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1 Here, we report the identification of four paralogous 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent oxygenases in
4 use tolC transcription is activated by three paralogous activators, MarA, SoxS, and Rob, we examined
12 a Site 2 like CadC or has no Site 2 like the paralogous ArsR and implies that acquisition of regulato
14 te that Archaeal AMP-Acs and ADP-Acs contain paralogous ATPase motifs previously identified in Ack, w
15 stigator data indicated that AtXTH31 and the paralogous AtXTH32 were abundantly expressed in expandin
17 te the physiological significance of the two paralogous BCCP-coding genes, CAC1A (At5g16390, codes fo
18 matodes and planaria, however, have a set of paralogous beta-catenins; for example, C. elegans HMP-2
19 e dicot species, Arabidopsis, in which three paralogous bHLH transcription factors, FAMA, MUTE and SP
20 ing of haplotype blocks between these highly paralogous blocks that most likely arose from sequential
22 r particularly frequently within families of paralogous C(2)H(2) zinc-finger genes, suggesting the po
25 n a disaggregation mechanism whereby the two paralogous chaperones alternatively activate the release
27 locus was identified on chromosome 1, and a paralogous ClpP5 gene was isolated and confirmed as the
28 However, these genes are located in distinct paralogous clusters in the genome apart from the classic
29 e genomic arrangement of Hox genes into four paralogous clusters is a primitive feature of jawed vert
30 Future, functional tests of homologous and paralogous CMTs will uncover novel roles and consequence
32 al gene duplications drive the expansions of paralogous copies and the expansions occur in independen
33 odular peptidases regularly found in several paralogous copies in animals and plants, where they have
34 nce several biologically important loci have paralogous copies that interfere with genotyping, and wh
36 systems are orthologous and the origin of a paralogous CRZ-type signalling system can be traced to t
39 ered both alternatively spliced and putative paralogous dsx transcripts from several orders of hexapo
40 originating in the luminal layer exploit the paralogous EMT-TFs Slug and Snail, respectively, which i
41 ical function of VKORC1-like 1 (VKORC1L1), a paralogous enzyme sharing about 50% protein identity wit
43 e for ethanolamine over choline, whereas two paralogous enzymes from Loxosceles arizonica either pref
45 cDNA expression screening, we identified two paralogous epithelial cell-type-specific RNA-binding pro
46 es (tissue-specific, alternative splicing of paralogous exons of a single gene) and vertebrates (tiss
51 among the present-day receptors, allowing a paralogous family of transcription factors to control di
52 B transcription factors (TFs), MYB88 and the paralogous FLP (MYB124), in cold stress in apple and Ara
53 ultiple paralogs of Spx, suggesting that two paralogous forms of Spx could simultaneously contact RNA
54 le that gene duplication events discriminate paralogous from orthologous genes, QuartetS has been sho
56 ectable AdoMetDC activity; however, when two paralogous fusion proteins are mixed, AdoMetDC activity
58 the Bmal1-knockout mice by expression of the paralogous gene Bmal2, insulin action and activity patte
60 the developmental origin, oncogenic drivers, paralogous gene expression pattern, and chromosomal stru
61 Borrelia burgdorferi genome harbors several paralogous gene families (pgf) that can encode immunogen
64 regulation of the ribosome, including three paralogous gene families encoding 40S, 60S, and mitochon
65 ray to identify pathways, gene networks, and paralogous gene families responsive to Microcystis stres
67 ion (49.1%) of these CDSs are organized into paralogous gene families, which can now be further explo
68 oxidoreductase gene family) and the trypsin paralogous gene family (a major component of the digesti
69 ein 2 [Msp2(P44)] is encoded by members of a paralogous gene family and is speculated to play roles i
72 rthologous genes from diverse genomes and of paralogous gene family sizes, and the negative correlati
77 hat developmental mutations in the zebrafish paralogous gene otpa but not otpb affect both stress res
79 stitutions per synonymous site (Ks ) between paralogous gene pairs and reconciliation of 578 gene tre
80 n studies of duplicated dps genes shows that paralogous gene pairs are expressed differentially and t
82 Although it is well established that the paralogous gene product Phox2b is widely expressed in ad
83 t modify the alternative splicing of SMN2, a paralogous gene to SMN1, restoring the survival motor ne
88 e regulation of Samd9L in the context of its paralogous gene, SAMD9, which harbors mutations in NFTC.
