ライフサイエンスコーパス: niacin

1 and decreasing apolipoprotein AI catabolism (niacin).

2 nsights regarding the mechanism of action of niacin.

3 tractant-induced migration of macrophages by niacin.

4 demonstrated excess side-effects from use of niacin.

5 inical outcomes following HDL-C raising with niacin.

6 le for the vascular protective properties of niacin.

7 wed emphasis on the therapeutic potential of niacin.

8 but it does not explain multiple actions of niacin.

9 bolic benefits of exercise in persons taking niacin.

10 ox state may explain the multiple actions of niacin.

11 particularly for iron, zinc, vitamin A, and niacin.

12 his organism to utilize exogenously provided niacin.

13 data related to the actions and efficacy of niacin.

14 randomized to receive extended-release (ER) niacin 1,500 to 2,000 mg or minimal immediate-release ni

15 mized to receive open-label extended-release niacin 1500 mg/day with aspirin 325 mg/day or fenofibrat

16 wo occasions: during intravenous infusion of niacin (2.8 mg/min) and saline.

17 9%, P = .002), protein (54.0%, P = .004), or niacin (30.8%, P = .02) and for those infected with hook

18 Of 99 participants, 74 had complete data (35 niacin, 39 fenofibrate).

19 Niacin, a pharmacological Gpr109a agonist, suppressed co

20 Niacin activates HO-1 in vivo and in vitro.

21 predict differential benefit or harm with ER niacin added to LDL-C-lowering therapy, but a small dysl

22 Trials of niacin added to statin have failed to demonstrate cardia

23 es postprandial insulin concentrations after niacin administration, which illustrates the potential m

24 UC(I) but decreased the insulin AUC(I) after niacin administration.

25 Clinical trials of niacin, alone or combined with other lipid-altering ther

26 g of the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of niacin, along with progress in reducing the chief side e

27 Niacin also reduced the expression of the pro-inflammato

28 led to demonstrate an incremental benefit of niacin among patients with atherosclerotic CVD and on-tr

29 r disease to receive 2 g of extended-release niacin and 40 mg of laropiprant or a matching placebo da

30 en, HDL-C increased a median of 3 mg/dL with niacin and 6.5 mg/dL with fenofibrate (P < .001 for both

31 n, HDL-C increased a median of 16 mg/dL with niacin and 8 mg/dL with fenofibrate (P = .08 for both).

32 Highest dietary intake levels of niacin and B12 were associated with a decreased risk of

33 Niacin and beta-HB suppressed these effects, implicating

34 Niacin and bile acid sequestrants appear to exert benefi

35 known, it is reasonable to favor the use of niacin and bile acid sequestrants in combination with st

36 Moreover, the use of niacin and bile acid sequestrants is supported by clinic

37 G-protein-coupled receptor, is activated by niacin and butyrate.

38 vestigating the effect of HDL-C raising with niacin and dalcetrapib in statin-treated patients failed

39 ipoprotein analysis parameters, specifically niacin and fenofibrate, have not been shown to additiona

40 Trials in monotherapy with both niacin and fibrates suggest some benefit in reducing CVD

41 -C was lowered only 22% with cholystyramine, niacin and gemfibrozil.

42 int summarizes these imaging trials studying niacin and places them in the context of the failure of

43 xpresses GPR109A, a receptor for the vitamin niacin and the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB

44 The review focuses on the studies with niacin and the new cholesteryl ester transfer protein (C

45 ltiple functions; interactions among lysine, niacin and tryptophan; amino acid contributions to requi

46 The use of niacin and well-tolerated fibrates as an adjunct to stat

47 ht renewed focus on an old HDL-raising drug, niacin, and a number of newer strategies to exploit the

48 Thiazide diuretics, niacin, and beta-adrenergic blockers impair glucose home

49 sses of therapeutic agents such as fibrates, niacin, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor

50 Gemfibrozil, niacin, and cholestyramine or corresponding placebos, wi

51 of ezetimibe, bile-acid sequestering agents, niacin, and fenofibrate with moderate dose statins appea

52 vitamins B-6, B-12, and C but not vitamin A, niacin, and folate in some groups.

