ライフサイエンスコーパス: outer surface

1 ctivities, BBA70 is located on the borrelial outer surface.

2 d differences in BTN3A1 that localize to its outer surface.

3 d by these molecules, ensuring a hydrophilic outer surface.

4 e layering proceeds radially inward from the outer surface.

5 loop in each case flexibly projects from an outer surface.

6 ed within the protein shell that forms their outer surface.

7 escent-shaped hydrophilic active site on its outer surface.

8 (x) species at secondary sites on the Keggin outer surface.

9 he cell although they can be attached to its outer surface.

10 re four drug molecules bind at the channel's outer surface.

11 where the LptD/LptE complex flips LPS to the outer surface.

12 esses approximately 10(4) cytochromes on its outer surface.

13 uted to thin fibers oriented parallel to the outer surface.

14 able of expressing the AmCyan protein on its outer surface.

15 alization of BmpA on the exposed spirochetal outer surface.

16 a generic oligonucleotide sequence on their outer surface.

17 to PINK1 stabilization at the mitochondrial outer surface.

18 es, with resulting diminished modulus in the outer surfaces.

19 -flagellar proteinaceous appendages on their outer surfaces.

20 f the same angular momentum on its inner and outer surfaces.

21 On the outer surface, a polyproline helix structure, not seen p

22 tructure and silanol groups on the inner and outer surfaces allow SNTs to disperse evenly in buffer s

23 biomaterial [poly(beta-amino ester)]-coated outer surface allowed the simultaneous application of mo

24 d reversible phosphorylation solubilizes its outer surface allowing processive degradation.

25 filters and fibrous filters with a sievelike outer surface and a fibrouslike porous substrate.

26 ulations resulted in their expression on the outer surface and a significant increase in phagocytic u

27 orphology compared to WT EBs, with a rippled outer surface and a smaller size due to decreased prolif

28 ving system with a morphogenetically growing outer surface and a stretch-driven growing inner core.

29 otein was localized to the enterococcal cell outer surface and bound to immobilized human fibronectin

30 observed in the time for FFA binding to the outer surface and flip-flop across the bilayer, it was c

31 ucture naturally presents the glycans on its outer surface and packs into its core conserved hydropho

32 lves residues distributed over the protein's outer surface and then narrows to the same charged (R316

33 PBH-512 and PBH-553 were on the spirochete's outer surface, and antiserum to these proteins reduced t

34 gn yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) on their outer surface, and then isolating those labelled chlorop

35 that the surface VO(x) species on the Keggin outer surface are significantly less active than the VO(

36 obal and lobar change in cortical thickness, outer surface area, the gyrification index, the average

37 n reflects structural changes induced on the outer surface as pressure builds up inside the capsid du

38 a proposed hydrophobic binding pocket on the outer surface at the AF-2 site and fitted comfortably, m

39 of OH radicals, have been identified on the outer surfaces at temperatures of >/=800 degrees C, and

40 a indicate that acidic patches on the convex outer surface bind RNase E.

41 f Bartonella quintana that bind hemin on the outer surface but share no homology with known bacterial

42 esized by B. quintana that bind hemin on the outer surface but share no similarity to known bacterial

43 f the inner membrane (IM) and flipped to its outer surface by the ABC transporter MsbA.

44 osed including: direct electron transfer via outer-surface c-type cytochromes, long-range electron tr

45 rm and to influence the secretion of several outer-surface c-type cytochromes.

46 DIET, possibly by acting as a substitute for outer-surface c-type cytochromes.

47 rect electrical contacts with electrodes via outer-surface, c-type cytochromes.

48 can be encapsulated in internal space whilst outer surfaces can be chemically modified.

49 cells will increase the chemical activity of outer surface cholesterol.

50 nosulfonate residues that project from their outer surfaces, crystallizing in high-symmetry trigonal

51 rimary source of building blocks forming the outer surface cuticular layer.

