ライフサイエンスコーパス: pachytene

1 r Holliday junction resolution and exit from pachytene.

2 c partner Cdk2, which occurs much earlier in pachytene.

3 SCI) are eliminated via apoptosis during mid-pachytene.

4 ssential steps before chromosome synapsis at pachytene.

5 ytologically visible unpaired chromosomes at pachytene.

6 brightly for Me(K4)H3 after germ nuclei exit pachytene.

7 l mice also contained germ cells arrested at pachytene.

8 ved until the formation of full-length SC at pachytene.

9 relates with an extensive unpaired region at pachytene.

10 ) that undergo checkpoint-mediated arrest at pachytene.

11 mal to telomeres rises from early meiosis to pachytene.

12 assembly of the euchromatic SC at the end of pachytene.

13 chromosomes from leptotene through to early pachytene.

14 found only for matings that sampled treated pachytene (28-fold, P < 0.0001) and preleptotene spermat

15 At late zygotene/early pachytene a proportion of AtMSH5 foci co-localize with A

16 into two morphologically distinct substages: pachytene A, when SCs are perinuclear, and pachytene B,

17 ation of spermatocytes, respectively, at the pachytene and anaphase I stages.

18 were arrested between leptotene/zygotene and pachytene and died through apoptosis.

19 restricted to the germ line, specifically to pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes and early spermati

20 RNF17 granules are prominent in late pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes, and in elongating

21 wn as UBC9) were localized to the XY body in pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes, while only SUMO2/

22 ces cerevisiae because it triggers exit from pachytene and entry into meiosis.

23 ctor, Ndt80, which is required for exit from pachytene and entry into the meiotic divisions in buddin

24 Based on the formation of the XY body at pachytene and expression studies of a few X-linked genes

25 cyte influences meiotic progression prior to pachytene and may interact with pathways that control DN

26 cycle progression in tam was delayed in both pachytene and meiosis II.

27 containing mRNA translation is stimulated at pachytene and metaphase I.

28 ial artificial chromosomes, was estimated on pachytene and mitotic chromosomes to be approximately 50

29 ypes are accompanied by a delayed entry into pachytene and premature desynapsis of the X chromosome.

30 nd found Jmjd1a was specifically produced in pachytene and secondary spermatocytes.

31 that phosphorylated Red1 prevents exit from pachytene and that completion of meiotic recombination t

32 asynaptic regions of the XY bivalents during pachytene, and that there is a time lag between the appe

33 ist even when the XY body disappears in late pachytene, and the X and Y chromosomes segregate from on

34 eas the numbers of AtMLH1 and AtMLH3 foci at pachytene are significantly reduced.

35 Pachytene arrest and apoptosis is observed in mouse muta

36 like synapsis/recombination mutants, display pachytene arrest and that this can be circumvented by pr

37 as Pch1) is required for checkpoint-mediated pachytene arrest of the zip1 and dmc1 mutants of Sacchar

38 s in XY males is sufficient to phenocopy the pachytene arrest phenotype; insertion of Zfy 1/2 on the

39 The pachytene arrest was accompanied by an inefficient exit

40 In mutants that undergo checkpoint-mediated pachytene arrest, Mek1 is active and Red1 remains phosph

41 ble-strand breaks, undetectable sex-body and pachytene arrest.

42 80 activity is one mechanism used to achieve pachytene arrest.

43 c basis of F1 hybrid sterility manifested by pachytene arrest.

44 nce that MSCI failure is sufficient to cause pachytene arrest.

45 Most of the oocytes with pachytene asynapsis were eliminated before birth.

46 : pachytene A, when SCs are perinuclear, and pachytene B, when SCs are uniformly distributed througho

47 Both proteins persisted on chromatin until pachytene before abruptly disappearing, indicating that

48 C-FISH to spreads of mitotic chromosomes and pachytene bivalents were associated with the largest sor

49 that the fusion protein was most abundant at pachytene, but was undetectable from late prophase I unt

50 ation, is required for stabilizing the SC in pachytene by switching the central region of the SC from

51 rrangements during meiotic prophase and that pachytene can be divided into two morphologically distin

52 ivalent formation, increased aneuploidy, and pachytene cell death, which are likely due to defects in

53 potential to differentiate into oocytes, the pachytene cells appear to function transiently as nurse

54 disclosed IR-induced dsDNA breaks (DSBs) in pachytene cells at a linear dose relationship of one IR-

55 Etoposide treatment of pachytene cells induced aneuploidy in both spermatocytes

56 anization and morphogenesis: organization of pachytene cells on the surface of the gonadal tube, oocy

57 Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of pachytene cells showed that the three BACs tightly clust

58 rentially expressed along the chromosomes in pachytene cells, which undergo meiotic recombination.

