ライフサイエンスコーパス: orexin

1 ns in the LHA that express the neuropeptide, orexin.

2 t connection between central ghrelin and VTA orexin.

3 nd doxycycline-controlled-diphtheria-toxin-A-orexin.

4 idered unrelated, including allatotropin and orexin.

5 Finally, the orexin 1 receptor antagonist SB334867A attenuated both t

6 Neurons with the orexin 1 receptor protein in the ventral C3-5 cervical c

7 composed of two G-protein coupled receptors, orexins 1 and 2, and two neuropeptide agonists, orexins

8 Systemic administration of the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist SB-334867 had no eff

9 Furthermore, activation of downstream orexin-1 receptors is required for vHP ghrelin-mediated

10 discovery of the first selective nonpeptidic orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) agonists.

11 These selective orexin-2 antagonists are proven to promote sleep in rats

12 3,4-c]pyrroles that are potent and selective orexin-2 antagonists is described.

13 behavior had lower hippocampal expression of Orexin A (OrxA).

14 gical signals, with Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Orexin A (OXA) offering diagnostic information on stress

15 mic (LH) orexin neurons, increases levels of orexin A and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the ventra

16 Orexins (hypocretins) are two peptides (orexin A and B) produced from the pre-pro-orexin precurs

17 In dopaminergic neurons of VTA slices, orexin A presynaptically inhibits GABAergic transmission

18 The method was demonstrated by determining orexin A, orexin B, and a novel isoform of rat beta-endo

19 xins 1 and 2, and two neuropeptide agonists, orexins A and B, has captured the attention of the scien

20 Hypocretin (orexin), a neuropeptide synthesized exclusively in the p

21 alcohol via stimulation of the hypocretin-1/orexin-A (Hcrt-1/Ox-A) system.

22 POMC neurons receive orexin-A (OX-A)-expressing inputs and express both OX-A

23 It has long been known that orexin-A and -B excite basal forebrain cholinergic neuro

24 the conduits of a negative crosstalk between orexin-A and CRF as demonstrated in transfected cells an

25 pounds including the native agonist peptides orexin-A and orexin-B and the potent therapeutic inhibit

26 using both calcium mobilization and [(125)I]-orexin-A competition binding.

27 While the effects of dynorphin-A and orexin-A desensitize over multiple applications, co-appl

28 The responses both to dynorphin-A and to orexin-A desensitize, but co-application of dynorphin-A

29 Here, we show that NAc microinjection of orexin-A in medial shell amplifies the hedonic impact of

30 des corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and orexin-A in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play an imp

31 Injection of orexin-A increased vital signs to baseline levels.

32 We examined whether microinjections of orexin-A into the VP hotspot enhance the hedonic impact

33 here was a strong trend towards an increased orexin-A mRNA expression in the rostral ventrolateral me

34 propose that enhanced inhibitory control of orexin-A neurons, and their CB1-mediated disinhibition,

35 whereas at -70 mV the excitatory response to orexin-A prevails.

36 whereas at -70 mV the excitatory response to orexin-A prevails.

37 lications, co-application of dynorphin-A and orexin-A produces a sustained response that reverses dep

38 itize, but co-application of dynorphin-A and orexin-A produces a sustained response.

39 lly significant interactions between CRF and orexin-A that depend on oligomerization of CRF1 receptor

40 and1 microL of saline with or without 3 nmol orexin-A was infused.

41 ls to the excitatory effects of both CRF and orexin-A, thus providing a mechanism by which stress ind

42 pressing excitatory vs. inhibitory inputs to orexin-A-containing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

43 mplex promotes a long-term disruption of the orexin-A-CRF negative crosstalk.

44 of food-evoked dopamine spikes by intra-VTA orexin-A.