52 Most Gram-negative bacteria display a smooth outer surface (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae), whereas member

53 TPase recruitment of mTORC1 to the lysosomal outer surface, enabling activation of mTOR by the Ras ho

54 a had detectable levels of factor H on their outer surfaces, even though such bacteria express high l

55 APN also provides an exposed outer surface for coronavirus binding, without its physi

56 ve sites in the interior tubular vessels and outer surfaces for ultrasensitive detection of NA in liv

57 n infected mammal, the bacteria switch their outer surface from one of many bloodstream variable majo

58 ups, catalysts or targeting ligands on their outer surface, in their interior and between subunits.

59 Antigens found on the S. aureus outer surface include the capsular polysaccharides (CP)

60 Roughly 60% of the Earth's outer surface is composed of oceanic crust formed by vol

61 ish AFP Maxi, which extends to the protein's outer surface, is remarkably similar to the {100} planes

62 ed POT species could only be detected at the outer surface layer (</=14 A) of the SC material, even a

63 ansferred from the polymeric membrane to the outer surface layer of the SC on oxidation of POT but di

64 hat the cores were mostly accumulated in the outer surface layers of the poly(styrene) spheres.

65 n of numerous genes, including several major outer surface (lipo)proteins that are required for infec

66 Outer surface lipoprotein (Osp) C is a virulence factor

67 Outer surface lipoprotein A (OspA) and OspB both coimmun

68 ted constructs in which Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface lipoprotein A (OspA) was fused to calmodul

69 Outer surface lipoprotein C (OspC) is a key virulence fa

70 was defective in the production of OspC, an outer surface lipoprotein essential for mammalian host i

71 rgdorferi, we generated chimeras between the outer surface lipoprotein OspA, the periplasmic oligopep

72 a distinct subset of proteins, including the outer surface lipoprotein VlsE.

73 sK, rpsM, rplQ, and rpsO), a nuclease (pnp), outer surface lipoproteins (ospA and ospC), and a flagel

74 a Lyme disease agent, makes different major outer surface lipoproteins at different stages of its mo

75 lia burgdorferi, expresses RevA and numerous outer surface lipoproteins during mammalian infection.

76 esizes a variety of differentially regulated outer surface lipoproteins in the tick vector and in ver

77 feri sonicate and 4 differentially expressed outer surface lipoproteins of the spirochete, by enzyme-

78 adaptations include shifting among the major outer surface lipoproteins OspA, OspC, and VlsE at diffe

79 proteins (OMPs) in addition to its numerous outer surface lipoproteins.

80 gly, they also show that unrelated borrelial outer-surface lipoproteins can replace these functions i

81 ibody binding peptides on their coat protein outer surfaces, making them selective biosensing probes

82 ping and etching agent for protection of the outer surface nanoparticles and formation of a mesoporou

83 of stems cells continuously rejuvenates the outer surface of a human parasitic flatworm.

84 ilm ( approximately 20 mum) supported on the outer surface of a one-end capped porous SrCe0.8 Zr0.2 O

85 propyl-L-arginine delivered directly to the outer surface of a pial artery would (1) attenuate chang

86 mnaea AChBP sequence, covering primarily the outer surface of AChBP.

87 with the others: hyaluronan, anchored at the outer surface of articular cartilage by lubricin molecul

88 ting, suggesting that adaA is exposed on the outer surface of C. burnetii.

89 e for non-toxic and specific labeling of the outer surface of cells for three-dimensional (3D) super-

90 Neutralizing Fab fragments cover the outer surface of each copy of the capsid protein P2 doma

91 ment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on the outer surface of exosomes.

92 iety makes several key interactions with the outer surface of FimH including pi-pi interactions with

93 ication of lipid A, a major component of the outer surface of gram-negative bacteria.

94 how efficiently a protein is secreted to the outer surface of Gram-negative bacteria.

95 Herein, we found that the outer surface of HAp material after hydrothermal biomine

96 uced multimerization, with alteration of the outer surface of helices D or E having the greatest effe

97 for identifying epitopes on the appropriate outer surface of intact virus capsids (which are structu

98 lial cells that line the serous cavities and outer surface of internal organs are involved in inflamm

99 MV-ERV correctly displayed echistatin on the outer surface of its envelope and produced interesting r

100 lectrophysiological activity from the entire outer surface of Langendorff-perfused hearts.

