ライフサイエンスコーパス: partial hepatectomy

1 regeneration and reduced steatosis following partial hepatectomy.

2 storation of liver volume and function after partial hepatectomy.

3 a, and its activation at 3 to 24 hours after partial hepatectomy.

4 in rat but not in regenerating livers after partial hepatectomy.

5 d in mice injected with Concanvalin A before partial hepatectomy.

6 required for hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy.

7 at had undergone retrorsine pretreatment and partial hepatectomy.

8 erative than resident LSEC progenitors after partial hepatectomy.

9 a predictor of NAFLD and survival following partial hepatectomy.

10 ative chemotherapy treatments, and extent of partial hepatectomy.

11 ation, and increased the survival rate after partial hepatectomy.

12 iated with decreased rates of survival after partial hepatectomy.

13 liver regeneration and mouse survival after partial hepatectomy.

14 e human blood clotting factor VIII, or after partial hepatectomy.

15 GPC3 TG mice during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

16 , in the drinking water of mice subjected to partial hepatectomy.

17 tiation of liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy.

18 and had accelerated liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

19 hepatocytes in response to toxic injury and partial hepatectomy.

20 e progenitor cell niche following two-thirds partial hepatectomy.

21 nd sustain liver regeneration induced by 70% partial hepatectomy.

22 e liver after transplantation and two-thirds partial hepatectomy.

23 e proliferation and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

24 ly inhibit liver proliferation in vivo after partial hepatectomy.

25 nderwent sham-operation or approximately 90% partial hepatectomy.

26 hour delay in hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy.

27 ssive accumulation of liver weight following partial hepatectomy.

28 iver regeneration in 157 patients undergoing partial hepatectomy.

29 atocyte fate during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

30 ed capacity for liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy.

31 icantly accelerated liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

32 and endothelial cell proliferation following partial hepatectomy.

33 ced capacity to initiate DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy.

34 /-) mice compared with control animals after partial hepatectomy.

35 generation following N-2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy.

36 latory network driving the early response to partial hepatectomy.

37 injury with carbon tetrachloride exposure or partial hepatectomy.

38 val of lymphocyte-deficient (Rag) mice after partial hepatectomy.

39 chronic hepatitis animal model and following partial hepatectomy.

40 )/M phase in Pbp(DeltaLiv) hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy.

41 s liver regeneration with low survival after partial hepatectomy.

42 iciency accelerates liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

43 tly impaired regeneration of the liver after partial hepatectomy.

44 did not compromise liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

45 tivation model of 2-acetylaminofluorene with partial hepatectomy.

46 d to 4-fold above baseline by 24 hours after partial hepatectomy.

47 he role of MMP-9 in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

48 ase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) after partial hepatectomy.

49 -myc were able to proliferate in response to partial hepatectomy.

50 and failure to initiate DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy.

51 eated DPPIV-negative recipients subjected to partial hepatectomy.

52 MSCs supported survival after partial hepatectomy.

53 ificantly upregulated in the liver following partial hepatectomy.

54 upregulated during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

55 e (GH) signaling, was strongly induced after partial hepatectomy.

56 ver regeneration and clinical outcomes after partial hepatectomy.

57 rbol esters and the in vivo activation after partial hepatectomy.

58 difference to the 10-fold volume removal of partial hepatectomy.

59 difference to the 10-fold volume removal of partial hepatectomy.

60 nd a much higher rate of proliferation after partial hepatectomy.

61 fects the recovery of the living donor after partial hepatectomy.

62 eceptor blockade on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

63 row transplantation, ulcerative colitis, and partial hepatectomy.

64 ed at different time points until 72 h after partial hepatectomy.

65 liver regeneration when applied 2 h prior to partial hepatectomy.

66 inistration of SB-258719 sixteen hours after partial hepatectomy.

67 nd 40 h (mitotic index in HE sections) after partial hepatectomy.

68 Male Wistar rats were subjected to 60-70% partial hepatectomy.

69 (Ad/BLOCK-iT/Nor-1(small hairpin RNA)) after partial hepatectomy.

70 iferative phases of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

71 sing Cd39 are preferentially mobilized after partial hepatectomy.

72 2-acetylaminofluorene treatment followed by partial hepatectomy (2-AAF/PH) by using rat genome 230 2

73 We addressed this question by performing 2/3 partial hepatectomy (2/3 PH) on mice with hepatocyte-spe

74 Liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (2/3 PH) results in synchronized pro

75 s during liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (2/3 PH).

