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1  a naive P1-rr allele in subsequent crosses (paramutation).
2  neutrality (the inability to participate in paramutation).
3 ly transmitted to naive flies and can induce paramutation.
4 periments on three maize loci, which undergo paramutation.
5 , suggests that a common mechanism underlies paramutation.
6 effect on alleles that do not participate in paramutation.
7 ritable alteration of gene control is called paramutation.
8 A and PL protein, does not participate in pl paramutation.
9 e efficiency of germline transmission of the paramutation.
10 tosine methylation (C-methylation) following paramutation.
11 hylation changes that are observed following paramutation.
12 es in the complex that are most sensitive to paramutation.
13 e: its level of expression is changed during paramutation.
14 but is independent of sequences required for paramutation.
15 ncing an active epiallele, characteristic of paramutation.
16 ssion of specific chromatin states underlies paramutation.
17  RNA polymerases, is absolutely required for paramutation.
18 distinct chromatin states associated with b1 paramutation.
19 ication between the alleles that establishes paramutation.
20 NA production in alleles that cannot undergo paramutation.
21 om p1 is sufficient to induce all aspects of paramutation.
22 stablishing the silencing associated with p1 paramutation.
23 e heritable chromatin states associated with paramutation.
24 tion, recombination, genomic imprinting, and paramutation.
25 mediate the stable silencing associated with paramutation.
26 zed sequences required for B' expression and paramutation.
27 ter-proximal sequences is not sufficient for paramutation.
28 pigenetic modification of the S genes during paramutation.
29 lele of the previously described mediator of paramutation 1 (mop1) locus.
30 We show that mutation of a gene, modifier of paramutation 1 (mop1), which prevents paramutation at th
31                                              Paramutation, a phenomenon of epigenetic switching that
32 at is required for B-I enhancer activity and paramutation-a stable, heritable change in transcription
33           Alleles that cannot participate in paramutation also produce b1TR-siRNAs, suggesting that b
34 th pl1 and booster1 (b1) loci as a result of paramutation also requires Rmr6 action.
35 enes, mop1, rmr1, and rmr2, are defective in paramutation, an allele-specific interaction that leads
36  of the presumed maize Pol IV is involved in paramutation, an inherited epigenetic change facilitated
37 cates that the repeats are required for both paramutation and enhancer function.
38 ch to understand the molecular mechanisms of paramutation and examines evidence relevant to small RNA
39 transposons via small RNA molecules both for paramutation and for defining transgenerational inherita
40 r the study of epigenetic mechanisms such as paramutation and imprinting.
41 hese findings support a model reminiscent of paramutation and involving a trans-acting factor that is
42 e mop1 gene is required for establishment of paramutation and maintenance of transcriptional silencin
43  regulated sequences in the maize genome and paramutation and Mu element methylation require a common
44                                         Both paramutation and Mutator (Mu) transposon inactivation in
45 ne-silencing mechanisms play key roles in p1 paramutation and the spectrum of roles for MOP1 is broad
46 of two different transgenes, suggesting that paramutation and transcriptional silencing of transgenes
47 ated to other epigenetic phenomena including paramutation and transgene silencing.
48 mains unclear if small RNAs actually mediate paramutations and whether the maize-specific molecules i
49 c phenomena observed in plants (for example, paramutation) and in yeast (for example, trans-inactivat
50 iator of paramutation1) gene is required for paramutation, and mop1 mutations reactivate silenced Mut
51                           Gene silencing and paramutation are also regulated by DDM1, providing suppo
52                  Several potential roles for paramutation are discussed.
53         B and Pl alleles that participate in paramutation are simple, single genes, while the R haplo
54 veal that the tandem repeats required for b1 paramutation are transcribed from both strands, but siRN
55 y two pl1 alleles that do not participate in paramutation are unaffected in rmr mutants.
56                         Although examples of paramutation are well studied in maize (Zea mays), the r
57 igenetic changes in gene regulation known as paramutations are facilitated by poorly understood trans
58                   Although common in plants, paramutations are rarely studied in animals.
59 ting mutants have been isolated that prevent paramutation at all three loci and lead to the activatio
60 onsistent with a common mechanism underlying paramutation at all three loci.
61            The observation that mop1 affects paramutation at multiple loci, despite major differences
62                                              Paramutation at pl1 leads to heritable alterations of pl
63                                              Paramutation at the b1 locus in maize is mediated by uni
64                                              Paramutation at the b1 locus in maize requires seven non
65                                              Paramutation at the maize b1 locus is mediated by seven
66 re, we identify a novel protein required for paramutation at the maize purple plant1 locus.
67                  The mop1-1 mutation affects paramutation at the multiple loci tested but has no effe
68 ier of paramutation 1 (mop1), which prevents paramutation at three different loci in maize, can rever
69 a common component required for establishing paramutations at diverse maize loci.
70 mplex R haplotypes have been correlated with paramutation behavior.