45 esults thus identify a molecularly distinct, orexin-activated LH submodule that governs physical acti

46 vated by designer drugs were used to inhibit orexin activation throughout repeated restraint to deter

47 gy, and optogenetic techniques, we show that orexin acts upstream of the amygdala via the noradrenerg

48 Orexin also augments the SCN clock-resetting effects of

49 The orexin (also known as hypocretin) G protein-coupled rece

50 Orexin (also known as hypocretin) is a lateral hypothala

51 tems and may be a key site through which the orexin (also known as hypocretin) neurons drive arousal

52 olepsy with cataplexy is caused by a loss of orexin (also known as hypocretin) signaling, but almost

53 Hypothalamic neurons producing orexins (also called hypocretins) enhance innate risk-av

54 Orexin, an HCRTR2 agonist, rescued function in this HF m

55 They also reveal distinct roles for orexin and acetylcholine signals in NAc shell for hedoni

56 to immunohistochemistry using antibodies to orexin and c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activity.

57 We also show that orexin and dynorphin have opposing actions on excitabili

58 se control, however the relationship between orexin and impulsive behavior is incompletely characteri

59 n in FST immobility with the distribution of orexin and its receptor mRNA.

60 d not show altered mRNA expression levels of orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone, two peptides t

61 the well-described neuropeptides hypocretin/orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone.

62 ve not investigated the relationship between orexin and orexin receptor expression in specific brain

63 We hypothesised therefore that orexins and QRFP might be implicated in the pathophysiol

64 ics revealed a neuroprotective role for both orexins and QRFP.

65 Hypocretin (orexin) and dynorphin are neuropeptides with opposing ac

66 sy models: Hcrt (orexin) knockouts, ataxin-3-orexin, and doxycycline-controlled-diphtheria-toxin-A-or

67 that the excitatory synaptic inputs to both orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone expressing LHA

68 rexin-containing neurons, and that intra-VTA orexin antagonism causes decreases in cocaine self-admin

69 very and development of structurally diverse orexin antagonists suitable for preclinical pharmacology

70 Orexins are altered in anxious and depressed patients.

71 Orexins are associated with drug relapse in rodents.

72 Orexins are neuropeptides that regulate the sleep-wake c

73 out mice compared to wild-type mice, whereas orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic mice showed an intermediate 2

74 xamined these systems in 6 wild-type mice, 6 orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic mice, and 5 orexin ligand kno

75 exin knockout mice and orexin neuron-ablated orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic rats.

76 od was demonstrated by determining orexin A, orexin B, and a novel isoform of rat beta-endorphin in t

77 ing the native agonist peptides orexin-A and orexin-B and the potent therapeutic inhibitor suvorexant

78 in the VTA and provide a mechanism by which orexin can gate the output of dopamine neurons.

79 identify a unique cellular process by which orexin can occlude the reward threshold-elevating effect

80 in recordings in behaving mice, we show that orexin cell activation rapidly recruits GAD65LH neurons.

81 f LH neurons have been identified, including orexin cells and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)

82 n the rapid change of activity of hypocretin/orexin cells in response to contact rather than digestio

83 al evidence that these neurons innervate the orexin cells.

84 VTA) dopamine neurons, a prominent target of orexin-containing neurons, and that intra-VTA orexin ant

85 odel of repeated stress, we examined whether orexins contribute to sex differences in outcomes releva

86 Orexin contributes to the regulation of the sleep-wake c

87 In narcolepsy caused by hypocretin/orexin deficiency, cataplexy is associated with a marked

88 immune process in narcolepsy or secondary to orexin deficiency, these findings are indicative of infl

89 ith HLA-DQB1*06:02 and caused by hypocretin (orexin) deficiency, is diagnosed using the Multiple Slee

90 show that D2 cell activity is necessary for orexin-dependent innate risk-avoidance in mice, thus rev

91 This is remarkable because orexin excites target neurons including BF neurons, but

92 onto both melanin-concentrating hormone- and orexin-expressing neurons projecting from the LHA to the

93 In parallel, orexin expression and activation were determined in both

94 Increased orexin expression and activation were observed in female

95 hormone, melanin-concentrating hormone, and orexin expression.

96 Disruption of orexin function blunts the rewarding effects of lateral

97 We describe a direct orexin-->D2 excitatory circuit and show that D2 cell act

98 (LepRb) regulate the function of hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) and dopamine neurons.

99 The hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons regulate sleep\wake states, feedin

100 The hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) system has been associated with both posit

101 The lateral hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) system has been implicated in drug-taking

102 Hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt)-producing neurons in the lateral hypothala

103 n-concentrating hormone (MCH) and hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx), were not detected in LHA GAD65 cells.

