ライフサイエンスコーパス: nuclear gene

1 an be excised by Cre or Int expressed from a nuclear gene.

2 lastid-targeted Cre protein expressed from a nuclear gene.

3 iseases by modification of the corresponding nuclear gene.

4 etely) dominant trait conferred by a single, nuclear gene.

5 ted under neutrality from comparisons with a nuclear gene.

6 ze of mtDNA genes is much lower than that of nuclear genes.

7 earrangement and deletion/disruption of five nuclear genes.

8 :1 induced the expression of similar sets of nuclear genes.

9 and genetic variants in any of the analysed nuclear genes.

10 al response involving 268 almost exclusively nuclear genes.

11 n activation/repression of a large number of nuclear genes.

12 lastid envelope membranes and are encoded by nuclear genes.

13 e to translate polycistronically transcribed nuclear genes.

14 of the organelle controls the expression of nuclear genes.

15 from neutrality in mitochondrial but not in nuclear genes.

16 well as the induction of development-related nuclear genes.

17 uence and appears to affect transcription of nuclear genes.

18 of chromatophore genes and most EGT-derived nuclear genes.

19 dely used to knock down expression levels of nuclear genes.

20 t controls the expression of several hundred nuclear genes.

21 l demography of J. blancoi populations using nuclear genes.

22 t any trace of introgression in the analysed nuclear genes.

23 ts of the restricted genomes, is directed by nuclear genes.

24 of the interaction between the cytoplasm and nuclear genes.

25 is composed of three subunits encoded by two nuclear genes: (1) POLG codes for the 140-kilodalton (kD

26 ge by assembling a multilocus data set of 77 nuclear genes (12,149 unambiguously aligned amino acid p

27 protein-coding genes (COI, ND2 and CytB) and nuclear genes (5.8S, ITS2 and 28S) for 516 specimens col

28 Eight nuclear genes (8 kb) were initially sequenced for 86 put

29 on by altering the expression of a subset of nuclear genes, a process known as retrograde signaling (

30 diverse, with mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear genes able to cause defects in mitochondrial gen

31 ributed in part to variation in a duplicated nuclear gene (ACC2) that targets homomeric acetyl-coenzy

32 )-initiated plastid-to-nucleus signaling and nuclear gene activation after mutagenizing a flu line ex

33 tory chain deficiency addressing the role of nuclear genes affecting mitochondrial protein synthesis

34 Many mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and after translation in the cytoplasm are

35 e plastid regulate photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes and are essential to successful chloroplas

36 g coordinate expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes and cofactor biosynthesis.

37 riptional regulator of mitochondrion-related nuclear genes and genes encoding subunits of complexes I

38 egregate earlier during speciation than most nuclear genes and hence detect earlier stages of speciat

39 ibosomal proteins (MRPs) that are encoded by nuclear genes and imported into the matrix.

40 Using phylogenetic analyses of nuclear genes and leaf transcriptomes, we show that fund

41 le, we propose that a more equitable view of nuclear genes and organelle genomes will lead to a bette

42 oteins factors, some of which are encoded by nuclear genes and others by reading frames residing in s

43 Sequence data of three nuclear genes and three plastid DNA fragments from 109 a

44 me required to remove the plastid marker and nuclear genes and to obtain seed takes 10-16 months, dep

45 l molecular data, separate mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and individual loci, and they are robust

46 morphism are also examined in both mtDNA and nuclear genes, and it is shown that the effective popula

47 h the same anticodon are encoded by multiple nuclear genes, and little is known about how mutations i

48 Evidence from morphology, nuclear genes, and most sites in the mitochondrial genom

49 The photocontrol of photosynthesis-related nuclear genes appears closely related to 'retrograde pla

50 ons were found to have captured fragments of nuclear genes ( approximately 840 different fragment acq

51 array data at least 51 plastid genes and 121 nuclear genes are expressed at least two-fold higher in

52 r signaling pathways leading to induction of nuclear genes are not known.

53 st biogenesis have revealed that hundreds of nuclear genes are regulated by retrograde signals emitte

54 and the remaining subunits, the products of nuclear genes, are imported from the cytosol.