89 ethod of differentiating between allelic and paralogous (gene copy) sequence variants, allowing ident
90 dopsis thaliana Ms-0 includes two functional paralogous genes (RPW8.1 and RPW8.2) and confers broad-s
91 nids have seven primary subunits (encoded by paralogous genes a-g), which combine to form a 24-mer (4
92 key information and links to orthologous and paralogous genes are now included to further facilitate
93 In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), these paralogous genes are positioned in tandem within a clust
94 ee joints of mouse embryos lacking all Hox11 paralogous genes are specifically remodeled and reorgani
95 yanobacterial strains, there are one to four paralogous genes coding for homologs to the NTD of the O
99 s (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains two paralogous genes encoding stomatin-like proteins (SLPs;
100 ces of P. aeruginosa reveal it to have three paralogous genes for this protease, designated as ampD,
101 all RNA targeting, relating to the multicopy paralogous genes generated from whole genome triplicatio
102 lant 26S proteasome and suggest that its two paralogous genes in Arabidopsis have both redundant and
104 is genetically downstream of both the Hox11 paralogous genes in the developing mammalian kidney and
105 single crossover chimeras between duplicated paralogous genes is a known process for increasing diver
106 unidirectional redundancy between these two paralogous genes is that whereas the BCCP1 protein can c
107 hat functional redundancy between duplicated paralogous genes is the molecular mechanism for the inte
108 The local regulators are the products of two paralogous genes mapping at positions adjacent to the co
109 d by single-subunit enzymes encoded by three paralogous genes of which TbSTT3B and TbSTT3C can comple
114 tromeres, TET/JBP transposons, and multicopy paralogous genes that are not expressed, but rarely mark
115 Psc) and Suppressor 2 of zeste [Su(z)2], two paralogous genes that likely arose by gene duplication.
116 ying this metric, the authors concluded that paralogous genes within the mouse genome or the human ge
119 s of several proteasome subunits, encoded by paralogous genes, have been discovered, and in some case
120 ly as fetal gamma-globin expression from two paralogous genes, hemoglobin subunit gamma 1 (HBG1) and
121 y of target genes to the loss of one or both paralogous genes, including preferential effects on spec
125 ssociated with such mutations are functional paralogous genes, suggesting that epistatic interactions
139 r heterozygous missense substitutions in the paralogous glutamic acid residue in TWIST2 (p.Glu75Ala,
140 Several invertebrate deuterostomes have two paralogous glycine carrier genes, with one gene in the p
144 owever, to what extent members of individual paralogous groups can undergo functional changes during
145 diverse cyanobacteria, occurring as multiple paralogous groups, with two representatives exhibiting s
148 nundrum, it is necessary to directly compare paralogous (horizontal) evolution of repeats within prot
149 on of Hox function across species, and among paralogous Hox genes within a species, supports a model
156 anslocation to 24 bp within interchromosomal paralogous LCRs of approximately 130 kb in length and 94
157 cis-abienol synthase (AbCAS), along with the paralogous levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase and isop
159 errors in locus reconstruction, distinguish paralogous loci, rarify raw reads originating from the s
160 elic homologous recombination (NAHR) between paralogous long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) or h
161 We delineated and analyzed directly oriented paralogous low-copy repeats (DP-LCRs) in the most recent
164 for disaccharides that are transported by a paralogous maltose transport operon present in T. thermo
166 ort an example of cooptive convergence where paralogous members of the globin gene superfamily indepe
168 tutions, as well as analysis of variation at paralogous miR390-generating loci (MIR390a and MIR390b),
169 r development or viability and proposed that paralogous miRNAs might often function redundantly.
170 The miR-183 cluster, which is comprised of paralogous miRs-183, -96 and -182, is overexpressed in m
176 sh, prps1a and prps1b and characterized each paralogous mutant individually as well as the double mut
178 a new candidate Aft1 target-gene (LSO1) and paralogous non-target (LSO2), plus nine putative Cth2 ta
179 logenomic analysis, we have revealed two new paralogous OCP families, each distributed among taxonomi
181 ity-coverage metrics, tailored solutions for paralogous or low-complexity areas of the genome, and th
183 me of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes two paralogous P1 B 4 -ATPases, CtpD (Rv1469) and CtpJ (Rv37
184 X-linked mouse gene Atp11c, which encodes a paralogous P4-type ATPase, precludes B-cell development
186 the underlying evolutionary forces of these paralogous pairs through conducting neutrality tests wit
189 ive, enabling PhoR to avoid crosstalk with a paralogous pathway that arose specifically in alpha-prot
195 Mechanistically, miRNAs derived from these paralogous pri-miRNAs (miR-18a, miR-19b, and miR-20b) ta
196 of miRNAs derived from the processing of the paralogous primary transcripts (pri-) mir-17-92 and mir-
198 ow that strains lacking Edc2, as well as the paralogous protein Edc1, are compromised for growth unde
200 ay help explain the apparent ease with which paralogous protein families expanded in all organisms.
202 tion in Escherichia coli is regulated by two paralogous proteins (GlnB and GlnK), which orchestrate i
203 NA encoding YapV or each of three individual paralogous proteins (YapK, YapJ, and YapX) was present a
204 iation between the gene profile for the four paralogous proteins and the geographic location of the c
208 e most conserved residues of orthologous and paralogous proteins likely define those most important.