104 Hypocretin (orexin; Hcrt)-containing neurons of the hypothalamus are

105 We conclude that an orexin hedonic hotspot exists in posterior VP, with simi

106 An orexin hedonic hotspot may permit regulatory hypothalami

107 smitters associated with wakefulness such as orexin, histamine or neurotensin.

108 example, neurons containing the neuropeptide orexin homeostatically control arousal and appetitive st

109 Dysfunction in a VP orexin hotspot in addiction or mood disorders might also

110 Orexin (hypocretin) is implicated in stimulating appetit

111 egulation, and the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin (hypocretin) is involved in anxiety states and ar

112 The orexin (hypocretin) neurons play an essential role in pr

113 This condition is caused by a lack of orexin (hypocretin) signaling, but little is known about

114 ypothalamic neurons expressing histamine and orexin/hypocretin (hcrt) are necessary for normal regula

115 In humans and rodents, loss of brain orexin/hypocretin (OH) neurons causes pathological sleep

116 LH melanin-concentrating-hormone (MCH) and orexin/hypocretin (OH) neurons mediate energy accumulati

117 Within NAc shell, orexin/hypocretin also has been reported to stimulate fo

118 ss of the hypothalamic neurons producing the orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides.

119 The orexin/hypocretin peptide signaling system plays a neuro

120 The orexin/hypocretin system in the perifornical/lateral hyp

121 -growing body of evidence discerning how the orexin/hypocretin system integrates internal and externa

122 The orexin/hypocretin system is important for reward-seeking

123 rainstem and hypothalamic neurons, including orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons that regulate sleep-

124 eleases neuropeptides promoting wakefulness (orexin/hypocretin; OH), or sleep (melanin-concentrating

125 Orexins (hypocretins) are two peptides (orexin A and B)

126 by Fos plume measures of the local spread of orexin impact, suggested that hedonic enhancement was ge

127 ertheless, little is known about the role of orexin in aversive memory formation.

128 current study investigated a causal role for orexin in cue-driven feeding, and examined the neural su

129 These findings identify a novel role for orexin in morphine-induced plasticity in the VTA and pro

130 that neurons that produce hypocretin (Hcrt)/orexin in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) regulate c

131 Thus, the involvement of orexins in diverse behaviors may reflect a common underl

132 and provide evidence for a broader role for orexins in mediating functions relevant to stress-relate

133 lect a fundamentally integrated function for orexins in translating motivational activation into orga

134 ypothesize that many behavioral functions of orexins (including regulation of sleep/wake cycling) ref

135 urons of VTA, but did attenuate cocaine- and orexin-induced increases in calcium transient amplitude

136 pot in NAc medial shell as a unique site for orexin induction of hedonic 'liking' enhancement, simila

137 p in posterior VP between opioid hotspot and orexin inputs raises the possibility that the hedonic ho

138 tress activates LH orexin neurons, releasing orexins into the VTA to activate postsynaptic OX1Rs of d

139 blish predominantly asymmetric synapses with orexin-ir cell bodies or dendrites.

140 ions between PNMT-ir axonal varicosities and orexin-ir profiles were observed.

141 reactive (PNMT-ir) axons were detected among orexin-ir somata, and close appositions between PNMT-ir

142 y regulates cue-induced feeding, and suggest orexin is acting through prefrontal cortical and thalami

143 Orexin is implicated in states of arousal and reward, wh

144 Hypocretin (also known as orexin) is a peptide neuromodulator that is expressed ex

145 , a disorder caused by a lack of hypocretin (orexin), is so strongly associated with human leukocyte

146 Using orexin knock-out mice as a model of narcolepsy, we found

147 DREADDs or a control vector into the CeA of orexin knock-out mice crossed with vGAT-Cre mice, result

148 ts with total loss of orexin, such as prepro-orexin knockout mice and orexin neuron-ablated orexin/at

149 t dogs, and 3 mouse narcolepsy models: Hcrt (orexin) knockouts, ataxin-3-orexin, and doxycycline-cont

150 e that, in AD, increased cerebrospinal fluid orexin levels are related to a parallel sleep deteriorat

151 to severe AD presented with higher mean (SD) orexin levels compared with controls (154.36 [28.16] vs

152 are consistent with clinical studies linking orexin levels to aversive learning and anxiety in humans

153 On the other hand, in the global AD group, orexin levels were positively correlated with total tau

154 staminergic TMN neurons was increased 53% in orexin ligand knockout mice compared to wild-type mice,

155 ce, 6 orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic mice, and 5 orexin ligand knockout mice.