59 on movements of GFP-tagged bivalents in live pachytene cells.

60 In budding yeast the pachytene checkpoint 2 (Pch2) protein regulates meiotic

61 In budding yeast, the pachytene checkpoint also requires meiosis-specific chro

62 at least some of the genes that execute the pachytene checkpoint are different among organisms.

63 in the other branch of the pathway or in the pachytene checkpoint are unable to suppress the meiotic

64 The requirement for Swe1 distinguishes the pachytene checkpoint from the DNA damage checkpoints ope

65 C. elegans homolog of PCH2, a budding yeast pachytene checkpoint gene, which suggests that this surv

66 We show that Ddc1 is required for the pachytene checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

67 dly reveals a triple role for Zfy at the mid-pachytene checkpoint in which Zfy genes first promote MS

68 Other components of the pachytene checkpoint include the nucleolar protein Pch2

69 The pachytene checkpoint is a meiotic surveillance system th

70 ral species suggest that the strength of the pachytene checkpoint is sexually dimorphic, observations

71 We suggest that activation of the pachytene checkpoint may be an important mechanism contr

72 Second, the pachytene checkpoint may be an important mechanism that

73 First, the pachytene checkpoint may form the mechanistic basis of s

74 Although the pachytene checkpoint occurs in many animals and in fungi

75 The pachytene checkpoint prevents meiotic cell cycle progres

76 The pachytene checkpoint requires a subset of proteins that

77 This pachytene checkpoint requires two meiotic chromosomal pr

78 -dependent histone ubiquitination triggers a pachytene checkpoint system, providing a new insight int

79 cycle, a surveillance mechanism called the "pachytene checkpoint" ensures proper chromosome segregat

80 vents and MI progression is governed by the "pachytene checkpoint", which in budding yeast requires R

81 o deficient in the apoptotic response of the pachytene checkpoint, and both scc-2 and scc-3 mutants f

82 finding suggests that the penetrance of the pachytene checkpoint, and even its presence or absence c

83 in a recombination mutant defective for the pachytene checkpoint, indicating that Mec1-dependent Rfa

84 In addition, plants seem to lack the pachytene checkpoint, which correlates with increased pr

85 n wild type but not in cells arrested at the pachytene checkpoint.

86 for genes whose overexpression bypasses the pachytene checkpoint.

87 bination and as such may activate a putative pachytene checkpoint.

88 Pachytene chromatin condensation is disrupted, and altho

89 or microdissection and that when applied to pachytene chromatin, such cocktails provide an especiall

90 ysical locations of 17 mapped loci on tomato pachytene chromosome 1.

91 al artificial chromosome (BAC) clones on the pachytene chromosome 6 of potato.

92 ISH mapping of several potato BACs on tomato pachytene chromosome 6 revealed an overall colinearity b

93 ed on DNA density values and the fraction of pachytene chromosome length that is euchromatic, we esti

94 ock Translator permits prediction of meiotic pachytene chromosome map positions from recombination-ba

95 cultures with >40 Gy (4-krad) X-rays stalls pachytene chromosome movements.

96 The pachytene chromosome-based FISH mapping shows a superior

97 We showed that pachytene chromosome-based fluorescence in situ hybridiz

98 Meiotic pachytene chromosome-based fluorescence in situ hybridiz

99 roximately 28% of the physical length of the pachytene chromosome.

100 onfiguration in which, immediately preceding pachytene, chromosome ends colocalize dynamically in a r

101 The pachytene chromosomes 6 of potato and tomato (S. lycoper

102 plete double-strand break repair on synapsed pachytene chromosomes and a lack of crossing over.

103 C(2)M is continuously incorporated into pachytene chromosomes even though SC assembly is complet

104 aracterize COs in the same sample of meiotic pachytene chromosomes from wild-type tomato.

