulators.
9 hanges in synaptic strength by reward-linked neuromodulators.
10 ltiple interneuron types and potential local neuromodulators.
11 hat can potentially act as cotransmitters or neuromodulators.
12 uitous pathway acting downstream of multiple neuromodulators.
13 show that, like in rodents, STDP is gated by neuromodulators.
14 atically as hormones and within the brain as neuromodulators.
15 one (GnRH) neurons via action potentials and neuromodulators.
16 ses and is influenced by several peptidergic neuromodulators.
17 rculating neurochemicals such as hormones or neuromodulators.
18 ther mediators such as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.
19 studied I(h) under the influence of several neuromodulators.
20 m and have roles as neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators.
21 also been used as targets to discover novel neuromodulators.
22 al networks without including the actions of neuromodulators.
23 urrent modulation and interaction with other neuromodulators.
24 to respond to various stimulus patterns and neuromodulators.
25 tricted PKA activity in response to specific neuromodulators.
26 iting endogenous permissive factors, such as neuromodulators.
27 mediately compensated by the action of other neuromodulators.
28 te sensory processing in a manner similar to neuromodulators.
29 e and manipulate neurons that are targets of neuromodulators.
30 for the regulation of synaptic plasticity by neuromodulators.
38 synaptic mechanisms through which different neuromodulators acting in combination result in characte
39 tional interactions between three excitatory neuromodulators acting on neurokinin1 (NK1), alpha1 nora
50 mode that is regulated by context-dependent neuromodulators and acts as a major driver of sleep home
51 axon terminals contain endogenous dynorphin neuromodulators and are presynaptic to cochlear Type-I a
52 t may modulate gamma oscillations, including neuromodulators and centrifugal input to the OB and AL.
53 uropeptides are usually considered to act as neuromodulators and cotransmitters that modify the effec
56 regarding aesthetic enhancement using facial neuromodulators and fillers and to present advanced tech
57 Studies have identified neural circuits, neuromodulators and genetic factors involved in social b
58 e a wide array of classic neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones, as well as metabolic, trop
63 stage of consolidation is upstream of these neuromodulators and PLC, suggesting an important presyna
64 mined the presence, locations, and levels of neuromodulators and related molecules ("signaling molecu
65 f interstitial cells of Cajal as pacemakers, neuromodulators and stretch receptors has been revealed
66 he literature on the pharmacology of central neuromodulators and their effects on gastrointestinal se
69 ith impairments in neurotransmitter systems, neuromodulators, and/or synaptic plasticity in several b
72 ize melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) as a neuromodulator are localized in the postero-lateral hypo
77 ssing to what extent the properties of these neuromodulators are shared or distinct and considering t
80 I, and IV) that synthesize kynurenic acid, a neuromodulator, are identical to glutamine transaminase
82 g, namely age-related decline in dopamine, a neuromodulator associated with risk-taking behavior.
83 ive glomerular distribution of two extrinsic neuromodulators associated with distinct physiological s
84 otransmitters GABA, glycine and agmatine and neuromodulators beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA) and tau
88 vides insight into how a diffusely delivered neuromodulator can improve the performance of neural cir
89 udy in the locust olfactory system shows how neuromodulators can alter the rules of synaptic plastici
92 ies focus on a single neurotransmitter, many neuromodulators can have related effects on cognition an
96 s of Cajal (ICCs), electrical pacemaker, and neuromodulator cells of the gut, were incorporated into
99 of damage to forebrain neurotransmitter and neuromodulator circuits, most notably those involving ch
103 d is a key site of action for the anxiogenic neuromodulator, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF).