156 Orexins mediate the impairments in adaptations to repeat

157 examined the neural substrates through which orexin mediates this effect.

158 c functions and contain dopamine, histamine, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, oxytocin, and vas

159 nocortin, agouti-related peptide, hypocretin/orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, oxytocin, arginin

160 The higher expression of orexin messenger RNA in female rats was due to actions o

161 t enables genetic targeting of GABA cells in orexin(-/-) mice.

162 ate CeA activity selectively in narcoleptic (orexin(-/-)) mice to determine its functional role in co

163 rison, at all sites throughout medial shell, orexin microinjections stimulated 'wanting' to eat, as r

164 a glucoregulatory region where both 5-HT and orexin modulate the CRR and feeding responses to glucopr

165 lamic neurons secreting the neurotransmitter orexin modulates physiologic derangements in sepsis.

166 n neuron loss than in 2 patients with </=75% orexin neuron loss (252,279 +/- 46,264 vs 186,804 +/- 1,

167 as higher in 5 narcolepsy patients with >90% orexin neuron loss than in 2 patients with </=75% orexin

168 xin, such as prepro-orexin knockout mice and orexin neuron-ablated orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic rats.

169 drenergic neurons play differential roles in orexin neuron-dependent regulation of sleep/wakefulness

170 iphering of the immune mechanisms leading to orexin(+) neuron loss and narcolepsy development.

171 The C1-orexin neuronal connection is probably one of several su

172 mapped the pattern of BF projections to the orexin neurons across multiple BF regions and neuronal t

173 All orexin neurons also make dynorphin, and nearly all brain

174 i) Spontaneously hypertensive rats have more orexin neurons and more CO2 -activated orexin neurons in

175 In summary, the orexin neurons are among the hypothalamic neurons contac

176 We found that the orexin neurons are heavily apposed by axon terminals of

177 We found that the orexin neurons are the main source of dynorphin input to

178 The orexin neurons contribute to the autonomic responses to

179 anatomical approach, we consider whether the orexin neurons could also be contributing to the autonom

180 ischarge of immunohistochemically identified orexin neurons during performance of an associative disc

181 The orexin neurons excite wake-promoting neurons in the basa

182 d nearly all brain regions innervated by the orexin neurons express kappa opiate receptors, the main

183 The loss of orexin neurons in humans is associated with the sleep di

184 Despite the known role of orexin neurons in narcolepsy, the precise neural mechani

185 more orexin neurons and more CO2 -activated orexin neurons in the hypothalamus.

186 their strong reciprocal connections, BF and orexin neurons likely work in concert to promote arousal

187 tic manipulation silenced the wake-promoting orexin neurons located in the lateral hypothalamic area

188 eciprocal projection from the BF back to the orexin neurons may help promote arousal and motivation.

189 Orexin neurons play a critical role in promoting and mai

190 stem and may be a key site through which the orexin neurons promote arousal.

191 circadian day, but it is unclear whether the orexin neurons reciprocally regulate the SCN clock.

192 Orexin neurons responded differentially to auditory cues

193 l role in promoting arousal, and loss of the orexin neurons results in narcolepsy, a condition charac

194 The SCN regulates orexin neurons so that they are much more active during

195 terogeneity modulate this function, allowing orexin neurons to organize diverse, adaptive responses i

196 In the hypothalamus, SHRs have more orexin neurons, and a greater proportion of them increas

197 frequently form functional synapses with the orexin neurons, but, surprisingly, functional synapses f

198 in mice activates lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons, increases levels of orexin A and 2-arach

199 Mice lacking orexin peptides, orexin neurons, or orexin receptors recapitulate human n

200 s suggest that restraint stress activates LH orexin neurons, releasing orexins into the VTA to activa

201 LH infusions were made in close proximity to orexin neurons, which are regulated by ghrelin and proje

202 tensive axonal projections of the hypocretin/orexin neurons.

