ライフサイエンスコーパス: obstetric

1 de a summary of recent guidance on sepsis in obstetrics.

2 ess a rounder inlet, which is beneficial for obstetrics.

3 Women with CHD had more obstetric (58.9% versus 32.9%, P<0.0001) and offspring e

4 birth before 34 weeks and 0 days gestation (obstetric), a composite of death, brain injury, or bronc

5 tal admissions; although notably many of the obstetric admissions were referred to a nearby Medecins

6 parental postnatal smoking, psychosocial and obstetric adversity, maternal prenatal stress, and lifet

7 Remifentanil has a place in obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia.

8 wledge to date of the use of remifentanil in obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia.

9 aesarean section in the radiology suite with obstetric, anaesthetic and neonatal teams in attendance.

10 This review describes the radiological, obstetric and anaesthetic interventions which are often

11 inal flora associated with a wide variety of obstetric and gynecologic complications including seriou

12 Public health and obstetric and maternity care interventions are needed to

13 Advancements in obstetric and neonatal care may have attenuated the nega

14 The SDA is a training tool in emergency obstetric and neonatal care that uses visual guidance in

15 lth-care facility that can provide emergency obstetric and neonatal care.

16 Secondary outcomes included obstetric and neonatal health outcomes, assessed with al

17 toring (CGM) on maternal glucose control and obstetric and neonatal health outcomes.

18 ancy will substantially reduce the burden of obstetric and neonatal morbidity in this population.

19 y associated with increasing risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcome.

20 pregnancy requires close collaboration with obstetric and neonatology colleagues as both the materna

21 and contribute to the increased incidence of obstetric and offspring events.

22 Impaired UDF was associated with adverse obstetric and offspring outcome.

23 he study was conducted in a public system of obstetric and pediatric care in Memphis, Tennessee.

24 ion with tetanus toxoid vaccine, and aseptic obstetric and postnatal umbilical-cord care practices, m

25 atric admissions, maternal prenatal smoking, obstetric and social risk factors, and cause-specific in

26 adult patients and relatives who visited the Obstetrics and Gynaecology and General Surgery Clinics o

27 scrub nurses were randomly selected from the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of a teaching hosp

28 of females, particularly those in outpatient obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) settings.

29 or survival benefit, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology has recommendations for referr

30 03 patients with International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology stage III (n = 172) or IV (n =

31 Obstetrics and gynecology training programs can be ranke

32 armacy, telephone calls to the department of obstetrics and gynecology, and prenatal visits with phys

33 (ophthalmology, otalaryngology, dermatology, obstetrics and gynecology, and surgery).

34 , endocrinology, nephrology, psychiatry, and obstetrics and gynecology, but also from recognized expe

35 control group, born at the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw,

36 geons across multiple specialties, including obstetrics and gynecology, otolaryngology, and orthopedi

37 y PR peer review databases were searched for obstetrics and gynecology-related keywords.

38 Despite advances in obstetrics and neonatology, the rate of premature delive

39 logic outcomes of women participating in the Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy (OPT) Study.

40 A recent clinical trial (Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy [OPT] Study) demonstr

41 Maternal, obstetric, and neonatal factors were obtained from hospi

42 ase (CHD) are susceptible to cardiovascular, obstetric, and offspring complications.

43 ventions were performed in dedicated trauma, obstetric, and reconstructive centers for 2 years.

44 es in the management of sickle cell disease, obstetrics, and neonatal medicine, pregnancies complicat

45 Simulation in obstetric anesthesia can be divided into four broad uses

46 Within the field of obstetric anesthesia, relatively few studies have evalua

47 ical and cognitive) and teamwork training in obstetric anesthesia.

