ライフサイエンスコーパス: outcrossing

1 leles, and observed heterozygosity indicates outcrossing.

2 terozygosity, much of which is likely due to outcrossing.

3 ong species selection, which favors obligate outcrossing.

4 iardia does undergo sexual reproduction with outcrossing.

5 ing benefits from enhanced fertilization and outcrossing.

6 , fitness increased with increasing rates of outcrossing.

7 metry and lead to an increase in the rate of outcrossing.

8 (SI), which prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing.

9 the wild-type proteins were reintroduced by outcrossing.

10 as an indirect consequence of low levels of outcrossing.

11 and 33% are intermediate between selfing and outcrossing.

12 oup toward reproductive systems that favored outcrossing.

13 ations undergo inbreeding while the rest are outcrossing.

14 lfing yielded significantly fewer seeds than outcrossing.

15 protandrous Silene once thought to be highly outcrossing.

16 (H) was found to correlate with the level of outcrossing.

17 pes in populations with negligible levels of outcrossing.

18 ixed-mating system of self-fertilization and outcrossing.

19 N. tetrasperma with a means for facultative outcrossing.

20 ays increase fertility and opportunities for outcrossing.

21 ermination and seedling growth compared with outcrossing.

22 a practical fertility control that enforces outcrossing.

23 undergo dramatic changes upon inbreeding or outcrossing.

24 e Cross strains and maintained by randomized outcrossing.

25 re was more inbreeding within pasture trees (outcrossing=0.828+/-0.015) compared with forest trees (0

26 h mutation rates from recombination to infer outcrossing, 8 population samples comprising 268 S. scle

27 ciated with allelic loss, allelic changes in outcrossing A. arenosa or repression of A. thaliana alle

28 y 45% higher recombination per kilobase than outcrossing A. lyrata.

29 e selection under the opposing force of high outcrossing, a characteristic of areas of intense malari

30 After their outcrossing ability is assessed, males are found to skir

31 asis and complexity of independently evolved outcrossing adaptations.

32 ompetitiveness found in C. briggsae maximize outcrossing after mating while delaying the cost of maki

33 With no outcrossing, allelic variation is always maintained unde

34 rected by the probability of nondetection of outcrossing (alpha).

35 will be appropriate for different cases: (1) outcrossing Amaranthus spp. (that evolved resistances to

36 y), in controlling variation in the level of outcrossing among plants in a population of Gilia achill

37 s an apparent remnant of polymorphism in the outcrossing ancestor.

38 on-like behavior using a combined reciprocal outcrossing and cross-fostering design in Balb/cJ (cJ) a

39 lleles increases with increasing apomixis or outcrossing and decreasing selfing.

40 entiation among them, indicating predominant outcrossing and few restrictions to gene flow.

41 ferent degrees of partial selfing or partial outcrossing and for nonequilibrium populations approachi

42 Because this trait enforces outcrossing and is unlikely to re-evolve on short timesc

43 It shows high levels of outcrossing and limited population structure, even at th

44 ovides new insights into the roles that both outcrossing and mitotic recombination play in shaping th

45 ndividuals are estimated to be the result of outcrossing and not self-fertilization).

46 I used progeny-array analysis to estimate outcrossing and parthenogenetic rates for two tychoparth

47 ers is a hypothesized adaptation to increase outcrossing and pollen export by encouraging the upward

48 se groups are consistent with differences in outcrossing and recombination rate estimates.

49 opulation in a regime where the frequency of outcrossing and recombination, r, is small compared to t

50 This pattern is likely explained by strong outcrossing and regular long-distance pollen flow.

51 Both the cost of outcrossing and reproductive assurance lead to an over-r

52 in which reproduction occurs by a mixture of outcrossing and self-fertilization).

53 uantity and quality of offspring produced by outcrossing and self-fertilization.