203 ology ameliorated narcolepsy in mice lacking orexin neurons.

204 be excited or inhibited by signals from the orexin neurons.

205 e and proopiomelanocortin but not hypocretin/orexin neurons; pattern B, GABAergic cortical interneuro

206 o-self-antigen" specifically in hypothalamic orexin(+) neurons (called Orex-HA), which were transferr

207 nflammation, they did not elicit the loss of orexin(+) neurons or clinical manifestations of narcolep

208 eracted directly with MHC class I-expressing orexin(+) neurons, resulting in cytolytic granule polari

209 ell infiltration and specific destruction of orexin(+) neurons.

210 on this detailed description, the hypocretin/orexin neuropeptides have since been studied in many dif

211 protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to orexin neuropeptides in the central nervous system to re

212 literature today attests that the hypocretin/orexin neuropeptides play important roles in multiple ph

213 Orexin neuropeptides regulate sleep/wake through orexin

214 Activation of orexin, neurotensin, and metabotropic glutamate Gq/11-li

215 teral hypothalamus, neurotensin, but neither orexin nor MCH neurons, expressed tdTomato.

216 In normal rats, central administration of orexin or exposure to certain forms of stress can induce

217 Orexin (Orx) neurons are known to be involved in the pro

218 The orexin (Orx) system plays a critical role in drug addict

219 es, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and orexin (Orx).

220 igenic peptide systems, enkephalin (ENK) and orexin (OX), which are stimulated by nicotine in adult a

221 We established that orexin (OX)-B provides partial but significant protectio

222 tin inhibits lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) orexin (OX; also known as hypocretin)-producing neurons,

223 oligomerization of CRF1 receptor (CRF1R) and orexin OX1 receptors (OX1R).

224 Mice lacking orexin peptides, orexin neurons, or orexin receptors rec

225 Hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin) peptides mediate arousal, attention, and reward

226 ority of BDA-labeled fibers in the rRPa were orexin positive.

227 s (orexin A and B) produced from the pre-pro-orexin precursor and expressed in a limited region of do

228 rough in vitro physiological recordings that orexin predominantly suppresses mouse SCN Period1 (Per1)

229 Orexins primarily mediate behavior under situations of h

230 colepsy is caused by the loss of hypocretin (orexin)-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.

231 ite basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, but orexin-producing neurons also make the inhibitory peptid

232 p disorder resulting from the destruction of orexin-producing neurons in the central nervous system (

233 Fibers containing orexins project to brain structures that govern motivate

234 The ventral pallidum (VP) receives orexin projections from lateral hypothalamus neurons (LH

235 o actions of glucocorticoid receptors on the orexin promoter, as determined by chromatin immunoprecip

236 etermine transcription factors acting at the orexin promoter.

237 a positive correlation with amygdalar Type I orexin receptor (Orx1) mRNA and depressive behavior.

238 Dual orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists (DORAs) such as almore

239 ffects of systemic or centrally administered orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists on measures of impulsi

240 ss species, similarly to that seen with dual orexin receptor antagonism.

241 roval of suvorexant as a first-in-class dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia

242 Suvorexant is an orexin receptor antagonist for treatment of insomnia.

243 Suvorexant (MK-4305) is an orexin receptor antagonist shown to be efficacious for i

244 ) Antagonism of orexin receptors with a dual orexin receptor antagonist, almorexant, normalizes the a

245 Suvorexant, a dual (OX1/2R) orexin receptor antagonist, reduced cocaine-evoked prema

246 cies higher than the range observed for dual orexin receptor antagonists.

247 etic nerve activity, which can be blocked by orexin receptor antagonists.