101 As a control, Tyr82, oriented toward the outer surface of MA, was also replaced with phenylalanin

102 zed to facilitate movement of protons on the outer surface of membranes in support of respiration-dep

103 We find that Reaper concentrates on the outer surface of mitochondria in a nonperipheral manner

104 erent molecular units can be anchored on the outer surface of MOF NPs in a self-assembly process gene

105 We find that WHAMM bound to the outer surface of MT protofilaments via a novel interacti

106 s per cubic centimeter) is equivalent to the outer surface of nanoparticles (3-nanometer cubes) and n

107 We find that PI3P is abundant on the outer surface of plant cell plasma membranes and, furthe

108 ibrils were observed either inside or on the outer surface of proteoliposomes, and strikingly, severa

109 and sulforaphane, could also interact on the outer surface of PXR at the AF-2 domain.

110 ce between the shelf and core modules on the outer surface of RNAP, away from the catalytic center an

111 Although the outer surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes (atomica

112 dentified a putative LPS binding site on the outer surface of Skp and propose a model for unfolded su

113 ere, we show that liquids can flow along the outer surface of solid nanowires at a scale of attolitre

114 Rs1 was associated with the outer surface of synaptic membranes in wild-type (Wt) re

115 T domain comprises conserved residues of the outer surface of the alpha1-helix and the alpha1-beta1,

116 y at dynamic foci in which the lumen and the outer surface of the aorta could be clearly seen.

117 isplayed small detergent-free patches on the outer surface of the beta barrel.

118 We identified the outer surface of the beta-region in A2 as the MurA-bindi

119 l lining of the upper airways represents the outer surface of the body to the ambient air and its con

120 us through the brain ventricles to reach the outer surface of the brain in the subarachnoid spaces fr

121 entially in cortical grey matter next to the outer surface of the brain.

122 -shaped spikes extending up to 6 nm from the outer surface of the capsid shell.

123 eotides with aniline groups installed on the outer surface of the capsid shells.

124 Agents interacting with the outer surface of the CBFbeta-SMMHC ACD that prevent mult

125 s and that decaheme cytochromes found on the outer surface of the cell (MtrC and OmcA) are required f

126 placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

127 ed by detection of phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

128 ddressing system for sending TcPI-PLC to the outer surface of the cell.

129 Mating of hydrophobic patches on the outer surface of the dimer is likely to promote higher o

130 ted at the base of an N-terminal coil on the outer surface of the dodecameric protein sphere and does

131 of adhesion complexes, and are shed from the outer surface of the embryo late in development.

132 s tightly apposed to the node and covers the outer surface of the embryo, and, just after nodal flow

133 C-gamma1 nor PLC-beta1, accumulated near the outer surface of the embryo.

134 s in display of RNA aptamer or folate on the outer surface of the extracellular vesicle.

135 tically disordered regions (in the inner and outer surface of the Fe3O4 shell) and spins located in t

136 These polysaccharides are exposed on the outer surface of the fungal cell wall and are, therefore

137 f kinases and phosphatases to solubilize the outer surface of the glucan and mediate starch catabolis

138 he complex, a fragment of Y RNA binds on the outer surface of the HEAT-repeat ring, and single-strand

139 the unbound state, it is more exposed on the outer surface of the helicase.

140 bility of chemical species to both inner and outer surface of the hollows, offering perspectives for

141 ligand-capped CdSe-NCs were captured at the outer surface of the host polymer films using a unique p

142 s of negative charge in the guest toward the outer surface of the host, as well as the required enlar

143 ride, nascent core-lipid A is flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ABC transport

144 ort horizontal alpha-helix anchored near the outer surface of the inner membrane of DsbB that elimina

145 moiety may occur during its transit from the outer surface of the inner membrane to the outer membran

146 sphorylates the 1-position of lipid A on the outer surface of the inner membrane.

147 inactivated, indicating that LpxF faces the outer surface of the inner membrane.

148 The Fab binds across the outer surface of the intersubunit contact, which contain

149 chain elongation process is localized on the outer surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane.

150 in the three variable loops that lie on the outer surface of the modeled HIV-1 conical capsid.