76 ) cells that give rise to regeneration after partial hepatectomy, (3) cells responsible for progenito

77 Wild-type and Zip14(-/-) mice that underwent partial hepatectomy (70% of liver removed) were used as

78 ng regeneration was compared with that after partial hepatectomy (70%).

79 After 70% partial hepatectomy, albNS(cko) livers show increased DN

80 Moreover, liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy also depended upon the formation of

81 ) mice had impaired liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and 50% mortality, indicating that N

82 -Fc (fragment, crystallizable) to mice after partial hepatectomy and acetaminophen intoxication, and

83 liver regeneration, which is required after partial hepatectomy and acute or chronic liver injury.

84 e proliferation and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and alters gene expression profiles

85 ed to mice, and those mice were subjected to partial hepatectomy and analyzed for resulting effects o

86 e two hours prior to and sixteen hours after partial hepatectomy and by intraperitoneal administratio

87 d experimental models of liver regeneration (partial hepatectomy and carbon tetrachloride treatment),

88 ranscriptional programs of adult liver after partial hepatectomy and contrasted these with developing

89 acid synthesis is reduced immediately after partial hepatectomy and during the early stage of liver

90 Regenerative growth was induced by partial hepatectomy and exposure to carbon tetrachloride

91 ety of hepatotrophic growth signals, such as partial hepatectomy and hepatocyte growth factor, can be

92 l liver regeneration can be induced upon 70% partial hepatectomy and is accompanied by an increase in

93 n vivo during mouse liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and is strongly overexpressed in pre

94 signal, is activated in myeloid cells after partial hepatectomy and its conditional deletion results

95 We then performed a 70% partial hepatectomy and monitored postoperative survival

96 d (by SB-258719 and SB-269970) at 16 h after partial hepatectomy and peaked at 32 h ([(3)H]-thymidine

97 tomy (incidental tumors, 2 stage), including partial hepatectomy and portal LN dissection, with or wi

98 models of liver regeneration after extended partial hepatectomy and portal vein ligation for multipl

99 models of liver regeneration after extended partial hepatectomy and portal vein ligation for multipl

100 lectively augmented liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and portal vein ligation, and increa

101 lectively augmented liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and portal vein ligation, and increa

102 Hepatocyte proliferation following partial hepatectomy and T lymphocyte proliferation follo

103 usoidal endothelial cell responses following partial hepatectomy and to dissect purinergic and growth

104 that CD81 levels also increased 2 days after partial hepatectomy and toward the end of regeneration.

105 sinophils stimulate liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and toxin-mediated injury.

106 of hepatocyte proliferation (days 1-3 after partial hepatectomy) and subsequent reconstitution of th

107 s during mouse liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy, and DNA replication was determined

108 n the initiation of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and new cytokines and receptors tha

109 in liver development, regeneration following partial hepatectomy, and pathogenesis of hepatocellular

110 hat follows CCl(4)-induced liver injury, 70% partial hepatectomy, and postnatal liver development wer

111 on, progression-free survival, conversion to partial hepatectomy, and viable HCC within the tumor spe

112 We used liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy as a physiological stress response m

113 Furthermore, applying two-thirds partial hepatectomy as a surgically induced liver regene

114 ed glycogen, and proliferated in response to partial hepatectomy, as neighboring native hepatocytes.

115 les collected from 55 patients who underwent partial hepatectomy at the Royal Infirmary Edinburgh bet

116 cy underwent retrorsine treatment and either partial hepatectomy before transplantation or carbon tet

117 However, after partial hepatectomy, BM LSEC progenitor proliferation an

118 After partial hepatectomy, BM SPCs provide hepatocyte growth f

119 nic mice accelerate liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy but are not protected from hepatocyt

120 ice exhibited accelerated regeneration after partial hepatectomy but no signs of neoplastic or preneo

121 atocyte proliferation and survival following partial hepatectomy, but also acts in concert with other

122 for an efficient early cytokine response to partial hepatectomy, but is inhibitory to later growth f

123 for an efficient early cytokine response to partial hepatectomy, but is inhibitory to later growth f

124 n important role in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy by affecting matrix remodeling, as w

125 irst round of hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy by preventing increases in growth ho

126 n of the hepatovascular mass (days 4-8 after partial hepatectomy) by inhibiting upregulation of the e

127 Despite improvements, major partial hepatectomy can be associated with considerable

128 n animals preconditioned with retrorsine and partial hepatectomy, cell transplantation after ETN pret

129 that accumulate in regenerating livers after partial hepatectomy, contributes to this process by regu

130 In rats, after 70% partial hepatectomy, daily administration of 1K1 for 5 d

131 Thus, after two-thirds partial hepatectomy, DeltaEGFR livers displayed lower an

132 proliferation in p21 null mice subjected to partial hepatectomy, establishing the functional signifi

133 e previously reported that mice subjected to partial hepatectomy exhibit rapid development of hypogly

134 at liver by applying the 2-acetaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy experimental model.