105 indicate that the nanoscale structure of the pachytene chromosomes is constrained by periodic pattern

106 and the fine cytological resolution of maize pachytene chromosomes made it possible to compare the di

107 Painting of pachytene chromosomes of Calepina, Conringia, and Sisymb

108 essed sequence tag (EST) markers onto the 10 pachytene chromosomes of maize by using a newly develope

109 a simple technique that allows stretching of pachytene chromosomes of maize to up to at least 20 time

110 rice karyotype was constructed using meiotic pachytene chromosomes of O. sativa spp. japonica rice va

111 We demonstrate that super-stretched pachytene chromosomes provide unprecedented resolution f

112 tion of 5-methyl cytosine on super-stretched pachytene chromosomes provides a powerful tool to reveal

113 e annotated and localized via FISH to tomato pachytene chromosomes providing the first global insight

114 analysis of this BAC and three subclones on pachytene chromosomes revealed relatively strict partiti

115 provided clear images of optically isolated pachytene chromosomes through a chromosome spread and pa

116 uorescence in situ hybridization analysis of pachytene chromosomes to investigate genetic differentia

117 py markers that were independently mapped on pachytene chromosomes using in situ hybridization.

118 les (RNs) along synaptonemal complexes (SCs, pachytene chromosomes) and allows genetic cM distances t

119 For pachytene chromosomes, EST density is about fourfold hig

120 of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) in extended pachytene chromosomes, RNs provide the highest-resolutio

121 and proved to be key for super-stretching of pachytene chromosomes.

122 ion of single-copy genes on maize (Zea mays) pachytene chromosomes.

123 r unambiguous identification of the 10 maize pachytene chromosomes.

124 lution fluorescence in situ hybridization on pachytene chromosomes.

125 Prem-2/Ji, Grande, and Tekay/Prem-1 on maize pachytene chromosomes.

126 no-2-phenylindole staining of the Nipponbare pachytene chromosomes.

127 rtificial chromosome (BAC) clones on meiotic pachytene chromosomes.

128 separated by 40 kb can be resolved on early pachytene chromosomes.

129 able for two events that accompany exit from pachytene: crossover formation and synaptonemal complex

130 he mutant, providing molecular evidence that pachytene differentiation was defective.

131 tene) but lower percentages at later stages (pachytene, diplotene and metaphase I) providing evidence

132 dissociates from the chromosome arms in late-pachytene-diplotene cells.

133 spermatogenesis was arrested around the late pachytene-diplotene stages of prophase I; surprisingly,

134 s was accompanied by increased cell death in pachytene/diplotene cells with markedly elevated levels

135 in males suggested a role for SPO11alpha in pachytene/diplotene spermatocytes.

136 1C localized to mouse meiotic chromosomes at pachytene/diplotene.

137 for both group I and group II, repair during pachytene (disjunction pathway) is associated with inter

138 hk-2 mutants are defective in triggering the pachytene DNA damage checkpoint in response to an interm

139 igger an apoptotic response of the conserved pachytene DNA damage checkpoint.

140 ut mice, meiotic progression is disrupted at pachytene due to inhibited translation of synaptonemal c

141 We discuss how regulation of pachytene exit by Mek1 or similar kinases could influenc

142 eling of meiotic chromosome structures after pachytene exit in Caenorhabditis elegans.

143 encodes a transcription factor required for pachytene exit, did not inhibit DNA rereplication.

144 cell cycle kinases previously implicated in pachytene exit.

145 Pachytene expression of individual Y genes inserted as t

146 The mapping combined with results from pachytene FISH experiments demonstrated that the top of

147 us studies suggested that most or all of the pachytene germ cells have the potential to differentiate

148 We show that the pachytene germline X chromosomes in both sexes lack Me(K

149 etween intimately paired, lengthwise-aligned pachytene homologs, and its kinetics of localization wit

150 hat XXY pairings are dissolved at the end of pachytene in oocytes that do undergo X chromosomal cross

151 ast meiosis, a checkpoint prevents exit from pachytene in response to defects in meiotic recombinatio

152 ents HTP-1 and HTP-2 are removed during late pachytene, in a crossover-dependent manner, from the reg

153 Inactivation of MAP kinase at late pachytene is critical for timely disassembly of the SC p

154 p2(-/-) spermatocytes arrest at the stage of pachytene-like chromosome condensation.

