ライフサイエンスコーパス: perhaps

1 ore-forming bacteria have persisted on earth perhaps 3Ga, leveraging the flexibility of their distinc

2 in craters ~30 km in diameter and occurring perhaps a few million years apart.

3 e existence of additional high-risk genes or perhaps a polygenic mechanism involving multiple genetic

4 ese molecules are mechanically compliant and perhaps act as entropic springs, whereas the remaining 6

5 can improve bipolar depressive symptoms and perhaps actions at other receptors may reconcile these f

6 ct, influencing each other's replication and perhaps affecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pat

7 providing enhanced iron bioavailability and perhaps affecting the structure of the gelatinous sheath

8 rive cryptomelane formation from birnessite, perhaps aided by oxidation-state differences.

9 an activator stability that are conserved in perhaps all eukaryotes, and suggest that Clk, cyc, and c

10 nctional regulation of many neocortex areas, perhaps all, as well as of the hypothalamus and of the l

11 ndings suggest that many KCNE2 variants, and perhaps all, have been erroneously designated as LQTS-ca

12 tly of the Indus River into the Arabian Sea, perhaps along courses of now defunct rivers such as Ghag

13 ependent change in cerebrovascular tone, and perhaps also in blood vessel-to-neuron signalling as pos

14 get not only in advanced prostate cancer but perhaps also more broadly in human cancer.

15 Fungi are perhaps also the most important mutualistic symbionts in

16 acquisition is crucial to understanding and perhaps ameliorating developmental language disorders.

17 f binding at the agonist-antagonist site and perhaps an allosteric action for heteromeric nAChRs.

18 Now is perhaps an appropriate time to update incomplete annotat

19 turbances has remained relatively high, with perhaps an increasing trend over time.

20 at multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanism

21 Perhaps anticoagulation should be the preferred preventi

22 with more efficient regulatory review times, perhaps as a result of increased planning or because the

23 egime shifts can be detected in advance, and perhaps averted, by monitoring resilience indicators suc

24 sibility that cutaneous SCC development, and perhaps BCC development, may be driven in part by HPV in

25 asvir/sofosbuvir monotherapy regimens should perhaps be avoided in black patients with genotype 1 hep

26 are conserved as anions, these molecules may perhaps be employed in synthetic organic or organometall

27 rporate higher-order contextual information, perhaps because of better executive/attentional control

28 lasses varying considerably between studies, perhaps because of different detection methods.

29 This is perhaps because of the challenge of estimating a 3D func

30 Perhaps because of the interdisciplinary appeal of these

31 Yet despite or perhaps because of these challenges, the discipline of c

32 y outcomes and earlier disease reactivation, perhaps because of undertreatment.

33 ment trials have produced equivocal results, perhaps because of variability in patients' underlying n

34 Despite (and perhaps because of) a protracted process of deliberation

35 population-level response to climate change, perhaps because the signal-to-noise ratio of this gross

36 luenced by cues paired with reward delivery, perhaps because they are prone to process information vi

37 on withdrawal have met with limited success, perhaps because they measure events downstream of T cell

38 Dramatic and rapid changes in cell shape are perhaps best exemplified by phagocytes, such as neutroph

39 The reach of T2S is perhaps best illustrated by those bacteria that clearly

40 Although hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is perhaps best known as a toxic gas, the electron-rich H2

41 GSK-3beta is perhaps best known for glycogen regulation, being inhibi

42 and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is perhaps best known for its prosurvival effects in a wide

43 ing species diversity amongst dinosaurs, and perhaps beyond.

44 o successfully adapted to life on earth, and perhaps beyond.

45 Or perhaps botany drawings hung on the walls of a boutique

46 ality events have likely been underreported, perhaps by an order of magnitude, because of the lack of

47 cision of the transcription-blocking lesion, perhaps by Cockayne syndrome group B translocase, or dur

48 stimulation of the bacterial repair pathway perhaps by contributing to the RecA homology search befo

49 expression and enhanced cell proliferation, perhaps by modulating other targets.

50 ects of changes in contextual contingencies, perhaps by recruiting habitual learning strategies invol

51 ng diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF), perhaps by regulation of airway surface liquid (ASL) vol

52 est that CYK-4 GAP activity opposes Rac (and perhaps Cdc42) during cytokinesis.