55 All three isoforms are encoded by nuclear genes, are synthesized as larger precursors in t

56 The c-subunit is produced from three nuclear genes, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, and ATP5G3, encoding iden

57 sequences of two single-copy protein-coding nuclear genes (BDNF and RAG1) and a set of congruent tim

58 l genes is significantly reduced relative to nuclear genes because of the non-recombining nature of t

59 festans using sequences from portions of two nuclear genes (beta-tubulin and Ras) and several mitocho

60 s differ from males in transmitting not only nuclear genes but also cytoplasmic genetic elements (CGE

61 we removed the effect of any differences in nuclear genes by constructing transmitochondrial cybrids

62 cybrids have different expression levels for nuclear genes (CFH, EFEMP1, VEGFA and NFkB2).

63 ither mutations in the mtDNA or mutations in nuclear genes coding for mitochondrial proteins.

64 napus or maize (Zea mays), where duplicated nuclear genes compensate for its absence or loss of func

65 In addition to the nuclear gene contribution, the source of the mtDNA influ

66 for the design of mutant screens to identify nuclear genes controlling plastid inheritance.

67 is favored by phylogenetic analysis of large nuclear gene data sets.

68 odopsin), as well as ribosomal (28S and 18S) nuclear gene data.

69 NA deletions in muscle without an identified nuclear gene defect.

70 ed to significantly increase cytoplasmic and nuclear gene delivery.

71 We report a new nuclear gene, designated ATP25 (reading frame YMR098C on

72 ng a phylogeographic analysis of plastid and nuclear gene DNA variation.

73 Chloroplast signals regulate hundreds of nuclear genes during development and in response to stre

74 des-long standing inefficiencies in targeted nuclear gene editing broadly hinder Chlamydomonas resear

75 Notably, this nuclear gene encodes the only mitochondrial DNA ligase a

76 t contains the active site, a family of rbcS nuclear genes encodes the Rubisco small subunits, which

77 t resulted in the identification of REP27, a nuclear gene encoding a putative chloroplast-targeted pr

78 g the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and the nuclear gene encoding bindin to evaluate the possibility

79 0.70% for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and nuclear gene encoding bindin, respectively, which is sig

80 t compound heterozygous mutations within the nuclear gene encoding human mitochondrial MTF (mt-MTF) s

81 s demonstrated in yeast mutants in which the nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA formy

82 tion of Bcl-x(L) (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2-like nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript

83 We used TALEN-technology to knock out the nuclear gene encoding NDUFA9, a subunit of mitochondrial

84 s (UTRs) of F. bidentis FbRbcS1 mRNA (from a nuclear gene encoding the rubisco small subunit), in the

85 ors that regulate both chloroplast genes and nuclear genes encoding chloroplast protein, which sheds

86 Regulation of the expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins allows for m

87 to establish a comprehensive dataset of 381 nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins of Arabidops

88 her respiratory defects on the expression of nuclear genes encoding components of the respiratory com

89 n the dgd1 dgs1 double mutant, expression of nuclear genes encoding enzymes of the alternative galact

90 ors NRF1 and NRF2 regulate the expression of nuclear genes encoding heme biosynthetic enzymes, protei

91 ix selectively upregulates the expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial chaperones.

92 Our analysis shows that nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins are not co

93 and biogenesis and changes in expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins in human s

94 e master regulator of the expression of many nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins in yeast.

95 The expression of a variety of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins is known t

96 anscription factors regulates a broad set of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, including

97 that depend strictly on the transcription of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins.

98 hat IFN-gamma induces the expression of many nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial respiratory chain m

99 Arabidopsis thaliana contains nuclear genes encoding orthologs of key enzymes of bacte

100 Most metazoans have two nuclear genes encoding orthologues of the well-character

101 a role in communication between plastid and nuclear genes encoding photosynthetic proteins during ab

102 accumulation of transcripts from plastid and nuclear genes encoding plastid ribosomal proteins during

103 ignals are known to coordinate expression of nuclear genes encoding plastid-localized proteins in a p

104 tochondrial genome (mtDNA) but rather in the nuclear genes encoding proteins targeted to this organel

105 sociated with reduced neuronal expression of nuclear genes encoding subunits of the mitochondrial ele

106 significantly lower expression of 70% of the nuclear genes encoding subunits of the mitochondrial ele

107 ondrial genome and the coding exons of >1000 nuclear genes encoding the mitochondrial proteome) allow

108 es, are significantly shared by promoters of nuclear-genes encoding chloroplast proteins.