54 ate the genetic basis of transitions between outcrossing and self-fertilizing mating systems in this

55 the early products of hybridization between outcrossing and selfing lineages will be F1s and first-g

56 olutionary dynamics of hybridization between outcrossing and selfing taxa.

57 asexual reproduction with varying levels of outcrossing and selfing, degrees of dominance and select

58 s, such as the production of few males after outcrossing and the obligatory development of dauers int

59 Because this strategy avoids outcrossing and therefore segregation of mutant alleles

60 system characterized by partial selfing and outcrossing) and dioecy (characterized by obligatory out

61 three sexes are produced by both selfing and outcrossing, and females tend to appear early in a mothe

62 ck direct tests of reversals from selfing to outcrossing, and require data concerning the genetic bas

63 of heterosis (hybrid vigour) described when outcrossing animals and plants.

64 ngly high levels of population structure and outcrossing (approximately 22% of individuals are estima

65 standard explanations for the maintenance of outcrossing are correct, and it is likely that outcrossi

66 hrough self-fertilization and through sexual outcrossing, are a predominant influence on the genetic

67 ectively clonal, as some argue, or undergoes outcrossing at a high rate, as many others believe, has

68 system (e.g., self-fertile versus obligately outcrossing) because self-fertility promotes the coloniz

69 cerevisiae are not recently derived and that outcrossing between strains in S. cerevisiae may be rela

70 pression) can limit geitonogamy and increase outcrossing but this depends on pollinator behavior with

71 is species is normally self-incompatible and outcrossing, but some populations have undergone a trans

72 hermaphrodite sperm, resulting in maximized outcrossing, but the appearance of male progeny was dela

73 with selfing and overdominant selection with outcrossing can help explain mixed breeding systems.

74 A. lyrata is an outcrossing close relative of the self-fertile A. thalia

75 oted the maintenance of one lineage over its outcrossing counterpart at high extinction rates, predom

76 ing pathogens facilitates the persistence of outcrossing despite these costs.

77 andiflorum (Liliaceae), exhibited an optimal outcrossing distance for fruit and seed production.

78 tum nor T. grandiflorum exhibited an optimal outcrossing distance for fruit or seed production, it wa

79 The lack of optimal outcrossing distances and the patterns of allozyme varia

80 , and the breeding scheme (intercrossing vs. outcrossing) drastically affected the transmission effic

81 bird's nest fungi, which would increase its outcrossing efficiency.

82 would result from conversion and subsequent outcrossing, even in Oenothera-like systems.

83 Most organisms reproduce through outcrossing, even though it comes with substantial costs

84 s since their last common ancestor, only 314 outcrossing events have occurred during this time (rough

85 tructed to maximize the chances of detecting outcrossing events.

86 In manual outcrossing experiments, application of Agrobacterium tu

87 Frequent outcrossing facilitates emergence and spread of new trai

88 f-fertile hermaphrodites from the obligately outcrossing females of their ancestors.

89 a recent hybrid swarm between predominantly outcrossing Geum rivale and predominantly selfing Geum u

90 itchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a polyploid, outcrossing grass species native to North America and ha

91 parameters were estimated in the long-lived, outcrossing gymnosperm loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) fr

92 tion, once separated from the agrA defect by outcrossing, had no effect on agr expression or virulenc

93 nt among some variant sites, indicating that outcrossing has occurred at a low rate in the history of

94 the lab (clonal replication, inbreeding, and outcrossing) have been important in molding genetic vari

95 egies of sexual reproduction (inbreeding vs. outcrossing) have divergent effects on population geneti

96 rmans, sexual reproduction occurs through an outcrossing/heterothallic a- sexual cycle or an inbreedi

97 strategy (self-fertilization/homothallism or outcrossing/heterothallism), is determined by the expres

98 iance of fitness upon selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/highly selfing populations.

99 n higher flowers is an adaptation to enhance outcrossing in A. gymnandrum.

100 Outcrossing in conifers is promoted via an embryo-lethal

101 l profile of the genetic mechanism promoting outcrossing in conifers.