53 t of motor neurons in a wider range of CPGs, perhaps clarifying our understanding of network principl

54 These data demonstrate a critical, and perhaps compensatory, role of Sox10 and BRG1 in oligoden

55 are expected to decrease neurite outgrowth, perhaps consistent with their association with neurodeve

56 plastic-like or overtly neoplastic disorder, perhaps contributing to its relative refractoriness to i

57 e common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, perhaps contributing to speciation of the genus HomoCmah

58 he plasticity to differentiate into OC, thus perhaps contributing to the OC pool in states of periodo

59 e results is that human absence seizures and perhaps CPSs could permit a far greater degree of cognit

60 pecific diagnosis did not affect prevalence, perhaps current prevalence controversy may relate to cur

61 table electronic devices includes pacing and perhaps defibrillation without a lead traversing the TV.

62 l strategies to protect dopamine neurons and perhaps delay the onset of Parkinson's disease.

63 be critical for albumin uptake in tumors and perhaps determine their response to this drug.

64 ylation at the promoter correlates with, and perhaps directly regulates, gene expression in both para

65 ity is upregulated during positive feedback, perhaps driving increased neural firing rate at this tim

66 ith cold periods at high southern latitudes, perhaps due to a northward migration of the Southern Hem

67 on complex formation in the absence of eIF1A perhaps due to forming a physical barrier that prevents

68 and posterior HC, favored the vertical axis, perhaps due to gravity effects.

69 York City), most taxa declined with warming, perhaps due to habitat loss that was correlated with war

70 y, apoptosis, or osteogenic differentiation, perhaps due to increased expression of genes involved in

71 nti-inflammatory treatments in clinical use, perhaps due to our lack of understanding of how drugs ac

72 tations from about 15,000 to 2000 years ago, perhaps due to the appearance, drift, and ultimate elimi

73 ine ammonium excretion might be a better and perhaps earlier acid-base indicator of risk than serum b

74 ntial sites of nitrous oxide consumption and perhaps earlier steps in the denitrification pathway als

75 tive approach warranting close follow-up and perhaps, early mitral valve surgery.

76 mic bird species in the Hawaiian Islands and perhaps elsewhere, little is known about the temporal dy

77 enesis of neocortical hyperexcitability, and perhaps epilepsy, in AS model mice.

78 , which can be considered carbon neutral, or perhaps even carbon negative depending on the amount of

79 is possible for a range of genetic polymers, perhaps even for informational polymers that may have pr

80 sma cells must survive for extended periods, perhaps even for the life of the host.

81 the collapsed masses sliding into river and perhaps even impacting the topographic barrier on the op

82 for a host of applications, from robotics to perhaps even implantable medical devices.

83 Thus, it is plausible, and perhaps even likely, that in diseases like hypertension,

84 n of other nucleophilic or electrophilic and perhaps even more reactive metabolites provided suitable

85 the clinic for the treatment of primary, and perhaps even secondary, forms of HLH.

86 , and albuminuric effects are preserved, and perhaps exaggerated in chronic kidney disease.

87 tissue regeneration and recovery, which can, perhaps, explain why general immunosuppression in TBI pa

88 ing of aging importantly contributes to (and perhaps explains) the well documented developmental orig

89 m the host through horizontal gene transfer, perhaps facilitated by the long and intimate association

90 embrace technology in new and diverse ways, perhaps facilitating widespread adoption of home monitor

91 t effects on population dynamics will occur, perhaps fallaciously.

92 of therapies for aggressive MLL leukemia and perhaps for other cancers caused by translocations.

93 Perhaps for that very reason the idea of reconstructing

94 as well as errors in the mathematical model, perhaps from an oversimplification of the tumor dynamics

95 viral population already established there, perhaps from early disease.

96 es ago, freshwater input from the Indus, and perhaps from the Ghaggar-Hakra-Nara, probably sustained

97 d more accurately and their performances are perhaps further optimized.

98 markers for modeling cognitive deficits and perhaps, guiding treatment development in schizophrenia.

99 Perhaps half of these patients could successfully achiev

100 f temporal heterogeneity in NETs production, perhaps having implications in the type of the neutrophi

101 on the 70% by 2050 target would be shorter, perhaps having passed already.