53 nt to evaluate LDL cholesterol for fibrates, niacin, and omega-3 fatty acids.

54 osure was related to regression of CIMT with niacin, and progression of CIMT with ezetimibe.

55 n present in energy drinks, such as taurine, niacin, and pyridoxine, is less well defined.

56 ionine, folate, vitamin B(6), vitamin B(12), niacin, and riboflavin intakes may be related to breast

57 In the insulin, niacin, and saline groups, abdominal palmitate storage r

58 Riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C are essential in redox reactions;

59 median nutrient densities for calcium, iron, niacin, and zinc in the CFR group (23, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.5

60 kes of key problem nutrients (calcium, iron, niacin, and zinc).

61 ficantly increased intakes of calcium, iron, niacin, and zinc, but nutrient densities were still belo

62 Combinations of statin, niacin, and/or intestinally active LDL-lowering drug hav

63 Aerobic exercise and niacin are frequently used strategies for reducing serum

64 , we conclude that the beneficial effects of niacin are most likely the result of an undefined GPR109

65 n patients with established CVD treated with niacin as an adjunct to intensive simvastatin therapy.

66 e has been renewed enthusiasm for the use of niacin as second-line treatment for atherogenic dyslipid

67 with immediate-release and extended-release niacin at doses up to 2000 mg/day.

68 ER niacin attenuated expected relationships of lipoprotein

69 The predicted niacin auxotrophy was experimentally verified, as well a

70 Higher intakes of niacin (beta=0.22, P=0.02) and choline (beta=0.10, P=0.0

71 acid-lowering and flushing are dependent on niacin binding to this receptor, whereas the lipid-alter

72 ommon with higher doses of sustained-release niacin but rare with immediate-release and extended-rele

73 Additional recent findings suggest that niacin by increasing hepatic ATP-binding cassette transp

74 ed apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins; niacin, by inhibiting the surface expression of hepatic

75 Nicotinic acid (NA, a.k.a. vitamin B3 or niacin) can reduce blood cholesterol and low-density lip

76 trial shows that the use of extended-release niacin causes a significant regression of carotid intima

77 Niacin causes vasodilation, manifest as rubor (redness)

78 The fatty acid niacin conjugate 5 has been shown to be an inhibitor of

79 logical characterization of novel fatty acid niacin conjugates and fatty acid salicylate conjugates.

80 ar and B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin) content of steamed sprouts increased with increa

81 e possibility that nonlipoprotein actions of niacin could affect risk.

82 Emerging findings indicate that niacin decreases hepatic triglyceride synthesis and subs

83 The identification of niacin deficiency as a public health problem should refo

84 incidence of pellagra and the prevalence of niacin deficiency in postwar Angola and their relation w

85 e incidence of pellagra or the prevalence of niacin deficiency were available.

86 collaboratively synthesize and incorporate a niacin-derived Ni-containing cofactor into LarA, an Ni-d

87 comparing to the described HPLC methods for niacin determination.

88 Extended-release and immediate-release niacin do not substantially potentiate myopathic effects

89 allow patients to achieve a more therapeutic niacin dose of 2 g/day, without the need for titration.

90 nd its growth depends on the availability of niacin (environmental vitamin precursors of NAD(+)).

91 lacebo or simvastatin, plus extended-release niacin ([ERN], 1,500 to 2,000 mg/day), with ezetimibe ad

92 n, and COX-2 deletion in mice, revealed that niacin evoked platelet COX-1-derived PGD(2) biosynthesis

93 Niacin + exercise had no effect on the triglyceride AUC(

94 ss, metformin, thiazolidinediones, fibrates, niacin, ezetimibe and statins in improving the steatosis

95 ion regimens that employ a statin with added niacin, ezetimibe, and/or bile acid sequestrants, and to

96 ional methods to lower triglycerides include niacin, fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids.

97 statin and nonstatin lipid-lowering therapy (niacin, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, and ezetimibe)

98 ptor antagonist (laropiprant) attenuates the niacin flush in animals and humans.

99 trient Intake (RNI) for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B-12, calcium, iron, and zinc (r

100 Epidemiologic evidence regarding niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake in

101 chow or chow supplemented with 0.6% (wt/wt) niacin for 2 weeks.