48 In many labor and delivery units, the obstetric anesthesiologist is often responsible for mana

49 low-molecular weight heparin [LDA+LMWH]) for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) does not preve

50 with prior pregnancy loss and either purely obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) or inherited t

51 nonthrombotic mechanisms, women with purely obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome are at risk for thro

52 of pregnancy complications: a mouse model of obstetrics antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and a mouse m

53 nancy complications, are urgently needed for obstetric APS and should be evaluated according to the t

54 Advances in the pathogenesis of obstetric APS have occurred, such as the concept of rede

55 ated in monocytes treated with thrombotic or obstetric APS IgG, compared with healthy control (HC) Ig

56 pregnancy outcomes in women with refractory obstetric APS when taken at the onset of PE or IUGR unti

57 ook at five mortality prediction scores (one obstetric-based and four general) in the septic obstetri

58 been shown in its role in the management of obstetric brachial plexus palsy, with investigation with

59 olid or hematologic malignancies, trauma, or obstetric calamities.

60 asked except pain management; this included obstetric care (23.7% vs 7.7%; difference, 16.0% [95% CI

61 eam used TDABC to map clinical processes for obstetric care (vaginal and caesarean deliveries, from t

62 a cohort of pregnant females presenting for obstetric care and secondarily to ensure that there was

63 explain delays in women accessing emergency obstetric care as the result of: 1) decision-making, 2)

64 ers to the receipt of timely and appropriate obstetric care at the facility level were identified and

65 Further work investigating why value for obstetric care attributes might vary by psychopathology

66 : We assessed whether preference weights for obstetric care attributes varied by mental health among

67 as processes of routine and basic emergency obstetric care for all facilities in the country were ob

68 ecruited nearly all pregnant women receiving obstetric care from the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care P

69 considerable inequity in access to emergency obstetric care in developing countries.

70 he poorest women and attention to quality of obstetric care in health facilities.

71 ve induction of labor in settings where most obstetric care is provided.

72 pronounced in indicators of basic emergency obstetric care procedures.

73 Obstetric care providers should be aware of lipid resusc

74 enign pruritus gravidarum, enabling targeted obstetric care to a high-risk population.

75 ical care, defined as access to trauma care, obstetric care, and care of common abdominal emergencies

76 through clinical care (reproductive health, obstetric care, and care of sick newborn babies and chil

77 to improving the consistency and quality of obstetric care.

78 rehensive for guiding quality improvement in obstetric care.

79 alnutrition, waterborne illness, and lack of obstetric care.

80 ths between 2003 and 2009 were due to direct obstetric causes and deaths due to indirect causes accou

81 Non-obstetric causes such as infectious diseases including t

82 es homozygous carriers of the [C] allele for obstetric cholestasis.

83 from Oregon Health and Science University's obstetric clinic (<22 wk gestation), and at least one fa

84 Participants were recruited from obstetric clinics in Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco

85 al of 146 septic patients were found for the obstetric cohort and 299 patients for the nonobstetric c

86 s of 0.67, 0.68, 0.72, 0.79, and 0.84 in the obstetric cohort, respectively, and 0.64, 0.72, 0.61, 0.

87 uch methods are of great significance to the obstetrics community because of their potential use as c

88 vered during labour and birth, including for obstetric complications (41%), followed by care of small

89 white and Hispanic ones was associated with obstetric complications (43.5% [50] vs 23.7% [85]; diffe

90 raphic characteristics, gestational age, and obstetric complications and stillbirths using logistic r

91 l hypertension and pre-eclampsia, are common obstetric complications associated with adverse health o

92 Women who survive severe obstetric complications can provide insight into risk fa

93 posed to be IHR and/or vascular factors with obstetric complications in patients with schizophrenia h

94 en with epilepsy, which assessed the risk of obstetric complications in the antenatal, intrapartum, o

95 actor in the high incidence of offspring and obstetric complications in this population.

96 rospective cohort study of women with severe obstetric complications recruited in hospitals when thei

97 Women with severe obstetric complications were significantly more likely t

98 aternal deaths (ie, those that resulted from obstetric complications), and 13.8% (9.0-20.7, I(2)=84%)

99 se(s) of death (maternal medical conditions, obstetric complications, fetal abnormalities, placental

100 es, including maternal socioeconomic status, obstetric complications, obesity, recent interpersonal v

101 and for all major ICD9-CM categories except obstetric complications, skin and musculoskeletal diseas

102 For every woman with severe obstetric complications, two unmatched control women wit

103 and unable to cope effectively with serious obstetric complications.