135 After partial hepatectomy, expression of the vascular ectonucl

136 F15/19 levels improve survival of mice after partial hepatectomy, FGF19 mitogenic activity is associa

137 , respectively; whereas liver radiation plus partial hepatectomy followed by cell transplantation pro

138 ced in response to loss of liver mass due to partial hepatectomy followed by regeneration.

139 rategy to stimulate liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases (CRL

140 rategy to stimulate liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases (CRL

141 tabase, we identified 192 patients who had a partial hepatectomy for HCC from 1985 to 2002.

142 rmous regenerative capacity such that, after partial hepatectomy, hepatocytes rapidly replicate to re

143 d HCC model) that underwent RF ablation, 35% partial hepatectomy (ie, left lobectomy), or a sham oper

144 We performed partial hepatectomies in mice with hepatocyte-specific d

145 eration in normal and steatotic livers after partial hepatectomy in a rodent model.

146 and 8.6-fold during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in adults.

147 calcineurin, were also accelerated following partial hepatectomy in BI-1-deficient hepatocytes.

148 ent of liver regeneration was observed after partial hepatectomy in mice fed a high-fat diet.

149 exposure on liver regeneration following 70% partial hepatectomy in mice lacking the Cip/Kip inhibito

150 cell proliferation, were assessed following partial hepatectomy in mice that do not express CD39, th

151 ed H4) at the Foxo3 p53RE was detected after partial hepatectomy in mice.

152 et internalization also occurred following a partial hepatectomy in mice.

153 We have shown that partial hepatectomy in multidrug resistance 2 knockout (

154 e implantation of 2-acetylaminofluorene with partial hepatectomy in rats or on feeding a 3,5-diethoxy

155 ivation models of 2-acetylaminofluorene with partial hepatectomy in rats, and 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,

156 ive proliferation that can be observed after partial hepatectomy in rats.

157 into wild-type (WT) rats that had undergone partial hepatectomy in the presence of 2-acetylaminofluo

158 nd liver regeneration was impaired following partial hepatectomy in these animals.

159 ming factors are also up-regulated after 70% partial hepatectomy in vivo.

160 We performed partial hepatectomy in WT and liver-specific Sirt1-defic

161 is study utilizing surgical liver resection (partial hepatectomy) in various complement-deficient mic

162 was observed in Atm(-/-) mice in response to partial hepatectomy, indicating that Atm is required for

163 st that the hypoglycemia that develops after partial hepatectomy induces systemic lipolysis followed

164 Liver regeneration triggered by two-thirds partial hepatectomy is accompanied by elevated hepatic l

165 so suggests that AhR functionality following partial hepatectomy is dependent on a p21(Cip1)-regulate

166 Liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy is dependent on the efficiency of gr

167 well tolerated, and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is not impaired, indicating that reg

168 mately 80% of the liver can be resected, and partial hepatectomy is now routinely performed with a pe

169 Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is one of the most studied models of

170 ce the activity of cyclin D3-cdk4/cdk6 after partial hepatectomy, leading to high levels of C/EBPalph

171 s no obvious consequences for normal livers, partial hepatectomy leads to severe liver necrosis and r

172 At early stages after partial hepatectomy, liver activates CUGBP1 by a hyperph

173 Following liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, liver grows back precisely to its o

174 When irradiated rats underwent partial hepatectomy, liver regeneration was compromised,

175 We investigated these mechanisms using the partial hepatectomy model in mice given standard or 10%

176 were subjected to the 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy model of oval cell-mediated liver re

177 The retrorsine-partial hepatectomy model was used for liver repopulatio

178 atocyte RXRalpha in liver regeneration using partial hepatectomy model.

179 nediones on liver regeneration in the rodent partial hepatectomy model.

180 After two-thirds partial hepatectomy, mutant mice (n = 5) displayed incre

181 During liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, normally quiescent hepatocytes unde

182 Partial hepatectomy of the adult mammalian liver activat

183 We performed partial hepatectomy of wild-type mouse liver and induced

184 We performed partial hepatectomies on wild-type C57BL/6, CD45.1, Tcrd

185 More specifically, we have performed partial hepatectomy on mice with genetic deficiency in C

186 1-Fc increased innate immunity in mice after partial hepatectomy or acetaminophen-induced injury, wit

187 e injury, such as rodent LR after two-thirds partial hepatectomy or administration of damaging chemic

188 amined expression of necl-5 after two-thirds partial hepatectomy or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induc

189 e liver regeneration/repair after either 70% partial hepatectomy or carbon tetrachloride-induced live

190 n exceptional replicative capacity following partial hepatectomy or chemical injuries.