102 Perhaps he was getting off the bus at the next stop and

103 thermal convection (from slow cooling), and perhaps heat from the decay of radioactive isotopes.

104 and 1,3-cyclohexadiene over its 1,4-isomer, perhaps hinting at the potential for concerted 2 e(-) /2

105 But perhaps human behaviour is not biased; perhaps research

106 mportant feature of human brain biology, and perhaps human biology more broadly, and that changes in

107 factors affecting shorter-term survival, and perhaps identifies a cohort of livers that may benefit f

108 ed at fixed time intervals after the insult, perhaps ignoring the inherent variability in magnitude a

109 useful surrogate marker for such pathology, perhaps improving our understanding of the natural histo

110 Thus, brief stimulus exposure, perhaps in a salient context such as the unfamiliar plac

111 n the classical reptilian dorsal cortex, but perhaps in a small Emx1-expressing/Lhx9-negative area at

112 uid plays in setting the discharge rate, and perhaps in controlling clog formation, for granular hopp

113 improve detection sensitivity in this study, perhaps in part due to fewer counts in the later scan.

114 Perhaps in the context of these limitations, Centers for

115 ssion, this process indirectly requires p53, perhaps in the form of another p53 target gene or as a s

116 ole of inflammation in aSyn aggregation, and perhaps in the pathogenesis of sporadic PD as well.

117 flex functions to encompass cortical vision, perhaps including the perception of color.

118 ell-suited to transcriptional repressors but perhaps incompatible with precise activation.

119 tive consensus for a hemodynamic definition, perhaps incorporating exercise and fluid challenge; 2) i

120 addition to T1 relaxation times, indicating perhaps increased neuronal matter or GABAA receptor upre

121 ulnerability for some psychopathologies, but perhaps increased resilience for others, in high sensati

122 o a state of sustained microglia activation, perhaps increasing the brain's susceptibility to other f

123 idence for an EV-specific tRNA modification, perhaps indicating a role for posttranscriptional modifi

124 s were predictive for responses within LO-1, perhaps indicating a transitional point between those tw

125 of all types were more responsive to light, perhaps indicating an environmental priority to nest vie

126 der-represented in human protein structures, perhaps indicative of selection against background react

127 ant solutions may explain positive feedback, perhaps indicative of the importance of this state for s

128 , and miR-217 as regulators of mortalin and, perhaps indirectly, of CD46 and CD55.

129 hese data indicate that some IP bacteria, or perhaps indole alone, can influence the ability of Crypt

130 some perspective into how these concepts are perhaps inescapably intertwined, highlight recent advanc

131 ls is leading to considerable losses of, and perhaps irreversible damages to, unique coral reef ecosy

132 limit the amounts of released ROS to a low, perhaps just signaling, level through an as-yet-unknown

133 iated mechanisms related to MPS diseases and perhaps lead to improved targeted therapies.

134 er a much longer timeframe (eg, decades) and perhaps less common than previously thought.

135 halogen bonded iodine clusters, albeit in a perhaps limited environment of superfluid helium droplet

136 regulates gene expression in the intestine, perhaps linking nutrient export from the intestine to pr

137 tic applications in a variety of cancers and perhaps many nonmalignant diseases as well.

138 scription have used a reductionist approach, perhaps masking differential regulation.

139 ionship between the graft and lung, which is perhaps mediated by bacterial composition in the gut.

140 obably as an elemental defense mechanism and perhaps mediating elemental allelopathy.

141 rmative biomarker of disease progression and perhaps metastatic disease.

142 draw attention to the fact that many studies perhaps misleadingly claim that birds use sweet taste to

143 ertoire to support complex navigational (and perhaps mnemonic) processes.

144 s together through octamer-octamer contacts, perhaps modulated by interactions with other membrane co

145 oscience community at large, alternative and perhaps more advantageous computational tools to underst

146 In [Cu(CF3)4](-), and perhaps more complexes on the right side of the transiti

147 ability of their corticospinal pathways and, perhaps more generally, their entire nervous system.

148 molecular modalities in the Firre locus and perhaps more globally in other lncRNAs.