104 are strongly associated with thrombosis and obstetric complications.

105 Obstetrics complications and excessive bleeding during d

106 The most common causes were obstetric conditions (150 [29.3%; 95% CI, 25.4%-33.5%]),

107 Obstetric conditions and placental abnormalities were th

108 to stillbirth caused by placental abruption, obstetric conditions, or infection.

109 conjugate was at least 15 mm longer than the obstetric conjugate.

110 garding cesarean delivery should be based on obstetric considerations and not the diagnosis of IBD al

111 Seven hundred twenty-six obstetric critical care patients were included.

112 Physiology Score 3 overestimate mortality in obstetric critical care patients.

113 Access to skilled obstetric delivery and emergency care is deemed crucial

114 moking during pregnancy, labor presentation, obstetric delivery, gestational age (for preterm birth),

115 As the obstetric demographic becomes older and more obese, new

116 As the obstetric demographic becomes older and more obese, new

117 regnant or post-partum women admitted to the obstetric department.

118 mia/stress (27.7%), inflammation (6.9%), and obstetric diagnoses (6.9%).

119 luding infections, stress, inflammation, and obstetric diagnoses.

120 proposed adaptive arguments, particularly an obstetric dilemma placing constraints on neural and cran

121 that were reconfigured for bipedalism (the "obstetric dilemma"), (ii) high early postnatal brain gro

122 d three mutually nonexclusive pressures: an "obstetric dilemma," high early postnatal brain growth ra

123 nd obstructed labor, the two extremes of the obstetric dilemma.

124 iance patterns contribute to ameliorate the "obstetric dilemma." Females with a large head, who are l

125 males, resulting in significant reduction of obstetric dimensions.

126 imarily for general surgical, traumatic, and obstetric emergencies and were categorized by mechanism,

127 intrapartum stillbirths are associated with obstetric emergencies, whereas antepartum stillbirths ar

128 istula, neurosurgery, burn, general surgery, obstetric emergency procedures, anaesthesia, and unspeci

129 tococcal infection, should be regarded as an obstetric emergency.

130 e US standard birth certificate: clinical or obstetric estimate and LMP-based estimate agree within 7

131 s ("gold standard"); clinical estimate only; obstetric estimate only; and LMP-based estimate only.

132 MP) and clinical estimate) and 2003 (LMP and obstetric estimate) revisions of the US standard birth c

133 or the gold standard, clinical estimate, and obstetric estimate.

134 the gold standard estimate and clinical and obstetric estimates of gestational age suggests that usi

135 The only related obstetric event was a cesarean delivery.

136 for optimizing the management of gynecologic/obstetric events in female patients with HAE-C1-INH.

137 ublications on the management of gynecologic/obstetric events in female patients with hereditary angi

138 ntinence (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-6.5), but not obstetric events, were independent risk factors for FI.

139 in China and to explore sociodemographic and obstetric factors associated with variation in the still

140 history, whereas the confounding effects of obstetric factors were minimal.

141 h International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) high-risk stage I-IV epithelial ovaria

142 e International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage of ECs, respectively.

143 g International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage.

144 d International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for uterine cancer.

145 (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] stage I-IIa, grade 3 or clear cell his

146 (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] stage III), for which the standard of

147 phalus (0.6%), cleft lip or palate (0%), and obstetric fistula (0%).