209 he combination of mutations suggest that the paralogous proteins perform redundant functions in motil
211 relies on interactions with Met31 and Met32, paralogous proteins that bind the same cis-regulatory el
212 interfaces) are investigated and compared to paralogous proteins that bind the same protein ligand (f
216 our studies indicate that BmpA and its three paralogous proteins, BmpB, BmpC, and BmpD, all bind to m
217 he ring of Fungi, which is composed of three paralogous proteins, evolved from a more ancient two-par
218 be (BHD) syndrome, which associates with two paralogous proteins, folliculin-interacting protein (FNI
223 ferentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) are paralogous receptors for viral double-stranded RNA (dsRN
226 cificities toward effectors and DNA sites in paralogous regulators is a fundamental question in biolo
227 tions, and the concept of orthologous versus paralogous relationships at different levels, including
228 regulatory proteins revealed orthologous and paralogous relationships from species divergences and an
229 erminal regions to determine orthologous and paralogous relationships, as well as the influence of se
230 = 26), short inserted sequences (n = 8), or paralogous repeats (n = 3) at the junctions, indicating
231 of molecular function, including hotspots at paralogous residues of Ras-related small GTPases RAC1 an
233 cts of its own antibiotics by expressing two paralogous rRNA methylase genes pikR1 and pikR2 with see
234 d core eudicot species Antirrhinum majus L., paralogous SBP-box proteins SBP1 and SBP2 have likewise
236 e high degree of sequence similarity between paralogous segments has prevented precise definition of
237 in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or paralogous sequence variants (PSVs) separated by several
238 sequencing across MAP2K3 identified several paralogous sequence variants indicating that the region
240 s to establish a detailed map of allelic and paralogous sequence variation across the FCGR2/FCGR3 loc
241 GR2B locus that are devoid of nonpolymorphic paralogous sequence variations and that define the limit
243 sequence was also used to recover additional paralogous sequences from genomic DNA, one of which (PtA
245 ithin high-identity, copy-number polymorphic paralogous sequences that cannot be specifically assayed
246 ces that are not in allelic positions (i.e., paralogous sequences) can result in recurrent deletions
247 y nonreciprocal recombination events between paralogous sequences, a phenomenon known as interlocus g
248 ct genotyping include copy-number-variation, paralogous sequences, library preparation, sequencing er
252 In addition, the results of analysis of the paralogous small transmembrane protein AppX show that th
253 nts indicated that Arabidopsis possesses two paralogous solanesyl-diphosphate synthases, AtSPS1 (At1g
255 mapped within 55 bp in approximately 7.8-kb paralogous subunits of 95.3% sequence identity located i
256 ion breakpoints within the directly oriented paralogous subunits of the flanking LCR clusters, demons
257 contain a conserved set of 17 genes encoding paralogous subunits of the three major photosynthetic co
261 Comparison of the structure of GALNS to paralogous sulfatases shows a wide variety of active-sit
264 dominant human fungal pathogen, contains two paralogous TAF12 genes, CaTAF12L and CaTAF12, encoding H
266 ion models, we show that even in the case of paralogous TF with highly similar position weight matric
268 for studying the genomic binding profiles of paralogous TFs and identifying their putative co-factors
269 r determinants of protein-DNA recognition by paralogous TFs is of central importance for understandin
270 s input two sets of genomic regions bound by paralogous TFs, and it identifies a small set of putativ
272 ns as a bona fide cleavage factor, while the paralogous TFS4 evolved into a potent RNA polymerase inh
273 rkably, the E17K mutation in AKT3 is exactly paralogous to E17K mutations in AKT1 and AKT2 recently d
274 -stranded telomere DNA-binding protein Teb1, paralogous to heterotrimeric replication protein A (RPA)
275 of two partially redundant proteins that are paralogous to IDN2 and that form a stable complex with I
277 F169, an uncharacterized E3 ubiquitin ligase paralogous to RNF168, accumulated in DSB repair foci thr
279 poorly polymorphic HLA-DQA2/HLA-DQB2 genes, paralogous to the HLA-DQA1/HLA-DQB1 genes, has never bee
282 notated genes, including PAK2 and DLG1, both paralogous to X-linked ID genes and now strong candidate
283 Phylogenetic analyses indicate that they are paralogous to, but quite distinct from, classical dynami
284 Using microarray analysis, we found that the paralogous tomato WRKY genes SlWRKY72a and b are transcr
285 on, protein interactions, and DNA binding of paralogous transcription factors ("TF parameters") are t
286 ngly, we show that different combinations of paralogous transcription factors (Sox8, Pea3 and cMyb ve
288 ly conserved function for the combination of paralogous transcription factors in these tissues of dis
292 afish, as a model for teleost fish, have two paralogous troponin C (TnC) genes that are expressed in
293 we survey the role of neuronally expressed, paralogous tumor necrosis factor receptor super family (
295 IFs (QYE motif), we tested the effect of the paralogous Tyr in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
296 le PDZ protein harmonin is not involved, its paralogous USH2 proteins, PDZD7 and whirlin, function sy
297 S cells markedly decreases expression of the paralogous UTY gene encoded by Y chromosome, but has no
300 g of ZF DNA binding and provide evidence for paralogous ZFs utilizing alternate modes of DNA binding
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