102 independent populations, the consequence of outcrossing in established breeds to recently developed

103 The occurrence and frequency of outcrossing in homothallic fungal species in nature is a

104 a marcescens) resulted in significantly more outcrossing in mixed mating experimental populations of

105 The potential for outcrossing in N. tetrasperma raises the question of how

106 xplanations for the widespread prevalence of outcrossing in nature despite this inherent disadvantage

107 and genetic variance of fitness upon selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/highly selfing populations.

108 ental and progeny generations across selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/selfing populations and the c

109 The genetic mechanism promoting outcrossing in P. taeda L. appears to have a balancing s

110 Here we report detection of frequent outcrossing in the homothallic fungus Sclerotinia sclero

111 o meiotic recombination, suggesting frequent outcrossing in these populations, supporting the view th

112 olyploid, involving migration and occasional outcrossing in this predominantly inbreeding species.

113 ing) and dioecy (characterized by obligatory outcrossing) influence the experimental evolution of inb

114 known, but we speculate that--as in plants--outcrossing is a function of ecological, demographic and

115 In many angiosperms, outcrossing is enforced by genetic self-incompatibility

116 In other members of the mustard family, outcrossing is ensured by the complex self-incompatibili

117 Here we show that outcrossing is favoured in populations of Caenorhabditis

118 ion in providing reproductive assurance when outcrossing is impossible.

119 any plant and animal populations, selfing or outcrossing is often incomplete in that a proportion of

120 In Primula vulgaris outcrossing is promoted through reciprocal herkogamy wit

121 es, the primary obstacle to the evolution of outcrossing is the cost of production of males, individu

122 tcrossing are correct, and it is likely that outcrossing is the predominant mode of reproduction in m

123 ty, the ability of hermaphrodites to enforce outcrossing, is frequently lost in flowering plants, ena

124 t-generation backcrosses sired mainly by the outcrossing lineage, together with selfed F2s containing

125 is likely to be asymmetrical from selfing to outcrossing lineages.

126 evolution through hybridization with related outcrossing lineages.

127 lthough C. elegans descends from an obligate-outcrossing, male?female ancestor, it occurs primarily a

128 Plant biologists have long speculated that outcrossing mating systems are more common at low than h

129 ID indicates that herbivores could maintain outcrossing mating systems in nature.

130 ay a vital role in shaping LD in potato: the outcrossing mating type and the very limited number of m

131 Selfing predominates in the wild, but rare outcrossing may also play an important role.

132 Outcrossing MHCsTNF mice with mast cell-deficient (c-kit

133 between two species of yellow monkeyflowers, outcrossing Mimulus guttatus and selfing M. nasutus.

134 The switch from an outcrossing mode of mating enforced by self-incompatibil

135 and transitions between self-fertilizing and outcrossing modes of reproduction observed in both fungi

136 parent evolutionary dilemma: the benefits of outcrossing must be balanced against the fact that matin

137 Surprisingly, we find that while outcrossing mutagenized strains does reduce the total nu

138 ered by alfalfa's tetrasomic inheritance and outcrossing nature.

139 n this report, we show that both selfing and outcrossing occur in 10 additional populations of C. par

140 gical evidence indicate that insect-mediated outcrossing occurs with at least a low frequency in wild

141 In C. elegans, outcrossing of a line with high-level sir-2.1 overexpres

142 Outcrossing of a line with low-copy-number sir-2.1 overe

143 In the outcrossing of a new recessive mouse mutation causing ha

144 Following outcrossing of C57Bl/6J Eln(+/-), two backgrounds were i

145 However, progressive outcrossing of the DBP(-/-) mice to the C57BL/6J strain,

146 Although all are named 129, we document that outcrossing of these substrains, both deliberate and acc

147 ption that populations are either completely outcrossing or completely selfing and that populations a

148 ' of hermaphroditic populations, inbreeding, outcrossing or intermediate.