148 AID projects were identified; all related to obstetric fistula care totalling US$438 million (2006-13

149 aedics, cardiac, paediatric, reconstructive, obstetric fistula, neurosurgery, burn, general surgery,

150 aedics, cardiac, paediatric, reconstructive, obstetric fistula, neurosurgery, urology, ENT, craniofac

151 hernias, hydroceles, breast mass, neck mass, obstetric fistula, undescended testes, hypospadias, hydr

152 nias/hydroceles, breast masses, neck masses, obstetric fistulas, undescended testes, hypospadias, hyd

153 Fowler position, widely used in surgery and obstetrics for patient placement, marks a fraction of 19

154 pregnancy outcomes for women with the purely obstetric form of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) treate

155 The incidence of thrombosis in the purely obstetric form of antiphospholipid syndrome is uncertain

156 , International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade, or adjuvant treatment.

157 cemic effects of probiotics in this specific obstetric group require additional investigation.

158 The authors evaluated whether an obstetrics-gynecology clinic-based collaborative depress

159 seeking care in the general medical care and obstetrics-gynecology clinics of an urban public hospita

160 November 2010 among postgraduate trainees in obstetrics-gynecology in 7 LMICs (Argentina, Brazil, Dem

161 Collaborative depression care adapted to obstetrics-gynecology settings had a greater impact on d

162 teen studies looked at general surgery, 6 at obstetrics-gynecology, 2 at urology, and 1 at otolaryngo

163 taking internal medicine first compared with obstetrics/gynecology (mean difference, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.

164 Family planning, obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN), or sexually transmitted

165 h-year medical students completing an 8-week obstetrics/gynecology clinical rotation, attendance at c

166 ear medical students who completed an 8-week obstetrics/gynecology rotation were included.

167 ase in debt (vs no debt), graduates choosing obstetrics/gynecology were less likely to be board certi

168 sistent recommendations varied by specialty (obstetrics/gynecology, 16.4%; internal medicine, 27.5%;

169 ernal medicine, 25.33 [95% CI, 25.07-25.60], obstetrics/gynecology, 24.68 [95% CI, 24.32-25.05], pedi

170 ernal medicine, 73.86 [95% CI, 73.33-74.39], obstetrics/gynecology, 72.36 [95% CI, 71.64-73.04], pedi

171 urgery, vascular surgery, pediatric surgery, obstetrics/gynecology, ophthalmology, and urology (n = 1

172 roup vs 2% in the intervention group), major obstetric haemorrhage (1% vs 3%), and small-for-gestatio

173 the prevention, management and treatment of obstetric haemorrhage and highlights recent advances and

174 aemorrhage is the most common cause of major obstetric haemorrhage and is usually due to uterine aton

175 rate diagnosis and appropriate management of obstetric haemorrhage can reduce maternal morbidity and

176 c or emergency radiological intervention for obstetric haemorrhage in the radiology suite.

177 uired for 1 woman in every 700 births; major obstetric haemorrhage is experienced by 1 in 172 women;

178 the last decade for the management of major obstetric haemorrhage particularly when the placenta is

179 idity have decreased during the audit, major obstetric haemorrhage, the most common cause of severe m

180 FRT) is associated with many gynecologic and obstetric health complications.

181 ver, women with stillbirths, preterm births, obstetric hemorrhage, caesarean section delivery, medica

182 In obstetric hemorrhage, consideration should be given to 1

183 dy mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m(2) or higher, obstetric hemorrhage, preterm delivery, and caesarean se

184 The conditions reported most frequently were obstetric hemorrhages (34.2%) and hypertensive disorders

185 aried substantially in terms of sample size, obstetric histories of subjects, study preterm birth rat

186 ty, race, education, marital status, income, obstetric history, and language.

187 ten groups on the basis of five parameters: obstetric history, onset of labour, fetal lie, number of

188 .90]; p=0.021), and reduced incidence of non-obstetric hospital admissions (RR, 0.59 [95% CI 0.37-0.9

189 based test in a cohort of 159 newborns at an obstetric hospital in Cabinda, Angola.

190 is not yet legalized in Japan, at least 153 obstetrics hospitals and 3320 clinics have closed.

191 Bowel disturbances rather than prior obstetric injury are the main risk factors for FI.

192 However, the contribution of obstetric injury to the development of FI later in life

193 nd 31 March 2013 to examine whether rates of obstetric intervention and outcome change "out-of-hours,

194 x, placenta, and amniotic fluid; and guiding obstetric interventional procedures.