155 prophase I, which provokes an arrest at the pachytene-like stage and results in infertility.

156 blot analysis revealed reduced expression of pachytene markers in the mutant, providing molecular evi

157 Boule mutations lead to a pachytene meiotic arrest before metaphase in Drosophila

158 the induction of genes involved in exit from pachytene, meiotic progression, and spore formation.

159 By late pachytene, no interlocks remain, suggesting that interlo

160 Here we document that BTBD18 is a pachytene nuclear protein in mouse testes that occupies

161 meiotic nuclei but is undetectable in early pachytene nuclei.

162 that any chromosome region unsynapsed during pachytene of male and female mouse meiosis is subject to

163 kinase) to control chromosome morphology in pachytene of meiosis I, as does lin-35.

164 ntral element of the synaptonemal complex in pachytene of meiosis, and earlier, is essential for cent

165 c day 16.5 (E16.5), when most oocytes are in pachytene of prophase I.

166 developmental switches: progression through pachytene, oocyte meiotic maturation/ovulation, male ger

167 ly restricted to primary piRNAs derived from pachytene piRNA clusters.

168 Mutants defective for pachytene piRNA pathway proteins fail to produce mature

169 A-MYB drives transcription of both pachytene piRNA precursor RNAs and the mRNAs for core pi

170 strate that BTBD18 facilitates expression of pachytene piRNA precursors by promoting transcription el

171 ain proteins and processing intermediates of pachytene piRNA primary transcripts.

172 NA precursor transcripts nor the trigger for pachytene piRNA production is known.

173 hat the transcription factor A-MYB initiates pachytene piRNA production.

174 uch de novo targets revealed a signature for pachytene piRNA target recognition.

175 in in mouse testes that occupies a subset of pachytene piRNA-producing loci.

176 and they may arise from an imbalance between pachytene piRNAs and MIWI.

177 Pachytene piRNAs are a class of Piwi-interacting small R

178 accumulate early in spermatogenesis, whereas pachytene piRNAs are produced later during postnatal spe

179 rs including MIWI, the protein through which pachytene piRNAs function.

180 Although pilRNAs are similar to pachytene piRNAs in both size and genomic origins, they

181 (MAEL) are enriched in MIWI (Piwi partner of pachytene piRNAs), Tudor-domain proteins and processing

182 loop that ensures the robust accumulation of pachytene piRNAs.

183 The gene is transcriptionally active in pachytene primary spermatocytes and is repressed in all

184 ic linker histone H1t is synthesized only in pachytene primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis.

185 become unpaired while remaining synapsed as pachytene progresses, we directly demonstrate the occurr

186 checkpoint is activated by these events and pachytene progression is delayed until the DSB repair co

187 s demonstrate a role for Ovol1 in regulating pachytene progression of male germ cells, and identify I

188 ir localization is severely disrupted during pachytene progression, and normal tripartite SC is not v

189 An early pachytene response to asynapsis is meiotic silencing of

190 However, spermatogenic arrest at the pachytene spermatocyte stage that occurs in this situati

191 ed DNase I-sensitive region is formed at the pachytene spermatocyte stage with the recruitment to the

192 is showed that VHY was readily detectable in pachytene spermatocytes (midstage of meiotic division I)

193 gs derived from type A spermatogonia (Spga), pachytene spermatocytes (Spcy) and round spermatids (Spt

194 iptome of mouse type A spermatogonia (Spga), pachytene spermatocytes (Spcy), and round spermatids (Sp

195 ptomes of mouse type A spermatogonia (Spga), pachytene spermatocytes (Spcy), and round spermatids (Sp

196 2), a testis-enriched chaperone expressed in pachytene spermatocytes and also essential for male fert

197 ntly increased H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 levels in pachytene spermatocytes and early elongating spermatids

198 H1t is found only in pachytene spermatocytes and early, haploid spermatids, c

199 both proteins localize in nuclei in meiotic pachytene spermatocytes and in the cytoplasm of subseque

200 AgRP in the testis was localized to pachytene spermatocytes and in the tongue to epithelial

201 romoter is coincident with the appearance of pachytene spermatocytes and leads to a Calpha protein (C

202 ogenesis, was upregulated in Ovol1-deficient pachytene spermatocytes and repressed by Ovol1 in report

203 o MIWI-associated piRNAs mainly expressed in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids in the test

204 miR-469 silencing of TP2 and Prm2 mRNA in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids is essentia

205 epair activity was only modestly elevated in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids relative to

206 d protein in Leydig cells and in germ cells (pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids) of the rat

207 The expression of Ggn was confined to late pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids, a time win

208 nd stage-dependently expressed in late-stage pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids.