151 The outer surface of the monomers presents hydrophilic side

152 ent across the NE and is associated with the outer surface of the NE in metazoan and higher plant cel

153 nding is found to involve T4L binding on the outer surface of the oligomer bridging the formation of

154 of the IM at 42 degrees C in MB1 but not the outer surface of the OM.

155 We now show that lipid IV(A) reaches the outer surface of the outer membrane in these strains, as

156 Lipid A coats the outer surface of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bac

157 complex is responsible for LPS reaching the outer surface of the outer membrane.

158 ally expressed, and, as a result, the entire outer surface of the ovary takes on valve margin identit

159 onnects the active site/proton pump with the outer surface of the oxidase complex.

160 nd sufficient to target the fused GFP to the outer surface of the parasite.

161 ttranslational modifications function at the outer surface of the PCNA ring to favor DNA damage bypas

162 Mutagenesis of the outer surface of the peptide i.e., at the b and f positi

163 facing the interior and MtrC exposed on the outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer, the establish

164 tion are the retention of the protein on the outer surface of the plasma membrane and the stimulation

165 ified in its N terminus and localizes to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of amastigotes.

166 ticulin, a soluble protein, localizes to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of dying cells is u

167 The presence of TcPI-PLC on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the parasite and

168 Primarily found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane with their glycans

169 nd basic-residue mutant Gag localized to the outer surface of the PM at the uropod.

170 We suggest that the outer surface of the poxvirus virion is derived from the

171 munogenic epitopes that are localized on the outer surface of the protein molecule and are part of a

172 Homology modelling places G1401 on the outer surface of the protein, distant from the nucleotid

173 ensional modeling is assigned to the exposed outer surface of the protein.

174 mall binding site that was identified on the outer surface of the receptor at the AF-2 site and valid

175 The outer surface of the silicon nanotube is prevented from

176 rter, of proteases capable of remodeling the outer surface of the spirochetes, and of the recombinati

177 ainly located in the skeleton and toward the outer surface of the sponge.

178 artially and in some cases completely on the outer surface of the spore's IM and (ii) there is signif

179 ever, like SpoVAD, SpoVAEa is present on the outer surface of the spore's inner membrane, as SpoVAEa

180 istance of the repeat region, exposed on the outer surface of the sporozoites, combined with the flex

181 Mpc54p and Spo21p, were oriented toward the outer surface of the structure.

182 orous silica, with antibodies at or near the outer surface of the support then being treated with pap

183 erminus, forming a major protuberance on the outer surface of the virus, and a basic motif at the N t

184 ated only on pH < 4 water, we infer that the outer surface of water is Bronsted neutral at pH approxi

185 by simple impregnation is oriented along the outer surface of ZIF-8 (Au25 (SG)18 /ZIF-8).

186 centrosomal protein Dgrip84 localizes on the outer surfaces of AN.

187 for the ciliary axoneme are attached to the outer surfaces of cytoplasmic vesicles that carry integr

188 lic complex resulted in a more rounded shape outer surfaces of HPbetaCD than when encapsulated separa

189 ne specific structural motif but involve the outer surfaces of multiple TM subsegments (TM1-5 and -7)

190 hat external Pt sites are not present on the outer surfaces of the approximately 10 nm diameter nanos

191 M are related to distance from the inner and outer surfaces of the brain, and this suggests that ther

192 egmented into 12 bands between the inner and outer surfaces of the brain.

193 tive sites and two DNA duplexes bound on the outer surfaces of the dimer facing away from each other.

194 binding surfaces opposite one another on the outer surfaces of the dimer.

195 antibodies targeting the exposed topmost and outer surfaces of the E2/E1 trimer determine the neutral

196 stingly, epitopes on the exposed topmost and outer surfaces of the E2/E1 trimer structure were neutra

197 25, after they have extended over the entire outer surfaces of the head and arms.

198 ed ameloblasts exclusively on the labial, or outer, surface of the tooth.

199 with precise timing and localization to the outer surface, or apex, of the follicle.

200 ontrol over membrane formation (at inner and outer surfaces, or in the bulk, of the fibers), a microf

201 ealed that native Tp34 is not located on the outer surface (outer membrane) of T. pallidum but, rathe

202 , B. burgdorferi must dramatically alter its outer surface profile in order to interact with and adap

203 eason, and was associated with antibodies to outer surface protein (Osp) C, but not to OspA.