104 e will examine how stress interacts with the neuromodulators, corticotropin-releasing factor, norepin
105 ted the causal influence of two major stress neuromodulators, cortisol and noradrenaline, on loss ave
106 suggesting that age-related decline in this neuromodulator could lead to the observed decrease in ri
107 eptides, by perturbing interactions with the neuromodulator CRMP2, contribute to suppression of neuro
110 Furthermore, the branching density of each neuromodulator differed, with 5-HT exhibiting denser arb
111 ate have demonstrated the opposite, that is, neuromodulators directly driving presynaptic Ca(2+) rise
112 operties of monoamine release, because these neuromodulators do not generally produce a fast ionotrop
115 findings provide the first evidence that the neuromodulator dopamine impacts on belief formation by r
122 understand the role played by this important neuromodulator during hippocampal-dependent tasks in viv
125 ew role for endogenously released opioids as neuromodulators engaged by synaptic activity to regulate
126 gical interest such as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, especially those that are otherwise dif
127 The neurons that produce and respond to each neuromodulator form a distributed circuit orthogonal to
129 gment of the globus pallidus (GPe)], and one neuromodulator group [striatal tonically active neurons
136 tion largely focused on immediate actions of neuromodulators, i.e., actions that were exerted at the
138 ecent theories consider dopamine to be a key neuromodulator in mediating motivational effects of rewa
139 may help illuminate the complex role of this neuromodulator in social interactions and motor plastici
140 ophic factor (BDNF) is an activity-dependent neuromodulator in the adult brain, which enhances neuron
141 IFICANCE STATEMENT Serotonin is an important neuromodulator in the brain and a major target for drugs
142 Dopamine (DA) functions as an essential neuromodulator in the brain and retina such that disrupt
148 or T1AM as an endogenous adrenergic-blocking neuromodulator in the central noradrenergic system.
150 tocin is a nonapeptide that also serves as a neuromodulator in the human central nervous system.
153 acting through the 5-HT2AR is an excitatory neuromodulator in the nTS and its effects are modulated
154 lamus of mammals but also a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the parvocellular suprachiasmatic nucl
158 ion of GTPgammaS, suggesting that endogenous neuromodulators in hCSF act on G-protein coupled recepto
162 denylyl cyclase (AC) coupled GPCRs for these neuromodulators in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs),
163 The link between the combined action of neuromodulators in the brain and global brain states rem
164 sults suggest that ambient concentrations of neuromodulators in the brain extracellular fluid powerfu
165 ever, the influence of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the dmNTS on baroreflex function both
166 lly, our findings support a broader role for neuromodulators in the dynamic reconfiguration of functi
167 uits, possibly indicating a broader role for neuromodulators in the dynamic reconfiguration of functi
169 g the most widely distributed and ubiquitous neuromodulators in the mammalian brain and have a profou
171 mation and guidelines for the use of central neuromodulators in the treatment of chronic gastrointest
172 evidence and guidance for the use of central neuromodulators in these conditions is scanty and incomp
174 te to network regulation and are targeted by neuromodulators, including dopamine, has clinical releva
176 multitude of potential neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including peptides, have been detected
178 pulate slow-wave network activity and induce neuromodulator-independent transition to activated state
181 ations as well as evaluating the efficacy of neuromodulator injections, oral anticholinergic medicati
182 Since serotonin is well-known to be the key neuromodulator involved in anxiety behaviors, the mRNA l
183 Serotonin (5-HT) and oxytocin (OXT) are two neuromodulators involved in human affect and sociality a
185 the brain mechanisms, and in particular the neuromodulators, involved in this process are still larg
187 ronal activity and the subsequent release of neuromodulators is thought to be an important regulator
189 lines of evidence have linked the endogenous neuromodulator kynurenic acid (KYNA) to schizophrenia.
190 lex network with synaptic, gap junction, and neuromodulator layers representing alternative modes of
191 tical activation produced by either of these neuromodulators leads to suppressed sensory responses an
195 rks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A key role of any neuromodulator may be the reconfiguration of functional
198 ally, I suggest that the recently discovered neuromodulators may hold the keys to our understanding o
200 VIP interneurons, themselves regulated by neuromodulators, may therefore enable selective patterns
201 eparate current contributions from different neuromodulators measured with in vivo fast-scan cyclic v
202 in addition to their role as powerhouses and neuromodulators, mitochondria behave as intracellular si
203 sleep need via the wake- and sleep-promoting neuromodulators, noradrenaline and adenosine, respective
209 commonalities confirm that dopamine is a key neuromodulator of the functional connectome of speech co
210 sing evidence implicates tPA as an important neuromodulator of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) recept
212 now, several potential neurotransmitters or neuromodulators of Kenyon cells have been anatomically i
214 and examination of the role of hormones and neuromodulators on the behaviors of teacher and pupil.