109 Most eDNA surveys use the nuclear gene-encoding small-subunit rDNA gene (18S) as a

110 leaves containing Mu and Ds insertions into nuclear gene exons encoding the critical o- and n-subuni

111 results describe a new mechanism of altered nuclear gene expression and phenotypic changes triggered

112 a signal transduction cascade that regulates nuclear gene expression and plant development.

113 ignals and their mechanisms used to regulate nuclear gene expression are unknown.

114 tic information by induction of a program of nuclear gene expression called the retrograde response.

115 rcadian clock to fine-tune the regulation of nuclear gene expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thal

116 ion of mitochondrial function causes altered nuclear gene expression in plants.

117 Retrograde signaling mediates nuclear gene expression in response to changes in the fu

118 chloroplast retrograde signal that modulates nuclear gene expression in response to stress, can inhib

119 Here we monitor mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae duri

120 ncrease in heme synthesis is able to restore nuclear gene expression in sig2 mutants only.

121 perception and the subsequent regulation of nuclear gene expression in the model plant Arabidopsis t

122 content and codon usage to the efficiency of nuclear gene expression in the unicellular green alga Ch

123 o analyse the effects of these treatments on nuclear gene expression in various Arabidopsis (Arabidop

124 Mechanisms that link neural activity to nuclear gene expression include activity-regulated facto

125 etrograde signaling in plants to ensure that nuclear gene expression is attuned to the needs of the c

126 rates a signal that is relayed to changes in nuclear gene expression is not well understood.

127 cell fate decisions, but how they influence nuclear gene expression is understood poorly.

128 mbalance also correlates to modifications of nuclear gene expression patterns, which in turn leads to

129 roplast and generates massive changes in the nuclear gene expression required for the transition to p

130 flu mutant of Arabidopsis, reprogramming of nuclear gene expression reveals a rapid transfer of sign

131 loss of mitochondrial function by changes in nuclear gene expression that resemble changes observed i

132 Changes in nuclear gene expression were determined by quantitative

133 -to-nucleus retrograde signaling coordinates nuclear gene expression with chloroplast function and is

134 cium entry across the cell surface activates nuclear gene expression, a process critically important

135 regulation of cytosolic cascades, control of nuclear gene expression, and localized activation of ass

136 those involved in regulating cell death and nuclear gene expression, in the elaboration of CMS.

137 timulation at the cell surface to changes in nuclear gene expression, is conserved throughout eukaryo

138 ne the effects of plastid gene expression on nuclear gene expression, we analyzed Arabidopsis mutants

139 Because cyclophilins can regulate nuclear gene expression, we examined whether Cyp-D could

140 TFAM also plays a role in the regulation of nuclear gene expression.

141 of the chloroplast has a dramatic impact on nuclear gene expression.

142 hetic carbon metabolism but also plastid and nuclear gene expression.

143 portant roles in cell survival by regulating nuclear gene expression.

144 opmental changes include altered patterns of nuclear gene expression.

145 ectly from chloroplasts to nuclei to control nuclear gene expression.

146 anslocation and their role in the control of nuclear gene expression.

147 o have both positive and negative effects on nuclear gene expression.

148 nism has been well characterized in terms of nuclear gene expression.

149 ulting ultimately in Gli-mediated changes in nuclear gene expression.

150 ription and retrograde signalling to control nuclear gene expression.

151 t mitochondrial signals to effect changes in nuclear gene expression; these changes lead to a reconfi

152 To date, all of these etiologic nuclear genes fall into one of two categories: genes who

153 and eight small subunits (RbcS) encoded by a nuclear gene family.

154 Mutation of the nuclear gene for the catalytic subunit of pol gamma (POL

155 deficient lines harbouring mutations in the nuclear gene for the factor TAA1 that is required for ps

156 , arises predominantly from mutations in the nuclear gene for the mitochondrial GTPase, OPA1.