102 This study sought to assess the efficacy of niacin for reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) events,

103 ent groups on mean changes in CIMT, favoring niacin, for both mean CIMT (p = 0.016) and maximal CIMT

104 The mean HDL cholesterol level in the niacin group increased by 18.4% over the 14-month study

105 major cardiovascular events was lower in the niacin group than in the ezetimibe group (1% vs. 5%, P =

106 ut these relationships were absent in the ER niacin group.

107 cromol min(-1) (P = 0.41) in the insulin and niacin groups, respectively, much less (P < 0.001) than

108 As compared with ezetimibe, niacin had greater efficacy regarding the change in mean

109 Further, niacin had no effect on adipose tissue expression of ERp

110 Niacin had no influence on the triglyceride AUC(I) and a

111 rial data assessing the clinical efficacy of niacin has been challenged by results from AIM-HIGH, whi

112 Niacin has been reported to lower apoB and Lp(a) and to

113 The routine use of niacin has been superseded in recent years with the adve

114 Niacin has been used for more than 50 years in the manag

115 Niacin has been used to treat dyslipidemia for almost 60

116 me dietary supplements, such as fish oil and niacin, have shown promising cardiovascular effects, jus

117 h 0.5 mg/100 kcal (0.4-0.7 mg/100 kcal)] and niacin [i.e., 0.8 mg/100 kcal (0.5-1.0 mg/100 kcal) comp

118 Niacin improves multiple lipid parameters.

119 CV outcomes were not associated with ER niacin in any baseline lipoprotein tertile.

120 formation forms the rationale for the use of niacin in combination with agents possessing complementa

121 hips were apparent for the 5 small trials of niacin in combination.

122 provide better insight as to the benefits of niacin in general, and the safety and efficacy of extend

123 The antiinflammatory effects of niacin in human coronary artery endothelial cells were m

124 over vasodilation (flushing) with respect to niacin in the mouse model.

125 This review will consider the effects of niacin in the setting of clinical trials and will critic

126 ced spreading on fibrinogen was augmented by niacin in washed human platelets, coincident with increa

127 Niacin increased adiponectin gene and protein expression

128 human coronary artery endothelial cells with niacin increased HO-1 expression by activating the nucle

129 Niacin increased serum concentrations of the anti-inflam

130 Niacin increased tetranor PGDM and 2,3-dinor-11beta-PGF(

131 Niacin increases HDL and promotes angiogenesis, which ma

132 raises high-density lipoprotein levels; and niacin increases redox potential in arterial endothelial

133 In addition, niacin induced heterologous desensitization and internal

134 d endothelial NOS pathways appear to mediate Niacin-induced angiogenesis.

135 Inhibition of NOS partially decreased Niacin-induced capillary tube formation.

136 e2 substantially and significantly decreased Niacin-induced capillary tube formation.

137 Consistent with this, niacin-induced flushing in humans is attenuated when nia

138 In mice, niacin-induced flushing results from COX-1-dependent for

139 lack of its more widespread clinical use is niacin-induced flushing.

140 ndin D2 receptor 1 antagonist that mitigates niacin-induced flushing.

141 Although niacin induces insulin resistance, deterioration of glyc

142 Niacin induces regression of CIMT and is superior to eze

143 Total FFA concentrations were lower during niacin infusion in both lean (50 +/- 4 vs. 102 +/- 7 mum

144 Oleate appearance was lower during niacin infusion than during saline infusion in both lean

145 Spillover was lower during niacin infusion than during saline infusion in lean (21

146 L-arginine, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, niacin, inhaled carbon monoxide, and endothelin receptor

147 Only niacin intake was associated with ER+/PR+ breast cancer

148 y asks if the cardioprotective properties of niacin involve the induction of HO-1.

149 s could cover the nutrient gaps for thiamin, niacin, iron, and folate (range: 22-86% of the RNI).

150 Niacin is a B-complex vitamin used as a lipid-altering d

151 Niacin is a pleiotropic drug that slows the progression

152 In the meantime, we should not forget that niacin is an effective LDL-cholesterol-lowering drug in

153 nduced flushing in humans is attenuated when niacin is combined with an antagonist of the PGD(2) rece

154 ve drug and reveal that the skin response to niacin is much more complicated than previously thought.