195 cation are essential between anesthesiology, obstetric, interventional radiology, gynecologic oncolog

196 Use of obstetric interventions (induction, prelabour caesarean

197 dy limitation was lack of data on effects of obstetric interventions and neonatal resuscitation effor

198 ctions has been reported in women undergoing obstetric interventions.

199 The management of severe sepsis in obstetrics is multidisciplinary.

200 A challenge in obstetrics is to distinguish pathological symptoms from

201 during pregnancy and the postpartum period; obstetric, labor, delivery, and pediatric medical record

202 f general surgery procedures, and 43% of non-obstetric laparotomies at three separate hospitals.

203 To exam the biochemical, obstetric management and pregnancy outcome in women with

204 The medical and obstetric management of obese women is focused on identi

205 suspected and confirmed EVD to better inform obstetric management.

206 a-blocker, local anesthetic, antiemetic, and obstetric medications.

207 Obstetric mode of delivery defined as unassisted vaginal

208 us thromboembolism, arterial thrombosis, and obstetric morbidities in the setting of persistently pos

209 With sepsis remaining a major cause of obstetric mortality, we aimed to look at five mortality

210 hospital contribute to high levels of direct obstetric mortality.

211 men or babies were available for analysis of obstetric, neonatal, and childhood outcomes, respectivel

212 one had no significant effect on the primary obstetric outcome (odds ratio adjusted for multiple comp

213 This poor obstetric outcome is prevented by antibiotic treatment.

214 With low-dose UDCA treatment the obstetric outcome was good.

215 scores while having little adverse effect on obstetric outcome.

216 Previous studies on its safety focused on obstetric outcomes and offspring malformations.

217 Birth weight and prematurity are important obstetric outcomes linked to lifelong health.

218 ume expansion has been implicated in adverse obstetric outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, fetal growth r

219 ariable analysis of risk factors for adverse obstetric outcomes was performed for 19926 women undergo

220 rates, recurrence rates after resection, and obstetric outcomes were analyzed.

221 perinatal period is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, but evidence is limited on its assoc

222 iron homeostasis and inflammation in adverse obstetric outcomes, especially in obese women.

223 Selected obstetric parameters were collected.

224 est, but its therapeutic application for the obstetric patient requires definition at present.

225 ecome such a valuable diagnostic tool in the obstetric patient.

226 a significant improvement in pain scores for obstetric patients receiving a transversus abdominis pla

227 Because Medicare DRGs are unsuitable for obstetrics, pediatrics, and neonatology, some payers pre

228 Our previous studies reported on the obstetric, periodontal, and microbiologic outcomes of wo

229 In a multicenter obstetric population (n = 797), these included all pregn

230 tetric-based and four general) in the septic obstetric population and compare them to a nonobstetric

231 sed in this and early warning scores for the obstetric population.

232 hown that they over-predict mortality in the obstetric population.

233 imed to analyse the contribution of specific obstetric populations to changes in caesarean section ra

234 c Score, designed specifically for sepsis in obstetric populations, was not better than general sever

235 and do not necessarily reflect contemporary obstetric populations.

236 Risk factors identified are relevant to obstetric practice given their cumulative risk effect an

237 goals of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign into obstetric practice is important to improve outcomes.

238 he clinical utility of full customization in obstetric practice requires further testing.

239 inatal epidemiology and has implications for obstetric practice, but it must be handled with caution.

240 Yet, in most obstetric practice, the cord is clamped soon after birth

241 ailability and increase compliance with best obstetric practice.

242 ity after 1970 can be attributed to improved obstetric practices and neonatal care.

243 5, and July 14, 2009, recruited women at 137 obstetric practices in Connecticut and Massachusetts bef

244 obesity and over-nutrition give rise to both obstetric problems and neonatal morbidity.

245 pregnant women exposed to anaesthesia for an obstetric procedure in countries categorised as low-inco

246 procedures was 1.2 per 1000 women undergoing obstetric procedures (95% CI 0.8-1.7, I(2)=83%).