149 Drought legacy and wetting direction are perhaps more important determinants of short-term C mine

150 But perhaps more importantly, our study reveals the potentia

151 at aspirin therapy reduces CRC incidence and perhaps mortality approximately 10 years after initiatio

152 till far from achieving the most obvious and perhaps most attractive goal in this area, the dehydroge

153 Perhaps most excitingly, phenoxazines have "non-classica

154 Perhaps most heartening, improvements in CRC screening c

155 Perhaps most importantly, NifEN(M) displays comparable A

156 Perhaps most importantly, Ro 61-8048 prevented relapse-l

157 Perhaps most notably, the device manufacturing is signif

158 Perhaps most significantly, the delta(13)C values of eac

159 F/c-Met-mediated lamellipodia formation, and perhaps motility is dependent on intracellular generatio

160 trategies-increasing population mobility and perhaps moving to the warmer Jordan Valley where wild ce

161 ental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and perhaps MS.

162 tients with minor stroke, vessel imaging and perhaps neuroimaging parameters, but not clinical scores

163 t-to-reach, and often fleeting environments, perhaps never to be discovered again.

164 due to both local and global pressures, and perhaps none so precipitously as coral reefs.

165 employment) can either increase or decrease, perhaps nonmonotonically.

166 e discriminating in their reactivity-a trait perhaps not broadly enough appreciated.

167 henIX, versus gene discovery in Exomiser) is perhaps not fully appreciated but may impact strongly on

168 ay not be the essence of this constellation; perhaps not quite being, either in the present or in the

169 ory of modern science, with this partnership perhaps now more intimate than ever.

170 uld be beneficial for perioperative pain and perhaps obviate the need for oral narcotics.

171 reased numbers of deleterious L1 insertions, perhaps occurring de novo, in brain-expressed genes of d

172 f at least one Pleistocene glacial refugium, perhaps on the Red Sea plains; (3) the main episode of d

173 Thus, circulating tumor DNA analysis is perhaps one of the most practical and promising approach

174 e the existence of extrapancreatic glucagon (perhaps originating from the gut) in man and suggest tha

175 uding bacteria, but also fungi, viruses, and perhaps other agents.

176 ributes to sensory overreactivity in FXS and perhaps other ASDs.

177 vitamin D biology in multiple sclerosis and perhaps other autoimmune diseases as well.

178 ttenuated vaccines directed against VEEV and perhaps other closely related -1 PRF-utilizing viruses.

179 nosis and management of active TB cases, and perhaps other infectious diseases as well.

180 g the pathogenesis mechanisms of viroids and perhaps other infectious RNAs.IMPORTANCE Numerous pathog

181 We therefore propose that SAR1376, and perhaps other members of the 4-OT protein family, repres

182 lgesic responsiveness to endogenous EM2 (and perhaps other opioids).

183 The dinucleotide composition of HIV-1, and perhaps other RNA viruses, appears to have adapted to ev

184 ispensing with use of thiamin, Borrelia, and perhaps other tick-transmitted bacterial pathogens, are

185 uling of immunotherapy with radiotherapy and perhaps other types of anticancer therapies.

186 inst using IKK2 inhibitors in chronic GN and perhaps, other immune-mediated diseases.

187 ht-induced sequestration of nerve agents or, perhaps, other targeted compounds.

188 eds and cones at least over the Cenozoic and perhaps over much of the later Mesozoic.

189 loss but was not statistically significant, perhaps owing to low numbers of recurrences.

190 mmunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults, perhaps owing to persistent HIV-1 RNA in cerebrospinal f

191 postmenopausal than in premenopausal women, perhaps owing to protective effects of estrogens.

192 and mitochondrial function is reduced in HF, perhaps partly due to a substantially reduced energy sup

193 ional disabilities secondary to central and, perhaps, peripheral nervous system damage.

194 marker may be useful to predict outcomes and perhaps personalize RT dosage to improve survival.Signif

195 Conformation perhaps plays the largest role in determining such prope

196 s relative to other infiltrating leukocytes, perhaps preventing further tissue damage in such a sensi

197 se that enzyme-activation is a possible, and perhaps probable, consequence of any substrate-induced e

198 ignant disease among patients, families, and perhaps providers.