155 ickness when combined with a statin and that niacin is superior to ezetimibe.

156 y, if a tna1 tnr1 tnr2 mutant is starved for niacin, it exhibits an extended lag phase, suggesting a

157 Whether niacin itself is used routinely in the future will depen

158 Niacin, known to lower cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio indepen

159 During the study, participants assigned niacin-laropiprant experienced marginally but not statis

160 ipants who were assigned to extended-release niacin-laropiprant had an LDL cholesterol level that was

161 The net effects of niacin-laropiprant on quality-adjusted life years and ho

162 ar disease, the addition of extended-release niacin-laropiprant to statin-based LDL cholesterol-lower

163 PS2-THRIVE, the addition of extended-release niacin-laropiprant to statin-based therapy reduced quali

164 Niacin-laropiprant was associated with an increased inci

165 Assignment to niacin-laropiprant, as compared with assignment to place

166 a perspective regarding the extended-release niacin/laropiprant development program, which was design

167 the safety and efficacy of extended-release niacin/laropiprant specifically.

168 characterize the transcriptional response to niacin limitation and the roles of the sirtuins Hst1, Hs

169 jority of genes transcriptionally induced by niacin limitation are regulated by Hst1, suggesting that

170 suggesting that it is the primary sensor of niacin limitation in C. glabrata.

171 is transcriptionally induced in response to niacin limitation.

172 orters in restoring NAD(+) homeostasis after niacin limitation.

173 protein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, combined niacin + low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-low

174 Niacin lowers fasting but not postprandial triglycerides

175 reformulated preparation of extended-release niacin lowers flushing compared with the extended-releas

176 Niacin lowers the LDL cholesterol level and raises the h

177 500 to 2,000 mg or minimal immediate-release niacin (</= 150 mg) as placebo at bedtime.

178 eptor, whereas the lipid-altering effects of niacin may be independent of the interaction of niacin w

179 09b, the high and low affinity receptors for niacin, may represent good targets for the development o

180 rted niacin receptor, GPR109A, indicate that niacin-mediated fatty acid-lowering and flushing are dep

181 In this study, we investigated whether the Niacin-mediated increase of HDL regulates angiogenesis a

182 ys, but only the MEK inhibitor UO126 reduced niacin-mediated inhibition of macrophage chemotaxis, whi

183 taneous adipose tissue during insulin versus niacin-medicated suppression of lipolysis.

184 My PhD research involved tryptophan and niacin metabolism in the chick, and upon arrival at Rutg

185 Low excretion of niacin metabolites was confirmed in 10 of 11 new clinic

186 Excretion of niacin metabolites was low in 29.4% of the women and 6.0

187 The niacin model was moderately different from the statin mo

188 The only niacin monotherapy trial (n = 3,908) had a 1:1 relations

189 Among nine controlled clinical trials using niacin, mostly combined with other drugs, statistically

190 Niacin (n = 154) resulted in significant reduction (regr

191 (n = 100,827), 7 fibrate (n = 21,647), and 6 niacin (n = 4,445) trials, and 1 trial each of a bile ac

192 n (E/S) coadministered with extended-release niacin (N) in patients with type IIa or IIb hyperlipidem

193 flushing compared with the extended-release niacin (Niaspan, Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois,

194 To determine the effects of niacin on adiponectin and markers of adipose tissue infl

195 Effect of Ezetimibe Versus Extended-Release Niacin on Atherosclerosis; NCT00397657).

196 cholesterol with the magnitude of effect of niacin on CVD events.

197 Actions of niacin on diacylglycerolacyl transferase 2, ATP synthase

198 of the physiological mechanisms of action of niacin on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.

199 ovided physiological mechanisms of action of niacin on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.

200 sociated with the magnitude of the effect of niacin on outcomes.

201 erobic exercise and 6 wk of extended-release niacin on postprandial triglycerides in men with the met

202 also emerged on lipid-independent actions of niacin on vascular endothelial oxidative and inflammator

203 d to TNF-alpha in the presence or absence of niacin or beta-HB, followed by analysis of IL-6 and Ccl2

204 ating clinical outcomes with the addition of niacin or ezetimibe to statin treatment.