209 in the cytoplasm as well as in organelles of pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids.

210 There was weak expression in late pachytene spermatocytes and strong expression in spermat

211 tpartum, when leptotene, zygotene, and early pachytene spermatocytes are the most common meiotic prop

212 t stages of development detected sAC in late pachytene spermatocytes as well as round and elongating

213 induction of spermatogenesis to the level of pachytene spermatocytes at point of busulfan treatment a

214 ecipitously 1 day later, when middle to late pachytene spermatocytes become the dominant subtype.

215 increased ratio of TRAX to TB-RBP in meiotic pachytene spermatocytes compared with the post-meiotic r

216 -1 increases in the sex body of early-to-mid-pachytene spermatocytes correlated with timing of additi

217 mice, Cdc20 accumulates in the cytoplasm of pachytene spermatocytes during meiosis I, is distributed

218 Interestingly, the pachytene spermatocytes exhibit persistent double strand

219 In fact, chromosomes of pachytene spermatocytes from Mlh1(-/-) mice were compete

220 recently, we reported the cloning from mouse pachytene spermatocytes of mouse tauCstF-64 (gene symbol

221 t with the detection of Ovol1 transcripts in pachytene spermatocytes of the meiotic prophase, Ovol1-d

222 c differences between Drosha- and Dicer-null pachytene spermatocytes or round spermatids.

223 Once germ cells enter meiosis, pachytene spermatocytes produce RA to coordinate the two

224 Indeed, chemical and genetic depletion of pachytene spermatocytes revealed that RA from pachytene

225 ed the Acsl3 promoter to drive expression in pachytene spermatocytes to compensate for inactivation o

226 birth during the synchronized progression of pachytene spermatocytes to haploid spermatids.

227 Rs became increasingly enriched in RNPs from pachytene spermatocytes to round spermatids, and the enr

228 achytene spermatocytes revealed that RA from pachytene spermatocytes was required for the two postmei

229 P2 forms a DNase I-sensitive conformation in pachytene spermatocytes, a requisite event prior to the

230 lls, spermatogonia plus early spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and round spermatids were purif

231 In testis, SCALD expression is restricted to pachytene spermatocytes, as revealed by visualization of

232 ygotene spermatocytes, prepubertal and adult pachytene spermatocytes, as well as round spermatids.

233 cally in Sertoli's cells, spermatogonia, and pachytene spermatocytes, but not in postmeiotic round sp

234 y-state levels of certain X-linked miRNAs in pachytene spermatocytes, suggesting that either synthesi

235 to MSCI remain located within the XY body in pachytene spermatocytes, suggesting that the mechanism o

236 ase reporter assays were done in transfected pachytene spermatocytes, the cells that exhibit the high

237 1) is expressed at moderately high levels in pachytene spermatocytes, the developmental stage at whic

238 We found that pachytene spermatocytes, which express an RA-synthesizin

239 nked miRNAs are transcribed and processed in pachytene spermatocytes.

240 both the X and Y chromosomes in mid-to-late pachytene spermatocytes.

241 noted H1t, which is particularly abundant in pachytene spermatocytes.

242 species, whereas no changes were observed in pachytene spermatocytes.

243 Spermatogenesis is arrested at pachytene spermatocytes.

244 n at the ALF promoter precedes expression in pachytene spermatocytes.

245 the testis shows that C(s) first appears in pachytene spermatocytes.

246 the double stranded breaks generated in pre-pachytene spermatocytes.

247 ssion from gonocytes/type A spermatogonia to pachytene spermatocytes.

248 st, such defects were not detected in mutant pachytene spermatocytes.