191 ant hepatocyte proliferation following liver partial hepatectomy or damage resulting from carbon tetr

192 cetylaminofluorene-treated rats subjected to partial hepatectomy or in D-galactosamine-treated rats.

193 Thirty-nine patients undergoing partial hepatectomy or liver transplantation for HCC wer

194 ing Med1 did not regenerate following either partial hepatectomy or treatment with certain nuclear re

195 Following partial hepatectomy, p53(-/-) hepatocytes exhibited earl

196 generated a TSP-1-deficient mouse model of a partial hepatectomy (PH) and explored TSP-1 induction, p

197 ncreased in young livers proliferating after partial hepatectomy (PH) and in human liver tumors.

198 Recent studies using partial hepatectomy (PH) and other experimental models o

199 during liver regeneration in rats after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) at early and mid time points to

200 CcnE2, and Cdk2 for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) by generating corresponding dou

201 Partial hepatectomy (PH) consistently results in an earl

202 Mice subjected to partial hepatectomy (PH) develop hypoglycemia, followed

203 d to the production of these cytokines after partial hepatectomy (PH) have not been identified.

204 the wave of cell proliferation that follows partial hepatectomy (PH) identified approximately 1,400

205 rowth during embryonic development and after partial hepatectomy (PH) in adults is characterized by t

206 nor (30%), standard (60%), or extended (80%) partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice with and without liver

207 Liver regeneration is impaired following partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice with genetic obesity an

208 expression is induced 40-fold at 24 h after partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice.

209 herapy would impair liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice.

210 Extended partial hepatectomy (PH) in patients is leading to porta

211 ined the intrinsic hepatic innervation after partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats and the presence and pa

212 Liver regeneration after surgical partial hepatectomy (PH) in retrorsine-exposed rats is a

213 ver NK cells undergo phenotypic changes post-partial hepatectomy (PH) in vivo, including increased cy

214 BACKGROUND & AIMS: Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) increases the protein folding b

215 gnaling during liver regeneration (LR) after partial hepatectomy (PH) is observed in several species.

216 wild-type (WT) littermates were used in the partial hepatectomy (PH) model for compensatory regenera

217 ty during liver regeneration using the mouse partial hepatectomy (PH) model.

218 We developed a partial hepatectomy (PH) protocol in zebrafish and inves

219 Partial hepatectomy (PH) rapidly and transiently induced

220 of mice with 20 mug/kg TCDD 1 day before 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) resulted in a 50 to 75% suppres

221 ays are involved in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) to initiate growth, protect liv

222 We performed partial hepatectomy (PH) to transgenic mice that overexp

223 e the role of PXR in liver regeneration, 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH) was performed on wild-type and

224 3 (HFD groups) weeks of treatment with G49, partial hepatectomy (PH) was performed, and all mice wer

225 atocyte DNA and prevents proliferation after partial hepatectomy (PH), allowing selective expansion o

226 lysis of murine liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH), an established model of adult

227 in initiating liver regeneration (LR) after partial hepatectomy (PH), by regulating expression of Cy

228 When subjected to partial hepatectomy (PH), dramatic increases in the numb

229 ays are involved in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH), to initiate growth, protect li

230 In conjunction with partial hepatectomy (PH), transplanted stem/progenitor c

231 2-KO mice display delayed regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH).

232 l role early in liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy (PH).

233 ubjected to retrorsine treatment followed by partial hepatectomy (PH).

234 eling potentials of cholangiocytes after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH).

235 for hepatocyte proliferation in response to partial hepatectomy (PH).

236 per control of the regulation of SIRT1 after partial hepatectomy (PH).

237 nd impaired liver mass restitution following partial hepatectomy (PH).

238 small grafts and the remaining livers after partial hepatectomy (PH).

239 chymal cells during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH).

240 during liver regeneration after a two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH).

241 appropriate regenerative response following partial hepatectomy (PHTx) compared to wildtype controls

242 t liver injury and regeneration induced by a partial hepatectomy (PHx) could have different effects o

243 on in the remnant liver of the rat after 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) during the early phase respons

244 s were compared with those of standard (68%) partial hepatectomy (pHx) in mice.