248 stigated the relationship between orexin and orexin receptor expression in specific brain regions ass

249 We found that targeted restoration of orexin receptor expression in the dorsal raphe (DR) and

250 number of serotonergic neurons restored with orexin receptor expression in the DR, while the consolid

251 Here we show that signaling at orexin receptor type 1 (OxR1) in the VTA is required for

252 llele for rs7767652, upstream of hypocretin (orexin) receptor-2 (HCRTR2), were less likely to have im

253 phanin FQ opioid receptor (NOP), MCHR1, both orexin receptors (ORX), somatostatin receptors 1 and 2 (

254 innervation and expression of genes encoding orexin receptors (OX1 and OX2) in the mouse SCN, with OX

255 in neuropeptides regulate sleep/wake through orexin receptors (OX1R, OX2R); OX2R is the predominant m

256 instatement of cocaine CPP depends on type 1 orexin receptors (OX1Rs), type 1 cannabinoid receptors (

257 port that the down-regulation of hippocampal orexin receptors (OXRs) and GPR103 particularly in the c

258 Importantly, intra-VTA blockade of orexin receptors attenuated food intake induced by LV gh

259 Blockade of orexin receptors can normalize the augmented CO2 chemore

260 Blocking orexin receptors had no effect on blood pressure and sym

261 Finally, blockade of orexin receptors in the RVLM abolished the increase in A

262 in the locus coeruleus (LC) of mice lacking orexin receptors inhibited cataplexy-like episodes and p

263 s of narcolepsy and cataplexy; inhibition of orexin receptors is an effective therapy for insomnia.

264 rostral ventrolateral medulla, and blocking orexin receptors markedly lowered blood pressure (from 1

265 lacking orexin peptides, orexin neurons, or orexin receptors recapitulate human narcolepsy phenotype

266 (iii) Antagonism of orexin receptors with a dual orexin receptor antagonist,

267 ether direct activation by glucoprivation or orexin release in the RVLM modulates the adrenaline rele

268 These findings suggest that orexin release modulates the activation of adrenal presy

269 At NAc shell sites outside the hotspot, orexin selectively enhanced 'wanting' to eat without enh

270 and Adcyap1, and receptors for substance P, orexin, serotonin, and ATP.

271 es, further highlighting a critical role for orexin signaling in the maintenance of wakefulness.

272 ure that challenge the widely held view that orexin signaling is exclusively excitatory and suggest n

273 signaling in hippocampal neurons engages LHA orexin signaling.

274 Defects in orexin signalling are responsible for the human diseases

275 ion and will aid further efforts to modulate orexin signalling for therapeutic ends.

276 Taste reactivity results indicated that orexin stimulation specifically in the VP hotspot nearly

277 donic hotspots in cortex, where mu opioid or orexin stimulations enhance the hedonic impact of sucros

278 Opioid/orexin stimulations in either cortical hotspot activated

279 ficantly lower in rodents with total loss of orexin, such as prepro-orexin knockout mice and orexin n

280 link between dysfunction or deletion of the orexin system and narcolepsy, a disorder characterized b

281 an augmented CO2 chemoreflex and overactive orexin system are linked with high ABP in both young (po

282 in SHRs and suggests that modulation of the orexin system could be a potential target in treating so

283 st depressive behavior had greater or lesser orexin system expression that depended on the limbic bra

284 The orexin system is overactive in SHRs and contributes to t

285 One key target of the orexin system is the histaminergic neurons of the tubero

286 Modulation of the orexin system may be beneficial in the treatment of neur

287 d anxiety in humans and dysregulation of the orexin system may contribute to the etiology of fear and

288 We suggest that an overactive orexin system may play an important role in the augmente

289 The hypocretin/orexin system plays a critical role in drug addiction, b

290 Our study links the orexin system to the pathogenesis of high blood pressure

291 Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system, composed of two G-protein coupled recepto

292 r therapies related to the activation of the orexin system, especially with respect to the treatment

293 assessment of cerebrospinal fluid levels of orexin, tau proteins, and beta-amyloid 1-42 and polysomn

294 Levels of orexin, tau proteins, and beta-amyloid 1-42; macrostruct

295 from lateral hypothalamus neurons (LH), and orexin terminals are especially dense in the posterior h

296 ibility that the hedonic hotspot might allow orexin to amplify 'liking' too.

297 These findings also support the view that orexin transmission is closely involved in executive fun

298 Inhibition of orexins using designer receptors exclusively activated b

299 Orexins were originally thought to specifically mediate

300 ides, respectively called the hypocretins or orexins, which were discovered using two different appro