205 However, endpoint trials of adding either niacin or fenofibrate to statins have not shown any bene

206 Despite improvements in lipids, niacin or fenofibrate treatment for 24 weeks did not imp

207 te diets, or vitamin B3 derivatives, such as niacin or nicotinamide, may reduce dietary phosphate abs

208 ntly linking two bioactive molecules, either niacin or salicylic acid, to an omega-3 fatty acid.

209 fied interim analysis showing superiority of niacin over ezetimibe on change in carotid intima-media

210 , 0.89-0.99) vs 0.91 (95% CI, 0.90-0.92) for niacin (P = .24); 0.88 (95% CI, 0.83-0.92) vs 0.94 (95%

211 e range) change was +0.6% (-1.6 to 2.3) with niacin (P = .28) and +0.5% (-1.0 to 3.0) with fenofibrat

212 , however, with even better understanding of niacin pharmacology, new drugs may be able to be enginee

213 by 1.5-13% for copper, manganese, magnesium, niacin, phosphorus, potassium, folic acid, riboflavin, a

214 iously, small randomized, clinical trials of niacin plus statins showed that modest regression of car

215 develop more effective and better tolerated niacin preparations.

216 In summary, during meal absorption, niacin produces additional suppression of lipolysis and

217 Infusion of intravenous niacin provides a model for acutely improving dietary fa

218 The working theory is that niacin provokes Langerhans cells to produce prostaglandi

219 d Dietary Allowances of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and vitamin B-12.

220 lic acids were discovered as full and potent niacin receptor (GPR109A) agonists.

221 ere rationally designed as the high affinity niacin receptor G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A

222 Recent studies in mice lacking niacin receptor GPR109A and human clinical trials with G

223 Recent developments suggest that the niacin receptor GPR109A is involved in flushing, but it

224 elective full agonists for the high affinity niacin receptor GPR109A.

225 The niacin receptor HCA2 is implicated in controlling inflam

226 s were conducted concurrently in HCA2 (-/-) (niacin receptor(-/-)) mice.

227 Studies of the purported niacin receptor, GPR109A, indicate that niacin-mediated

228 ed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in a niacin receptor-dependent manner.

229 Also, lipid-lowering drugs fenofibrate and niacin reduced liver KC content, accompanied by reduced

230 d from available clinical data supports that niacin reduces CVD events and, further, that this may oc

231 cology, and superior therapeutic window over niacin regarding the FFA reduction versus vasodilation i

232 Furthermore, niacin rescued mice from septic shock by diminishing inf

233 To review the recent progress in niacin research that is made in two major areas: new pre

234 subtilis gene yrxA, a previously identified niacin-responsive repressor of NAD de novo synthesis.

235 Flushing, an adverse effect of niacin, results from GPR109A-mediated production of pros

236 Better understanding of niacin's actions on multiple tissues and targets may be

237 ound nicotinic acid receptor (HM74) explains niacin's acute inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis, but th

238 Recent studies have provided clues to niacin's broad lipid-altering efficacy, but more work is

239 triglyceride lipolysis as the mechanism for niacin's effect on serum lipids.

240 ronary heart disease outcome studies support niacin's efficacy in reducing coronary heart disease eve

241 enuates flushing from Niaspan.Recent data on niacin's mechanism of action indicate that it directly i

242 This review describes niacin's mechanism of action, efficacy in cardiovascular

243 receptor has promoted a greater insight into niacin's mechanism of action, with demonstrated benefici

244 s: new preparations to decrease flushing and niacin's mechanism of action.

245 the NiaR regulon in some species extends to niacin salvage (the pncAB genes) and includes uncharacte

246 Niacin showed a selected additive effect on chemoattract

247 l) and lowest HDL-C (<33 mg/dl) tertiles, ER niacin showed a trend toward benefit (hazard ratio: 0.74

248 Niacin significantly inhibited macrophage chemotaxis in

249 lth Outcomes) trial, which compared combined niacin/simvastatin with simvastatin alone, failed to dem

250 stingly, the changes in HDL(3) proteome with niacin/statin treatment resulted in a protein compositio

251 In children, niacin status was positively correlated with the househo

252 Niacin supplementation during gestation prevented the ma

253 Vascular inflammation was decreased in the niacin-supplemented animals compared with control.

254 to ezetimibe (10 mg/day) or extended-release niacin (target dose, 2,000 mg/day).