157 erate features are offset by the presence of nuclear genes for alternative respiratory pathways.

158 Transcriptomic analysis indicated that nuclear genes for chloroplast proteins are down-regulate

159 plast-derived signals modulate expression of nuclear genes for chloroplast proteins.

160 ondrial DNA (mtDNA) is entirely dependent on nuclear genes for its transcription and replication.

161 In an exploration of nuclear genes for mtDNA maintenance linked to mitochondr

162 1 mutation suppresses the down-regulation of nuclear genes for photosynthesis induced by the prors1-1

163 cted phylogenetic trees from 14 kilobases of nuclear genes for representatives from most major primat

164 ion, at least in part, via the expression of nuclear genes for the plastid transcription machinery.

165 hylogeny of Vespidae based on data from four nuclear gene fragments (18S and 28S ribosomal DNA, abdom

166 A total of 3,803 bp, consisting of eight nuclear gene fragments (transcription factor [AbaA], cat

167 ked to a variety of molecular defects in the nuclear gene FRDA.

168 the expression of 80 metabolically relevant nuclear genes from laser-capture microdissected non-tang

169 The nuclear genes from newly generated transcriptomes reveal

170 chain, we show that when in combination with nuclear genes from the alloxan-resistant (ALR) strain, m

171 families were sampled for 19 protein-coding nuclear genes, from which maximum likelihood tree estima

172 ntrast, light regulation of PhANGs and other nuclear gene groups appears to be fully functional in th

173 act of chloroplast redox signals on distinct nuclear gene groups including genes for the mitochondria

174 ponse that involves changes in expression of nuclear genes implicated in chloroplast biogenesis, prot

175 tic perturbation of the MutS Homolog1 (MSH1) nuclear gene in five plant species, that MSH1 functions

176 ar phenotypes associated with mutations in a nuclear gene in maize (Zea mays), white2 (w2), encoding

177 n plant species and in promoter sequences of nuclear genes in Arabidopsis and rice.

178 genome evolution, with 18% (or 4,500) of all nuclear genes in Arabidopsis thaliana having a cyanobact

179 , and the expression of inflammation-related nuclear genes in both parental and rho(0) SAE cells in r

180 recent analyses have turned up a handful of nuclear genes in chromalveolates that are of green algal

181 ptional activation of mitochondrion-targeted nuclear genes in concert with reduced signaling via pero

182 Cells modulate expression of nuclear genes in response to alterations in mitochondria

183 e (approximately 35-40 times higher than the nuclear genes) in the mitochondria of Nasonia.

184 This defect in regulating nuclear gene induction in response to a defect in a mito

185 relative mutation rates of mitochondrial and nuclear genes influence mitochondrial-to-nuclear gene tr

186 ld underlie mtDNA introgression, and whether nuclear genes interacting with mitochondria ("mitonuc" g

187 One nuclear gene involved in this process is Msh1.

188 lpha (ERRalpha) directs the transcription of nuclear genes involved in energy homeostasis control and

189 Mutations in nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) main

190 Mutations in several mitochondrial DNA and nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial protein synthesi

191 owed a combined approach of sequencing known nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial protein synthesi

192 Three nuclear genes involved in plant mitochondrial recombinat

193 revealed differential regulation of numerous nuclear genes involved in stress responses together with

194 mal copper levels regulate expression of the nuclear genes IRON SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1 and COPPER/ZINC

195 unable to express ARG8(m) when this normally nuclear gene is substituted for ATP6 or ATP8 in mitochon

196 express a recoded ARG8(m) when this normally nuclear gene is substituted for ATP8 in mitochondrial DN

197 orrelation between polymorphism in mtDNA and nuclear genes is found across populations, which suggest

198 pe that can be suppressed or counteracted by nuclear genes known as restorer-of-fertility genes.