199 The retention of old immunity genes perhaps provides protection against nearby kin bacteria

200 ical neurons integrate signals across space, perhaps providing a neurobiological mechanism for the ef

201 ase signalling can have significant effects, perhaps providing an explanation for the numerous change

202 es that is likely superior qualitatively and perhaps quantitatively to typical commercial offerings.

203 e prevention of viral wheezing illnesses and perhaps reduce the subsequent risk for asthma.

204 common in our psychogenic cases (P = 0.012), perhaps reflecting a 'learning episode' predisposing to

205 eneral population, where they may be silent, perhaps reflecting allelic factors.

206 rected influence patterns among brain areas, perhaps reflecting compensatory processes.SIGNIFICANCE S

207 se differences typify slightly older hearts, perhaps reflecting the burden due to this disease.

208 Perhaps reflecting the importance of this computation, i

209 ion signatures in East-Asian beta-cells that perhaps reflects increased susceptibility to cell-death

210 er rate of first-year infection (P = 0.003), perhaps related to increased intravenous antibiotic use

211 door (40.2+/-3.1mug/kg) (P<0.001), which was perhaps related to increased vitamin D synthesis by bird

212 vs. type II rich muscle regions in obesity, perhaps related to IR, and warrant further investigation

213 here are few biological markers of delirium, perhaps related to the etiologic heterogeneity of the sy

214 tinued at the end of the procedure, which is perhaps related to this medication's short half-life.

215 ve identified SGPL1 mutations in humans that perhaps represent a distinct multisystemic disorder of s

216 is oncometabolite can alter gene expression, perhaps repressing critical inhibitors of proliferation.

217 But perhaps human behaviour is not biased; perhaps research assumptions about the optimality of str

218 entifying and analyzing the optimal therapy (perhaps restricted to a set of clinically realizable pro

219 s novel druggable targets to ameliorate and, perhaps, reverse the EC plexiform phenotype in severe hu

220 gests that the roles of UCN3 in chicken, and perhaps sauropsids in general, are not all identical to

221 reduced founder populations of isolated and perhaps self-pollinated individuals.

222 ar processes; how plants may respond to, and perhaps sense stresses; and how organisms with a similar

223 ts from the threats of peripheral infection; perhaps shielding cells that are less resilient from the

224 such a strong intrinsic magnetic field, but perhaps short period fluctuations can still be used to p

225 milar to that of the rat in some aspects but perhaps significantly different in others.

226 uggest compressor emissions are variable and perhaps slightly larger than reported, and emissions fro

227 and predispose them to undertake different, perhaps somewhat opposite, roles in motor recovery after

228 ons fluctuating asynchronously across space, perhaps stemming from physical and/or competitive differ

229 to hypertrophy or prevention of muscle loss, perhaps suggesting that the ActRIIB receptor is primaril

230 ndancies in ribonucleotide repair in archaea perhaps suggests a more ancestral form of ribonucleotide

231 presence of four diverse nAChRs on muscle is perhaps surprising and not predicted from the C. elegans

232 Perhaps surprisingly, birdsong also exhibits specificity

233 ildren, as well as in nonhuman primates and, perhaps surprisingly, is also demonstrated by lower spec

234 hanistic learning model to demonstrate that, perhaps surprisingly, this population-level change was a

235 ted outcomes that must be accounted for, and perhaps taken advantage of, in CRISPR experiments.

236 release of methane into the hydrosphere and perhaps the atmosphere.

237 roles as general anesthetics, n-alcohols are perhaps the best-studied amphiphiles of this class.

238 Perhaps the biggest change has been the enhanced capabil

239 Perhaps the future of HFpEF risk assessment lies in a mu

240 veled understanding of human intelligence is perhaps the grand challenge for 21st-century science, wi

241 ich environments has been largely effective, perhaps the greatest challenge facing fishery managers i

242 Perhaps the greatest impedance to the widespread academi

243 Perhaps the initial similarities in males and females un

244 ent-specific material properties, overcoming perhaps the key limitation to all previous patient-speci

245 cing techniques have demonstrated that many, perhaps the majority, of bone cells are derived via dire

246 Yttria-stabilized zirconia is perhaps the material with the most potential as an elect

247 ndicate that the HA prefusion structure (and perhaps the metastable states of other viral entry prote

248 h a base at relatively high temperatures was perhaps the method used to artificially age these fabric

249 Light is perhaps the most abundant and advantageous energy source

250 rganic polymer trans-polyacetylene, provides perhaps the most basic model system supporting topologic

251 Perhaps the most central biological allometry is how met

252 rmal, flexural cantilever mechanism which is perhaps the most clearly expressed example anywhere.