215 xamine the actions of two different types of neuromodulators on the excitability and electrical coupl
216 xpressed in the brain, where it may act as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter contributing to diffe
217 are controlled directly by a large number of neuromodulators, particularly during episodes of learnin
218 nsively studied, but the role of other major neuromodulators, particularly serotonin, remains poorly
219 ng a complex interaction between slow-acting neuromodulator peptides and fast-acting amino acid trans
222 In particular, we highlight the role that neuromodulators play in determining the strength and dir
223 ticity, providing a novel mechanism by which neuromodulators precisely modulate network activity and
225 with or mimic GERD can also be treated with neuromodulators (primarily antidepressants), or psycholo
228 Endocytic membrane trafficking of particular neuromodulator receptors exhibits remarkable diversity a
229 t it is already apparent that endocytosis of neuromodulator receptors has a significant impact on the
231 KA) integrates inputs from G-protein-coupled neuromodulator receptors to modulate synaptic and cellul
232 rging evidence that endocytic trafficking of neuromodulator receptors, in addition to influencing lon
234 ion for combined and real-time monitoring of neuromodulator release and the activities of large ensem
239 behavior and a potential role for galanin as neuromodulator remains to be identified.SIGNIFICANCE STA
241 o extract, although ions, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, second messengers, and the activation s
245 ts are essential components of CPG function: neuromodulators set the parameters of CPG neurons and sy
246 titive firing and is an important target for neuromodulators signaling through receptors coupled to G
248 local delivery of a reinforcement-mediating neuromodulator, specify the synapses that will undergo a
251 nclude neuronal activity, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators such as dopamine and norepinephrine (NE)
254 d insulin-related peptides, as well as other neuromodulators such as serotonin and dopamine (Michael
256 striatal acetylcholine (ACh), whereas other neuromodulators, such as adenosine (Adn), change slowly.
257 ard to these network dynamics is the role of neuromodulators, such as dopamine, and whether their dys
258 Neurophysiological evidence suggests that neuromodulators, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, in
260 t shapes neuronal firing and is inhibited by neuromodulators, suggesting an important role in the reg
261 inergic input system has been described as a neuromodulator system that influences broadly defined be
264 tentiation ABSTRACT: Noradrenaline (NA) is a neuromodulator that can effect long-lasting changes in s
266 pocretin (also known as orexin) is a peptide neuromodulator that is expressed exclusively in the late
268 ching by dFB neurons, identify dopamine as a neuromodulator that operates the switch, and delineate t
269 mammalian neuropeptide Y, a highly conserved neuromodulator that stimulates food-seeking behavior.
271 t the network level as endogenously released neuromodulators that are normally adaptive become the dr
272 act contains a characteristic combination of neuromodulators that confer unique identities on each re
273 We examined whether disparate agents affect neuromodulators that control numerous neurotransmitters
274 resented in the brain as the tonic levels of neuromodulators that control the level of internal motiv
275 t knowledge and outstanding questions on the neuromodulators that influence aggressive behavior of th
276 ious methods have been used to quantify this neuromodulator, the most common of which is HPLC with el
277 gh they express relatively few receptors for neuromodulators, the highly abundant and functionally im
280 ssign neurotransmitters, cotransmitters, and neuromodulators to identified classes of antennal lobe n
281 and neurobiological studies linking specific neuromodulators to the learning rate and linking neural
282 rk provides the first demonstration that the neuromodulator, tPA, may also be considered as a gliotra
286 the nerve terminal, a behaviorally important neuromodulator uses synergistic cAMP-dependent protein k
287 and implementational motifs associated with neuromodulators, using decision making in the face of un
289 ns that were exerted at the time when either neuromodulators were present or neuromodulatory inputs t
291 importance of non-synaptic communication by neuromodulators, which can dynamically reconfigure circu
292 he activity of sensory circuits is shaped by neuromodulators, which can have downstream consequences
293 the mammalian brain, dopamine is a critical neuromodulator whose actions underlie learning, decision
296 scene at the appropriate wavelength for each neuromodulator with the Gaussians inherent in the soma a
298 ry of axonal activity and to the presence of neuromodulators, with potentially important consequences
299 ogenous NPY as a novel and potent inhibitory neuromodulator within the PVN that may contribute to cha
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