199 terility is caused by a dominant allele in a nuclear gene, mean-field calculations greatly underestim

200 l-dominant or recessive mutations in several nuclear genes, most of which play a role in mtDNA replic

201 One nuclear gene, MSH1, appears to participate in suppressin

202 tification and characterization of the yeast nuclear gene MTO2 encoding an evolutionarily conserved p

203 g enhances the ability to identify potential nuclear gene mutations in patients with biochemically de

204 Recently identified nuclear gene mutations of mitochondrial proteins include

205 view focuses on our current understanding of nuclear gene mutations that produce mtDNA alterations an

206 Our discovery of a bilin-dependent nuclear gene network implicates a widespread use of bili

207 functional ACC2, tolerant alleles of several nuclear genes, not yet identified, enhance the growth of

208 the second scenario, we demonstrated that a nuclear gene of oxygenic photosynthesis, psbO, is expres

209 Under this view, nuclear genes of either eukaryotic or bacterial (noncyan

210 ve significantly altered expression of eight nuclear genes of the alternative complement, inflammatio

211 ts, we examined the effect of a single plant nuclear gene on the expression and transmission of pheno

212 e time estimates with studies using a single nuclear gene or whole mitochondrial genomes, we find tha

213 e original endosymbiont have been usurped by nuclear genes or interactions, conserved functional elem

214 s that there are no non-random influences of nuclear genes or other factors.

215 be controlled by variation in (1) mtDNA, (2) nuclear genes, or (3) nuclear-mtDNA interactions.

216 We reveal that the essential nuclear gene, P. falciparum histone deacetylase 2 (PfHda

217 g1 and rpoC2/sig2, but not for other plastid/nuclear gene pairs, and identified the correlation of dN

218 inence even greater than glimpsed during the nuclear gene PCR era.

219 e present evidence that the maize (Zea mays) nuclear gene Pentatricopeptide repeat 2263 (PPR2263) enc

220 confirmed by our analysis of the single-copy nuclear gene PGK.

221 f some but not all photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) and change the fluence rate respo

222 ased expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) when chloroplast development has

223 LEA) proteins, and photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs).

224 The nuclear gene PIFI (At3g15840) containing the T-DNA inser

225 polymerase-gamma (pol-gamma), encoded by the nuclear gene POLG.

226 cular level because of the massive number of nuclear genes potentially involved in intramitochondrial

227 amily, we characterized the maize (Zea mays) nuclear gene ppr4, which encodes a chloroplast-targeted

228 lates expression of plastid redox associated nuclear genes (PRANGs).

229 MutS HOMOLOG1 (MSH1) is a plant-specific nuclear gene product that functions in both mitochondria

230 The 2,000-3,000 nuclear gene products that localize to plastids are requ

231 subunits and a different subset of the eight nuclear gene products that make up this respiratory comp

232 nge activity controlled to a large extent by nuclear gene products.

233 DNAs but more than expected (7%) lie within nuclear gene protein-coding regions.

234 Using a low-copy nuclear gene region (LEAFY second intron) we show multip

235 We sequenced four nuclear gene regions and performed a phylogenetic analys

236 FINDINGS: We use three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene regions to estimate the phylogenetic relati

237 The nuclear gene regulatory elements that enabled the erstwh

238 lular bioenergetics and expression levels of nuclear genes related to complement, inflammation and ap

239 e frequency, whereas silencing expression of nuclear genes related to plastid genome expression and t

240 We identified a nuclear gene required specifically for the accumulation

241 rbation of plastid homeostasis and represses nuclear genes required for normal chloroplast developmen

242 rders have been associated with mutations of nuclear genes responsible for mitochondrial DNA maintena

243 tochondrial mRNAs or alter the expression of nuclear genes responsible for mitochondrial transcriptio

244 nalyses using 59 carefully selected low-copy nuclear genes resulted in highly supported relationships

245 owever, phylogenetic analyses of 20 unlinked nuclear genes reveal a genome-wide signal that unequivoc

246 myces cerevisiae selected strains deleted in nuclear genes revealed that cells lacking the Mlp1/2 nuc

247 Nuclear gene(s) have been shown to modulate the phenotyp

248 ns, but similar levels of microsatellite and nuclear gene sequence variation.

249 Amazon rainforest was inferred from several nuclear genes, sequenced from a single leg.

250 ore than 1,100 mitochondrial, apicoplast and nuclear gene sequences from chimpanzees and gorillas rev

251 Our analyses, which use multiple nuclear gene sequences in conjunction with 36 fossil age

252 phylogeny inferred for 65 species from three nuclear gene sequences.