204 orrelia burgdorferi alters the expression of outer surface protein (osp) genes as the bacterium cycle

205 We tested this strategy by using Borrelia outer surface protein (OspA) whose single-layer beta-she

206 eze-thawed, live, or sonicated) or lipidated outer surface protein A (L-OspA) augmented their SOCS1/S

207 h T cell recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA(161-175)) and with HLA-DR

208 ulator (BosR), is required for repression of outer surface protein A (OspA) and OspD in the mammal.

209 peptide self-assembly mimic (PSAM) from the outer surface protein A (OspA) can form highly stable bu

210 Outer surface protein A (OspA) coats the spirochetes fro

211 Outer surface protein A (OspA) from the Lyme disease spi

212 Outer surface protein A (OspA) is a borrelial protein im

213 Outer surface protein A (OspA) of the Lyme disease spiro

214 se of DR4-Tg mice after immunization with Bb outer surface protein A (OspA) or infection with live Bb

215 The Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine induces antibodie

216 Serum concentrations of antibodies against outer surface protein A (OspA) were shown to correlate w

217 Similar results were obtained using outer surface protein A (OspA), a naturally occurring tr

218 ferentially expressed in the tick, including outer surface protein A (OspA), Borrelia iron and copper

219 i, the agent of Lyme disease, down-regulates outer surface protein A (OspA), which is abundantly expr

220 single-layer beta-sheet segment of Borrelia outer surface protein A (OspA).

221 lpha/beta/alpha-sandwich) and another within outer surface protein A (OspA, beta-sheet) to have high

222 a common Lyme disease vaccine is recombinant outer surface protein A (rOspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi

223 Furthermore, we demonstrate that anti-outer surface protein A Abs develop in these mice only a

224 cated B. burgdorferi or with the lipoprotein outer surface protein A in the presence of increasing co

225 arthritis resolved, had serum antibodies to outer surface protein A of B burgdorferi.

226 ver an extended time period, as well as anti-outer surface protein A of Bb serum titers.

227 luorescence assays that combined monoclonal (outer surface protein A) and polyclonal antibodies were

228 ocytes with B. burgdorferi lysate, lipidated outer surface protein A, and triacylated lipopeptide Pam

229 B. burgdorferi outer surface protein A, which is abundantly expressed o

230 nation of wild white-footed mice resulted in outer surface protein A-specific seropositivity that led

231 from the single-layer beta-sheet of Borrelia outer surface protein A.

232 d on the single-layer beta-sheet of Borrelia outer surface protein A.

233 eratin 10 and a prominent B. burgdorferi Ag, outer surface protein A.

234 fragments directed against the C terminus of outer surface protein B (OspB), a major lipoprotein of t

235 o the pattern of diversity described for the outer surface protein C (OspC) gene in Lyme disease spir

236 rrelia burgdorferi reduces the expression of outer surface protein C (OspC) in response to the develo

237 Timely expression of the outer surface protein C (OspC) is crucial for the pathog

238 Outer surface protein C (OspC) is one of the major lipop

239 Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein C (ospC) is required for the estab

240 The data presented here demonstrate that the outer surface protein C (OspC) of B. burgdorferi is a po

241 We previously demonstrated that outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi i

242 Outer surface protein C (OspC) of the Lyme disease spiro

243 poprotein antigen expression, exemplified by outer surface protein C (OspC), at the advent of specifi

244 oproteins, decorin-binding protein A (DbpA), outer surface protein C (OspC), BBF01, and VlsE, were an

245 bosomal RNA intergenic spacer type (RST) and outer surface protein C (OspC), we studied the inflammat

246 genic spacer (IGS) and the gene encoding the outer surface protein C (ospC).

247 spacer and reverse line blot analysis of the outer surface protein C gene (ospC).

248 the mutant displayed increased expression of outer surface protein C in vitro, which was correlated w

249 specifically interacted with B. burgdorferi outer surface protein C.