149 y reproducing fungi are either predominantly outcrossing or predominantly selfing, there are some not

150 Progeny are produced by either outcrossing or self-fertilization with fixed probabiliti

151 portance of latitude and biome in predicting outcrossing or self-incompatibility.

152 hether due to large population size, ongoing outcrossing, or large within-breed phenotypic diversity.

153 a genetic architecture more similar to other outcrossing organisms than to self-pollinating crops and

154 east a twofold numerical advantage over most outcrossing organisms.

155 lf-fertilized hermaphrodites of the normally outcrossing Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.

156 Most of these groups were primarily outcrossing perennials with reproductive modes that stab

157 rces shaping cis-regulatory variation in the outcrossing plant Capsella grandiflora We first identifi

158 In conjunction with this evidence, outcrossing plant species that are reliant on the declin

159 etics in natural populations of perennial or outcrossing plants can also differ substantially from mo

160 mitochondrial genes to their nuclei than do outcrossing plants contradicts predictions of major theo

161 e common in selfing or clonal plants than in outcrossing plants, a pattern opposite to prediction.

162 can create localized inbreeding even within outcrossing plants.

163 r local expression variation within a single outcrossing population are consistent with the effects o

164 Here, we study a facultatively outcrossing population in a regime where the frequency o

165 tics of inbreeding depression in a primarily outcrossing population of Mimulus guttatus.

166 at individual loci are common in a primarily outcrossing population of the plant Mimulus guttatus.

167 for characterizing DGM in partial selfing or outcrossing populations and for nonequilibrium populatio

168 y robust if the selfing rate (S) is <0.10 in outcrossing populations and if S > 0.8 in selfing popula

169 me finite population size, the estimation in outcrossing populations is better than in highly selfing

170 gene conversion events in mutant obligately outcrossing populations of C. elegans [fog-2(lf)] sponta

171 he difference between extreme inbreeding and outcrossing populations of L. crassa considerably exceed

172 utcross progeny in selfing and predominantly outcrossing populations of the annual plant Arenaria uni

173 ple approaches for genotyping, we found that outcrossing populations on average harbour 5 to 9 S-locu

174 y selfing populations to extinction, whereas outcrossing populations persisted through reciprocal coe

175 sion generated by selfing and the ability of outcrossing populations to adapt more rapidly to environ

176 In self-compatible outcrossing populations with mutations of variable effec

177 including the clustering of individuals into outcrossing populations, hybrid generations, full-sib fa

178 r original estimation approach is limited in outcrossing populations, since selfing may not always be

179 With constant mutation effects, in outcrossing populations, the estimates U and h are unbia

180 enetic diversity relative to closely related outcrossing populations, we sequenced portions of the cy

181 the parameters of DGM in natural selfing and outcrossing populations.

182 isequilibrium analysis for genome mapping in outcrossing populations.

183 epistatic mutation effects in predominantly outcrossing populations.

184 e diversity at this locus in inbreeding than outcrossing populations.

185 nd the approach to any form of inbreeding in outcrossing populations.

186 ariance of fitness traits upon inbreeding in outcrossing populations.

187 tions, allowing functional transfer, whereas outcrossing prevents transfer by breaking up these combi

188 These findings document that outcrossing (probably between gonochoristic males and he

189 e demonstrated that 12 generations of strict outcrossing rapidly and drastically reduced linkage dise

190 Our population-level estimate of outcrossing rate (0.444) was somewhat lower than an esti

191 The high herkogamy group had a higher outcrossing rate (0.572) than the low herkogamy group (0

192 The population outcrossing rate (t) and adult inbreeding coefficient (F

193 implemented in the program BORICE (Bayesian Outcrossing Rate and Inbreeding Coefficient Estimation)

194 L genotypes, plus two population parameters, outcrossing rate and QTL-allelic frequency.

195 ests that the within-population variation in outcrossing rate could potentially cause the previously