247 f death from anaesthesia in women undergoing obstetric procedures was 1.2 per 1000 women undergoing o

248 Although they can have an acute abdomen, obstetric procedures, trauma-related procedures and many

249 logists and MR examinations were read by one obstetric radiologist and three pediatric neuroradiologi

250 cans were prospectively interpreted by three obstetric radiologists and MR examinations were read by

251 ter prelabor fetal heart rates obtained from obstetric records (gestational week 29-41) were lower pe

252 t and outpatient medical (including original obstetric) records.

253 The overall frequency of obstetric-related ICU admission and the rates for other

254 vailability remain a key area of interest in obstetric research.

255 ace, mouth (implemented by the paediatric or obstetric resident), and nose with a towel (wipe group)

256 the important influence of preconception and obstetric risk factors on lung health, development, and

257 f constipation, modification or reduction of obstetric risk factors, and pelvic-floor physical therap

258 DF does not increase obstetric risk, and it should not be a contraindication

259 At the 19 hospitals, obstetric rotas ranged from 51 to 106 h of on-site labou

260 Furthermore, the Sepsis in Obstetric Score performance was no different in an obste

261 The Sepsis in Obstetric Score performed similarly to all the other sco

262 Sepsis in Obstetric Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Eva

263 The Sepsis in Obstetric Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Eva

264 The Sepsis in Obstetric Score, designed specifically for sepsis in obs

265 (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics score >/= 7) gestational trophoblastic neopla

266 ion lends support to the cliff-edge model of obstetric selection and its underlying assumptions, desp

267 Although males are not subject to obstetric selection, they also show part of these associ

268 nce of the distinct characteristics of human obstetric selection.

269 Increased awareness of obstetric sepsis is required.

270 ric Score performance was no different in an obstetric sepsis population compared to a nonobstetric s

271 n-based outcome predictors in ICU even in an obstetric sepsis population.

272 Hospitals providing obstetric services should plan for appropriate critical

273 rienced hematologist/oncologist, a high-risk obstetrics specialist, a neonatologist, and experienced

274 fort to improve the quality of care, several obstetric-specific quality measures are now monitored an

275 y International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I and low grade.

276 k International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I or stage II to IV epithelial ovarian,

277 h International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB1 cervical carcinoma who underwent at

278 h International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB to IV ovarian, fallopian tube, or p

279 h International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage III to IV ovarian cancer in complete cl

280 y International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage) 9 or fewer months previously.

281 , International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, tumor grade, pelvic node status, and t

282 r International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage.

283 l International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages IB2 (n = 79), IIA (n = 10), IIB (n = 1

284 d International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging of gynecologic malignancies are also

285 R recordings either </=110 beats per minute (obstetric standard) or </=3(rd) percentile for GA.

286 WHO, such as male circumcision and emergency obstetric surgery.

287 f death from anaesthesia in women who had an obstetric surgical procedure; 95 (32,149,636 pregnancies

288 Data were collected by means of the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) on all pregnancies

289 ational coverage was undertaken using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS).

290 A national case-control study using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System was undertaken, including

291 h opens new horizons for drug development in obstetrics that could greatly impact preterm birth, whic

292 Here we show for the first time in obstetrics the use of a targeted nanoparticle directed t

293 insulin; they were not at increased risk for obstetric trauma (RR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.71-1.20), preterm

294 iation of glyburide with diagnosis codes for obstetric trauma, cesarean delivery, birth injury, prete

295 also of clinical relevance in the context of obstetric trials in which allopurinol is being administe

296 multicentre cohort study using data from 19 obstetric units in the United Kingdom between 1 April 20

297 completed by their transplant follow-up and obstetric units.

298 pragmatic randomised controlled trial (at 26 obstetric units; participants recruited from 4 June 2013

299 used for large numbers of patients attending obstetrics units.

300 Of radiologists who read high-risk obstetric US and fetal MR images for VM, there is consid