253 e two treatments inhibited largely different nuclear gene sets, suggesting that they affected differe

254 Bioinformatic analysis of 3,576 Cyanophora nuclear genes shows that 10.8% of these with significant

255 h plastid (rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, and rpoC2) and nuclear genes (sig1-6).

256 pressed short interfering RNAs, which direct nuclear gene silencing in germ cells.

257 tructurally unique intron-poor collection of nuclear genes skewed toward nucleic acid metabolism.

258 transcriptional cofactor that activates many nuclear genes specifying mitochondrial respiratory funct

259 sults reveal significant variability in both nuclear genes, suggesting that the commonality of yellow

260 ed time-calibrated phylogeny inferred from a nuclear gene supermatrix that includes 520 acanthomorph

261 In plants, nuclear genes suppress mitochondrial DNA rearrangements

262 ine, TAG-FN, was caused by disruption of the nuclear gene (SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION1 [SVR1]) for a c

263 A number of nuclear gene targets including those involved in Ca2+ st

264 A class of nuclear genes termed "restorers of fertility" (Rf) acts

265 We suggest that nuclear gene testing may enable a more rapid diagnosis a

266 Such gene flow is much stronger in nuclear genes than in maternally inherited mitochondrial

267 ntrolled manner owing to deletion of Sod2, a nuclear gene that encodes the mitochondrial antioxidant

268 suppresses recessive deafness DFNB26, and a nuclear gene that modulates the severity of hearing loss

269 tolerance is mediated by ACC2, a duplicated nuclear gene that targets homomeric acetyl-coenzyme A ca

270 n the large number of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes that are involved.

271 t of 29 slowly evolving mitochondria-derived nuclear genes that are less biased than mitochondria-enc

272 als accounted for at least one subset of the nuclear genes that are regulated by the plastid biogenes

273 and all three associate with NRF-2-dependent nuclear genes that direct the expression of the mitochon

274 used by mutations of mitochondrial DNA or of nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins.

275 the identification of numerous mutations of nuclear genes that impair mtDNA maintenance and expressi

276 e concerted regulation of distinct groups of nuclear genes that may avert harm from mitochondrial mal

277 The molecular cloning of nuclear genes that restore fertility (i.e. restorer-of-f

278 jointly encoded by mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear genes, the mitochondrial genetics of aging shoul

279 This review discusses a few newly discovered nuclear genes, their function with respect to the phot-,

280 Mutations in the nuclear gene, TK2, cause TK2 deficiency, which manifests

281 y loop that couples cytoskeletal dynamics to nuclear gene transcription during brain development.

282 Nuclear gene transcription is coordinated with transcrip

283 ll-known epigenetic mechanism that regulates nuclear gene transcription.

284 and nuclear genes influence mitochondrial-to-nuclear gene transfer.

285 This report shows that plant-plant lateral nuclear gene transfers can be a potent source of genetic

286 Most CI subunits are encoded by nuclear genes, translated in the cytoplasm, and imported

287 abase comprises partial sequences from three nuclear genes: translation elongation factor 1alpha (EF-

288 of expression of targeted stress-responsive nuclear genes via modulation of the levels of MEcPP, a s

289 e known to repress photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes via retrograde signals from the disturbed

290 f cell loss, the damage to mitochondrial and nuclear genes was assessed using the quantitative PCR.

291 ression of five of six mitochondrion-related nuclear genes was down-regulated.

292 relationship in mitochondrial and individual nuclear genes, we conclude that host and parasite occupy

293 At least 229 nuclear genes were acquired via HGT from various bacteri

294 Six nuclear genes were sequenced to estimate the patterns an

295 Eighteen nuclear genes were sequenced to estimate the two species

296 in the mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes or in nuclear genes whose products are imported into the mitoc

297 ations in mitochondrial DNA and mutations in nuclear genes, whose protein products are involved in mi

298 mtDNA accumulated more lesions than did two nuclear genes, with total damage of the mt genome estima

299 re is also significant introgression for two nuclear genes, yellow and salr.

300 s accumulate substitutions more quickly than nuclear genes, yet the impact of selection on mitochondr