196 Based on multilocus outcrossing rate estimates (t(m)), populations exhibited

197 Additionally, the effect of herkogamy on outcrossing rate in delayed selfers such as G. achilleif

198 within-year and among-year variation in the outcrossing rate may have a strong influence on mating-s

199 We found a weak decline in outcrossing rate towards higher latitudes and among some

200 However, family outcrossing rate was not significantly correlated with f

201 detect a relationship between herkogamy and outcrossing rate, demonstrating that the functionality o

202 four polymorphic allozymes, we compared the outcrossing-rate estimates of two groups of individuals

203 Outcrossing rates (t(m)) were estimated as the proportio

204 Paternity analysis showed variation in outcrossing rates among pasture trees with high proporti

205 The underlying causes of variation in outcrossing rates among populations of C. parasitica are

206 ed with variation in stigmatic pollen loads, outcrossing rates and heterozygosity.

207 s of evolutionary research; however, natural outcrossing rates are difficult to measure because matin

208 Both scent and nectar increase outcrossing rates for three, separately tested, pollinat

209 , but polyploid angiosperms do not differ in outcrossing rates from their diploid parents.

210 ppropriate; the overdominance model predicts outcrossing rates in diploids and their tetraploid deriv

211 In the current study, outcrossing rates in populations of T. dubius and T. mir

212 between multilocus and average single-locus outcrossing rates indicated some biparental inbreeding i

213 opportunity to probe how quickly a shift in outcrossing rates might occur.

214 les to ask whether alleles affecting plants' outcrossing rates or sex morphs will spread in populatio

215 Family outcrossing rates ranged from 0 to 1.0, indicating mixed

216 Mean outcrossing rates ranged from 0.16 to 0.49 across four p

217 Outcrossing rates showed substantial heterogeneity among

218 tetraploid populations surveyed have higher outcrossing rates than the two diploid populations.

219 Outcrossing rates were found to be less than 0.075 in po

220 Variation in outcrossing rates within populations has the potential t

221 ic covariation among pollinator reliability, outcrossing rates, heterozygosity and relevant floral tr

222 ithin populations, inconsistent estimates of outcrossing rates, low levels of mating between tetrads

223 s and tetraploids of Arabidopsis arenosa, an outcrossing relative of A. thaliana.

224 The frequency of outcrossing relative to inbreeding is estimated at 1.1%

225 ing plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its close outcrossing relative, Arabidopsis lyrata.

226 parison to CMT1 of Cardaminopsis arenosa, an outcrossing relative, indicates conservation for DNA met

227 sae, with three phylogenetically informative outcrossing relatives, C. remanei, C. brenneri, and C. j

228 arisons between inbreeding species and their outcrossing relatives, where inferences may be confounde

229 visional genetic locations), consistent with outcrossing reproduction.

230 ium populations was examined in light of the outcrossing results.

231 In comparison to outcrossing, self-fertilization led to the production of

232 ny generations across selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/selfing populations and the covariance betwe

233 meres that result in genome elimination upon outcrossing, show a binding pattern on A. thaliana centr

234 The regular production of pods in this outcrossing species (tm = 0.979) indicates that sufficie

235 and DNA methylation genome-wide in the wild outcrossing species Arabidopsis lyrata.

236 We predict 32,670 genes in this outcrossing species compared to the 27,025 genes in the

237 The chocolate tree is an outcrossing species in the wild, due to self-incompatibi

238 ering lignin biosynthesis in this tetraploid outcrossing species is not straightforward.

239 ecies, their power has not been proven in an outcrossing species with extensive genetic diversity.

240 simplification, genes conserved in multiple outcrossing species with strong sex-biased expression ar

241 of plants to their local environment in the outcrossing species Zea mays (maize).

242 ighly desirable for studying the genetics of outcrossing species, and results from it can provide ins

243 cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an outcrossing species, is a highly heterozygous autotetrap

244 ionary history of three defense genes in two outcrossing species, the autotetraploid Zea perennis and

245 ., at a rate similar to that observed in the outcrossing species, Zea mays (maize).