71 have defined specific sequences that mediate paramutation behaviors, and recent results identify a di
72 other p1 allele that does not participate in paramutation, but does contain a tandem repeated structu
73 rom a transgene expressing a hairpin RNA, b1 paramutation can be recapitulated.
74 o previously identified proteins involved in paramutation, CBBP does not share similarity to the know
75 , while the R haplotypes that participate in paramutation contain multiple gene copies and often incl
76 d expression states at each locus or whether paramutation correlates with DNA methylation and repeate
77  related allele that does not participate in paramutation demonstrated that transcription from the sa
78 late in mice several features in common with paramutation described in plants.
79                                              Paramutation describes a process that results in heritab
80                                              Paramutation generates heritable changes affecting regul
81 genous gene for which sequences required for paramutation have been defined and examined for methylat
82 osome inactivation, parental imprinting, and paramutation have direct or indirect participation of an
83  B' (the only b1 alleles that participate in paramutation) have seven tandem repeats of an 853-bp seq
84  and mutations in several genes required for paramutation implicate an RNA-mediated mechanism.
85 iable latent susceptibilities to spontaneous paramutation in future generations, suggesting a quantit
86 tal imprinting in mammals, gene silencing by paramutation in maize and silencing of the mating-type l
87 sly reported that a mutation that suppresses paramutation in maize, mop1, also hypomethylates Mu1 ele
88 t as a TCM source in a process comparable to paramutation in maize.
89 ting that b1TR-siRNAs are not sufficient for paramutation in the tissues analyzed.
90                          Mutations affecting paramutations in maize (Zea mays) identify components re
91   Models consistent with the hypothesis that paramutation involves heritable changes in chromatin str
92                                              Paramutation is a heritable change in gene expression in
93                                              Paramutation is an allele-dependent transfer of epigenet
94                                              Paramutation is an allelic interaction that results in m
95                                              Paramutation is an example of a non-Mendelian-directed a
96                                              Paramutation is an interaction between alleles that lead
97      At the maize p1 (pericarp color1) gene, paramutation is associated with decreases in transcript
98 t levels mirror pl RNA abundance and that pl paramutation is associated with reduced transcription of
99         A protein-based epigenetic model for paramutation is discussed.
100         Although the direction and extent of paramutation is influenced by poorly understood allelic
101 tory elements in plants and demonstrate that paramutation is mediated by long-distance cis and trans
102 ses indicate that the B' region required for paramutation is mostly unique or low copy in the maize g
103 sting that epigenetic inheritance resembling paramutation is much more common than previously suppose
104                                              Paramutation is the ability of an endogenous gene or a t
105                                              Paramutation is the ability of specific DNA sequences to
106                                              Paramutation is the directed, heritable alteration of th
107                                              Paramutation is the epigenetic transfer of information b
108                                              Paramutation is the epigenetic transfer of information f
109                                              Paramutation is the meiotically heritable silencing of a
110                                We describe a paramutation-like interaction between two alleles, bal a
111          In contrast to its effects on other paramutation loci, the mop1 mutation does not immediatel
112        Sequences required for expression and paramutation mapped to distinct regions, 8.5-49 kb and 9
113 and characterization of a mutation affecting paramutation, mediator of paramutation1-1 (mop1-1), are
114                              We suggest that paramutation might represent just one--albeit extreme an
115                              The mediator of paramutation (mop1) gene, which encodes a protein closel
116                                         This paramutation mouse model represents an important tool fo
117                        Here, we report a new paramutation mouse model, in which the paramutant allele
118 tests indicate that RMR2 is not required for paramutation occurring at the red1 locus.
119 lly heritable gene silencing associated with paramutation of the maize purple plant 1 (pl1) locus.
120                                          The paramutation phenotype could be transmitted across multi
121 olated from paramutant mice could induce the paramutation phenotype, which, however, failed to be tra
122  parallels with RNA silencing in imprinting, paramutation, polycomb silencing, and X inactivation.
123                                              Paramutation refers to the process by which homologous D
124                                              Paramutations represent locus-specific trans-homolog int
125 RPD1 or NRPD1), is required for facilitating paramutations, restricting expression patterns of genes
126                                              Paramutations result from interactions between two allel
127             A model is discussed in which pl paramutation results in heritable changes of chromatin s
128                                              Paramutation spontaneously occurs at low frequencies in
129 nt in the establishment and propagation of a paramutation system in maize.
130                                  The various paramutation systems that have been studied to date exhi
131 ila an operationally analogous phenomenon to paramutation that is mediated by piwi-interacting RNAs.
132  if cis-acting sequences are required for pl paramutation they are distinct from the protein coding a
133                                           In paramutation two alleles of a gene interact so that one
134                                           In paramutation, two alleles of a gene interact and, during
135                These results distinguish the paramutation-type mechanisms operating at specific haplo
136 levance, and several, such as imprinting and paramutation, violate Mendelian principles.
137 er production of b1TR-siRNAs correlated with paramutation, we examined siRNA production in alleles th
138 lencing in plants and yeast are required for paramutation, yet the specific molecules mediating herit

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