245 neration after 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)/partial hepatectomy (PHx) in rats.

246 Liver regeneration after a two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx) is a complex process requiring

247 Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) is orchestrated by multiple si

248 the rat 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) and 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PHx) liver regeneration model.

249 fection suppresses liver regeneration in the partial hepatectomy (PHx) model, whereby IFN-gamma contr

250 ut (DeltaKlf6), cell proliferation following partial hepatectomy (PHx) was increased compared to cont

251 ver regeneration in rat following two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx) was investigated using RNA int

252 Seventy percent partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed in C57Bl/6 mice

253 In the present study, partial hepatectomy (PHx) was used to study liver regene

254 hepatocytes in culture, rat liver following partial hepatectomy (PHx), and hepatoma cell lines.

255 Following partial hepatectomy (PHx), mice with a liver-specific IL

256 Liver regeneration, following partial hepatectomy (PHx), occurs through precisely cont

257 y also impaired liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy (PHx), the effect of CR2-Crry in thi

258 icant inhibition of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHX).

259 delayed proliferative response to two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHX).

260 d during liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx).

261 ats with 2-acetylaminofluorine and two-third partial hepatectomy (PHX).

262 ced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx).

263 d impaired proliferation of hepatocytes upon partial hepatectomy (PHx).

264 esbsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli) or partial hepatectomy (PHx).

265 Partial hepatectomy (PHx, 70% resection) was performed i

266 ds are currently used in preclinical models: partial hepatectomy, portal ligature or embolization, an

267 Moreover, studies in the retrorsine-partial hepatectomy rat model showed that intraportal in

268 After partial hepatectomy, residual liver vasculature remains

269 Partial hepatectomies resulted in approximately 80% drop

270 Partial hepatectomy results in an increase in tumor grow

271 severely inhibited in DeltaEGFR livers after partial hepatectomy, revealing a new function for EGFR k

272 che may play a smaller role in recovery from partial hepatectomy than BM LSEC progenitors, but, when

273 When subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy, the Ctnnb1(loxp/loxp); Alb-Cre(+/-)

274 Following partial hepatectomy, the liver initiates a regenerative

275 Following partial hepatectomy, the liver initiates a regenerative

276 ithin a milieu of chronic inflammation links partial hepatectomy to accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis;

277 Concanvalin A was injected 4 days before partial hepatectomy to natural killer T cells- deficient

278 d in bile ducts and oval cells in retrorsine/partial hepatectomy-treated liver, and this correlated w

279 d down in the liver of 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy-treated rats using short interfering

280 Partial hepatectomy triggers hepatocyte proliferation, h

281 In mice, partial hepatectomy up-regulated expression of CCL20 and

282 We studied a murine model of partial hepatectomy using immunodeficient mice to determ

283 oung mice inhibits liver proliferation after partial hepatectomy via the cyclin D3-C/EBPalpha pathway

284 Most important, LR after partial hepatectomy was impaired in caNrf2-transgenic mi

285 Partial hepatectomy was performed in C57BL/6 wild-type,

286 ative capacity of Ercc1(-/Delta) liver after partial hepatectomy was significantly reduced.

287 A model of liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy was used, followed by examination of

288 k2, cyclin A2/Cdk2, and cyclin B1/Cdk1 after partial hepatectomy were altered in regenerating RXRalph

289 adical pancreaticoduodenectomy, subtotal and partial hepatectomy were analyzed.

290 tocyte proliferation that occurred following partial hepatectomy were not observed in Zip14(-/-) mice

291 , and a dramatic reduction in survival after partial hepatectomy, whereas additional global deletion

292 ped hepatocellular carcinomas 6 months after partial hepatectomy, whereas Nemo(Deltahepa) mice fed th

293 igh levels of C/EBPalpha-Brm complexes after partial hepatectomy, which correlate with weak prolifera

294 n contrast to the regenerative process after partial hepatectomy, which is driven by the replication

295 ted kinases and AKT activation 3 hours after partial hepatectomy, which, however, is alleviated by te

296 A total of 124 patients underwent partial hepatectomy with cyst fenestration, 10 underwent

297 a severe defect in their ability to survive partial hepatectomy with marked liver damage and failure

298 ed bi-1(+/+) and bi-1(-/-) mice subjected to partial hepatectomy with respect to the kinetics of live

299 lpha, also show decreased ability to survive partial hepatectomy with similar levels of liver damage

300 dramatically impedes tumorigenesis following partial hepatectomy without compromising survival or liv