250 The outer surface protein E (OspE) of B. burgdorferi is need

251 elia burgdorferi B31MI, class I includes the outer surface protein E (OspE) paralogs, L39, N38, and P

252 he strict temporal control of B. burgdorferi outer surface protein gene expression may reflect immuno

253 ia to mammalian cells by binding to the EHEC outer surface protein Intimin.

254 The Borrelia burgdorferi BmpA outer surface protein plays a significant role in mammal

255 trate that RevA, an unrelated B. burgdorferi outer surface protein, binds mammalian fibronectin in a

256 es specific downregulation of an immunogenic outer surface protein, OspC.

257 ombinatorial antigenic variation of the VlsE outer surface protein.

258 nition of an epitope of Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein A (OspA163-175).

259 actor H-binding protein (FhbA), a B. hermsii outer-surface protein and putative virulence factor that

260 determined the genotype of the gene encoding outer-surface protein C (ospC) of B. burgdorferi strains

261 and analyzed a B. burgdorferi mutant lacking outer-surface protein C (OspC), an abundant Osp that spi

262 Outer-surface protein C (OspC), which is induced during

263 differentially expressed, 37-kDa spirochetal outer-surface protein, termed arthritis-related protein

264 Outer surface proteins (Osp) A and C of the Lyme disease

265 Also, we evaluated the expression of the outer surface proteins (Osps) OspA and OspC by use of qu

266 that many genes encoding known and putative outer surface proteins are down-regulated in mammalian h

267 feri, indicating that these newly identified outer surface proteins are prime candidates for analysis

268 Several different borrelial outer surface proteins have been identified as being abl

269 Several Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins have been identified over the pas

270 Five different B. burgdorferi outer surface proteins having affinities for factor H ha

271 ck-infested baboons indicated that all seven outer surface proteins identified are immunogenic and th

272 Among the putative outer surface proteins identified, biochemical and surfa

273 describing the roles of many B. burgdorferi outer surface proteins in adhesion to host cell surface

274 regulation of the virulence-associated major outer surface proteins OspC and OspA in Borrelia burgdor

275 urgdorferi differentially expresses numerous outer surface proteins that influence different stages o

276 Borrelia burgdorferi produces Erp outer surface proteins throughout mammalian infection, b

277 olA bound to the promoters of genes encoding outer surface proteins TRP120 and ECH_1038, which were e

278 r, several different genes encoding putative outer surface proteins were found to be up-regulated dur

279 Deletion of two such outer surface proteins, decorin-binding proteins A and B

280 en binding by three highly similar borrelial outer surface proteins, ErpP, ErpA, and ErpC, all of whi

281 hete controls production of its OspC and Erp outer surface proteins, repressing protein synthesis dur

282 To identify uncharacterized B. burgdorferi outer surface proteins, we previously performed a compre

283 ails of B. burgdorferi, including a layer of outer surface proteins, were clearly visible in the resu

284 late osp expression and the slow turnover of outer surface proteins.

285 pcpA, rrgA, rrgB, and rrgC encode several outer surface proteins.

286 n placed on identifying additional borrelial outer surface proteins.

287 s, including lipooligosaccharide glycans and outer surface proteins.

288 amino acids critical for ACD function, three outer surface residues of ACD helices A-D, the subsequen

289 ight polarized radially to the optical fiber outer surface, so as to maximize the optical coupling wi

290 se, most of which have been shown to involve outer surface structures, including lipooligosaccharide

291 ieves a minimal IR emissivity (10.1%) on the outer surface that effectively suppresses heat radiation

292 The virus has 60 "fingers" on the virus outer surface that probably function as dominant immunog

293 we found two hydrophobic pockets on the HUS1 outer surface that were important for cell survival afte

294 nized pigmentation patterns flush with their outer surfaces that are formed by underlying autonomous

295 erent pathways, termed K and D, and from the outer surface via an undefined route.

296 translocated into emptied phage head and its outer surface was decorated with proteins fused to outer

297 in a crescent-shaped groove on the barrel's outer surface, wherein two histidines and an aspartate c

298 st that TerS oligomerization creates a large outer surface, which, but not the interior of the channe

299 e pneumococci can be readily washed from the outer surface, while a second population composed of pri

300 spectively), suggesting that cloaking of the outer surface with host proteins is not involved in defe