253 f disease broadly referred to as lymphoma is perhaps the most common for which disease response class

254 Perhaps the most common foraging problem is the choice b

255 ustering of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is perhaps the most effective, yet intriguing strategy to e

256 Perhaps the most fundamental conformational change of a

257 s a whole-may uncover their code, clarifying perhaps the most fundamental question: how they modulate

258 waste heat harvesting system-that represent perhaps the most important applications of thermoelectri

259 This makes energy signaling perhaps the most important biomass growth determinant un

260 ophtheirus salmonis and related species, are perhaps the most important problem facing Atlantic Salmo

261 Perhaps the most intriguing link between hormones and su

262 Perhaps the most intriguing of potential ArM properties

263 Perhaps the most notable exception is Tullimonstrum greg

264 rol over the immune system and functions are perhaps the most pleiotropic not only for development bu

265 ngineered constructs for wound regeneration, perhaps the most significant hurdle remains the establis

266 parasitoid wasp subfamily Microgastrinae is perhaps the most species-rich subfamily of animals on Ea

267 Perhaps the most striking feature of these molecules is

268 Ca(2+) signalling is perhaps the most universal and versatile mechanism regul

269 idea that the number of hotspot motifs, and perhaps the mutation rate in general, is expected to dec

270 Perhaps the spatial topography in frontoparietal cortex

271 luble vaccines and even 31-fold greater than perhaps the strongest adjuvant in clinical trials (that

272 future to predict the course of disease and, perhaps, the need for surgical intervention.

273 ter algorithms typically do not do this, but perhaps they should.

274 Perhaps this cFLIP property could be engineered to minim

275 is is how other corals form their skeletons, perhaps this is how a few corals survived past CO2 incre

276 such as alterations in DNA methylation, and perhaps through alterations in the gut microbiome.

277 internal generation of sequential movements, perhaps through maintaining arbitrary motor-motor associ

278 d accumulated in both shallow and deep soil, perhaps through mixing by earthworms.

279 to flexibly regulate sensorimotor responses, perhaps through modulating activity in other circuits.

280 s by which LAP may regulate immune function, perhaps through the metabolic reprogramming and polariza

281 ting some groups of bacteria on the carcass, perhaps through the production of antimicrobials themsel

282 e shown to be stabilized by hydration, as is perhaps to be expected because the adsorbed water molecu

283 predisposing them to genomic instability and perhaps to cancer.

284 plant stress responses, including wounding, perhaps to evoke plant defense.

285 its tremendous technological importance and perhaps to its chemical simplicity, has been studied for

286 rough SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) function, perhaps to suppress precocious flowering.

287 larger and more appropriately sized stents, perhaps translating into lower risk of subsequent stent

288 for the development of drugs to prevent, and perhaps treat, lupus nephritis and other autoinflammator

289 at imaging underestimates size by about 20%, perhaps tumors that measure >20 mm at imaging should be

290 Recent data suggest that, perhaps unexpectedly, some key epigenetic marks, and the

291 ter self-control to be highly correlated and perhaps unifactorial, because they are all manifestation

292 PAB is found, perhaps uniquely, in the coniferous tree golden larch (P

293 like effects following nerve injury in mice, perhaps via a GPCR-mediated activation mechanism, and su

294 part contribute to heightened clinical pain, perhaps via central sensitization.

295 esses synergize to accelerate tumorigenesis, perhaps via inflammation.

296 s necessary for normal respiratory dynamics, perhaps via motor outputs that engage muscles of respira

297 males and females in roughly equal numbers, perhaps whole families, whereas the later Bronze Age mig

298 improve performance in cool conditions, and perhaps with less expense and fewer side-effects than hy

299 disease (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.31) and perhaps with serious liver complications (RR, 1.15; 95%

300 ive at moving pollen within populations, and perhaps within forest blocks, their contribution to gene