255 andomly assigned to receive extended-release niacin (target dose, 2000 mg per day) or ezetimibe (10 m

256 c acid secretion, which is the basis for the niacin test that clinically distinguishes M. bovis from

257 able to be engineered to capture aspects of niacin that capitalize on the benefits more specifically

258 significant association was observed between niacin therapy and stroke incidence (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0

259 Combined statin and niacin therapy partially reverses the changes in the pro

260 Niacin therapy significantly reduced LDL cholesterol and

261 demonstrated no clinical benefit from use of niacin therapy when added to background statin therapy w

262 hat increases HDL levels-combined statin and niacin therapy-might reverse these changes.

263 elevance as a constraint on platelets during niacin therapy.

264 Niacin, through inhibiting hepatocyte surface expression

265 ntagonist, has been used in combination with niacin to abolish the prostaglandin D2-(PGD2)-induced fl

266 The use of niacin to improve plasma lipid levels and reduce risk of

267 arotid artery HO-1 attenuated the ability of niacin to inhibit vascular inflammation.

268 The failure of niacin to reduce cardiovascular events in two recent pla

269 ng euglycemic hyperinsulinemia or after oral niacin to suppress FFA compared with 11 saline control e

270 The clinical use of niacin to treat dyslipidemic conditions is limited by no

271 rized membrane proteins possibly involved in niacin transport.

272 However, niacin treatment attenuated HFD-induced increases in adi

273 Niacin treatment attenuates obesity-induced adipose tiss

274 significant difference between ezetimibe and niacin treatment groups on mean changes in CIMT, favorin

275 Niacin treatment reduces cardiovascular events and the p

276 y sought to examine the relationship between niacin treatment, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular (CV)

277 on the control or high fat diets, vehicle or niacin treatments were initiated and maintained for 5 we

278 Niacin upregulated Ang1 expression in cultured brain end

279 The involvement in niacin uptake proposed for one of these proteins (re-nam

280 Declining ezetimibe and niacin use but not fibrate therapy among Medicare benefi

281 questrants did not change significantly, and niacin use increased from 1.5% to 2.4% and then declined

282 Niacin use was associated with a significant reduction i

283 an, pointing to possible NaiP involvement in niacin utilization in these organisms.

284 found to mediate the antilipolytic effect of niacin via inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in adipocytes.

285 predicted to be auxotrophic for the vitamins niacin (vitamin B3) and thiamin (vitamin B1), whereas st

286 As case study, the determination of niacin (vitamin B3) in coffee brewed samples was selecte

287 ere predicted to be auxotrophic for vitamins niacin (vitamin B3), thiamin (vitamin B1), or folate (vi

288 of dietary intakes of cysteine, methionine, niacin, vitamin B-12, and choline on health effects of a

289 Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 are requir

290 between incident PMS and dietary intakes of niacin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 were obser

291 with quintile 1), cumulative total intake of niacin was significantly associated with 3.92 more digit

292 weak effect on serum lipids as compared with niacin, we conclude that the beneficial effects of niaci

293 tryptophan or with less than 20 mg of daily niacin, which consists of nicotinic acid and/or nicotina

294 GPR109A is also a receptor for niacin, which is also produced by gut microbiota and sup

295 FFA storage in adipose tissue compared with niacin, which suppresses lipolysis via a different pathw

296 e were randomized to 2 g of extended-release niacin with 40 mg of laropiprant daily versus matching p

297 Extended-release niacin with laropiprant did not significantly reduce the

298 cin may be independent of the interaction of niacin with the receptor.

299 rticipants' ability to take extended-release niacin without clinically significant adverse effects, w

300 indings and recent literature regarding B12, niacin, zinc, vitamin A, kwashiorkor, biotin and seleniu