246 approximately 1.5, similar to estimates from outcrossing species.

247 the level of polymorphism observed for this outcrossing species.

248 ctiveness of genome mapping for recalcitrant outcrossing species.

249 powerful tool for de novo genome analysis of outcrossing species.

250 ped to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for outcrossing species.

251 w much less within-species polymorphism than outcrossing species.

252 tly and strikingly smaller than those of the outcrossing species.

253 e. values equivalent to autogamy, selfing or outcrossing) suggest that pollination levels also vary t

254 The occurrence of substantial outcrossing suggests that the extinction of local popula

255 Within the Brassicaceae, these outcrossing systems are the evolutionary default state,

256 es of founders, linkage mapping in nonmodel, outcrossing systems using molecular markers presents one

257 ure, ranging from self-fertility to obligate outcrossing systems with several thousand different sexe

258 In contrast to well-studied outcrossing systems, the molecular basis of homothallism

259 ARC1 plays in the evolution and retention of outcrossing systems.

260 artificial diploid population is more highly outcrossing (t=0.727; family-level estimates range from

261 irus (4n) exhibited slightly higher rates of outcrossing than did populations of one of its progenito

262 llinators would select for lower defences in outcrossing than self-pollinating species.

263 , floral and leaf nicotine concentrations in outcrossing than selfing species, with a 15-fold decreas

264 Sexual outcrossers suffer from a cost of outcrossing that arises because they do not contribute t

265 model of obesity-driven type II diabetes by outcrossing the obese, diabetes-prone, NZO (New Zealand

266 the disruptions of coevolved sets of loci by outcrossing, the efficient purging of deleterious recess

267 ted because very few F2 progeny derived from outcrossing this strain with NOD develop spontaneous aut

268 ntributes to population differentiation, and outcrossing through CH flowers increases genetic variati

269 n the closely related C57BL/6J background by outcrossing to C57BL/10J, and backcrossing or intercross

270 ry traits through multiple introductions and outcrossing to create genetically novel offspring.

271 nt polymorphisms) of the locus that enforces outcrossing to demonstrate that its loss is irreversible

272 Transitions from obligate outcrossing to partial or predominant self-fertilization

273 he transgene was efficiently resilenced upon outcrossing to reintroduce the wild-type protein.

274 In plants, transitions in mating system from outcrossing to self-fertilization are common; however, t

275 lution, with the most common transition from outcrossing to self-fertilizing.

276 In plants, the shift from outcrossing to self-pollination is common, providing the

277 Evolutionary shifts from outcrossing to selfing have been frequent in plants, but

278 Shifts from outcrossing to selfing have occurred thousands of times

279 tes two distinct claims: the transition from outcrossing to selfing is unidirectional; and the divers

280 rom ancestral self-incompatibility (obligate outcrossing) to self-compatibility (increased inbreeding

281 first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops being developed for commerc

282 there were no significant differences among outcrossing treatments for fruit or seed production.

283 9% fewer seeds, respectively, than all other outcrossing treatments.

284 ially supported the patterns revealed in the outcrossing treatments.

285 mating system from strict selfing to strict outcrossing using the ms1b nuclear male sterility gene.

286 the recently estimated rate of Saccharomyces outcrossing, we calculate the strength of selection nece

287 range expansion even though the benefits of outcrossing were transient.

288 The use of this new outcrossing wheat population, mixing numerous initial pa

289 good approximation for models with complete outcrossing, whereas, for models with self-fertilization

290 s to account for this variation predict that outcrossing, which allows escape from Muller's ratchet a

291 Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is an outcrossing, wind-pollinated species exhibiting a gameto

292 Hybrid diploids formed by outcrossing with the laboratory strain S288c also displa

293 nally inherited parasite mitochondrion, even outcrossing with wild-type strains cannot facilitate spr