249 9.2, or sCBM9.8; and used as a FISH probe on pachytene spreads from OMAd9.2.

250 Cleavage of genic targets began at the pachytene stage and resulted in progressive repression t

251 the mutant mice synapsed and advanced to the pachytene stage but failed to progress to the diplotene

252 However, cells that survive the pachytene stage display chromosome nondisjunction at the

253 etic landscape of meiotic chromosomes at the pachytene stage in mouse oocytes.

254 thout significant delay, in Atmsh5-1 but the pachytene stage is extended by several hours, indicative

255 ocalized to P granules beginning at the late pachytene stage of male gametogenesis.

256 In budding yeast, exit from the pachytene stage of meiosis requires the mid-meiosis tran

257 cell proliferation, progression through the pachytene stage of meiosis, and the formation of bivalen

258 eflects the compaction of chromosomes at the pachytene stage of meiosis.

259 their histone modifications beginning at the pachytene stage of meiosis.

260 expression corresponds with the onset of the pachytene stage of meiosis.

261 t spermatogenesis is arrested at mid to late pachytene stage of meiotic prophase with defective synap

262 ue to checkpoint-induced arrest/delay at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase.

263 heckpoint that causes cells to arrest at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase.

264 is undergo checkpoint-mediated arrest at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase.

265 turbation could be traced as far back as the pachytene stage of spermatogenesis.

266 ditory nerve) maintained normal function but pachytene stage spermatocytes underwent apoptosis.

267 ely in germ cells of the testis from the mid-pachytene stage until the elongating spermatid stage.

268 mature termination of spermatogenesis at the pachytene stage was accompanied by increased apoptosis b

269 ologous chromosomes are fully aligned at the pachytene stage, and germ cells survive to complete meio

270 ntered meiotic prophase and were arrested at pachytene stage, and there was a significant increase in

271 d meiotic progression of germ cells into the pachytene stage, as spermatogonial and Sertoli cells wer

272 e findings reveal a process in which, at the pachytene stage, individual telomere/nuclear envelope (N

273 tly normal late recombination nodules at the pachytene stage, suggesting that the mutant's defects in

274 ages, but not genes that are markers for the pachytene stage, was observed.

275 es without PIWI proteins are arrested at the pachytene stage, when the sex chromosomes undergo transc

276 asynapsed autosomes undergo apoptosis at the pachytene stage, while those with only asynapsed sex chr

277 on in fully synapsed chromosomes at the late pachytene stage.

278 ls were defective in progressing through the pachytene stage.

279 d Rad51 foci and absence of Mlh1 foci in the pachytene stage.

280 contained oocytes that were arrested at the pachytene stage.

281 house mice via spermatogenic failure at the pachytene stage.

282 nlarging oocytes, originating primarily from pachytene-stage germ cells.

283 spermatogenesis is disrupted at mid- or late pachytene stages of meiosis or early spermiogenesis.

284 meiotic chromosomes during the zygotene and pachytene stages of meiosis.

285 ed solely in germ cells during the leptotene-pachytene stages of spermatogenesis.

286 Further, we find that the duration of the pachytene sub-stage is modulated by the presence of sper

287 kpoint, which arrests meiotic progression at pachytene, suppressed DNA rereplication resulting from S

288 ensitive failure of meiosis in late Zygotene/Pachytene that is associated with defective formation of

289 At early pachytene, the full-length SCs were more likely to be lo

290 At pachytene, the stage of maximum homologous chromosome pa

291 The transition from pachytene to Meiosis I is a key regulatory point in yeas

292 stages of spermatogenesis, ranging from the pachytene to the round spermatid stage.

293 At the late zygotene/early pachytene transition, about one-third of the nuclei reta

294 at wrongful expression of either gene during pachytene triggers germ cell death.

295 lly paired homologs together from the end of pachytene until metaphase I.

296 In early pachytene Vilya localizes along the central region of th

297 ich MSCI is used to silence a chosen gene in pachytene, we show that ATR depletion does not disrupt t

298 To assess the function of CPEB after pachytene, we used the zona pellucida 3 (Zp3) promoter t

299 olog associations are released at the end of pachytene, while heterochromatic pairings persist until

300 Spermatocytes arrest prior to pachytene with little or no synapsis and undergo apoptos