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1  visual cortex can produce a visual percept (phosphene).
2 cific fashion and induce visual experiences (phosphenes).
3 ortex results in a visual percept known as a phosphene.
4  of tissue that supports the perception of a phosphene.
5 power (but not phase) predicted parietal TMS phosphenes.
6 ex can give rise to visual sensations called phosphenes.
7 ced non-face-related visual changes, such as phosphenes.
8 ack by rating the brightness and size of the phosphenes.
9 ing a smaller effect on the size of elicited phosphenes.
10 ly increased both the size and brightness of phosphenes.
11 d with a 10 x 10 array of 1 degrees diameter phosphenes.
12  to produce illusory visual percepts, called phosphenes.
13 ency to the expected site of perception of a phosphene, a subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulat
14  be capable of producing equivalently bright phosphenes across an entire array.
15 luminance should produce equivalently bright phosphenes across the entire electrode array.
16 ry, on single trials, with the perception of phosphenes after occipital and parietal TMS.
17 ded visual motion perception when the evoked phosphene and the visual stimulus overlapped in time and
18 agnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to elicit phosphenes and to suppress the perception of briefly pre
19                        Dizziness, nystagmus, phosphenes, and head ringing were related to the strengt
20 ferent effects on the size and brightness of phosphene appearance.
21                                    Perceived phosphene brightness declined over time, as reflected in
22 e test subject not only was able to perceive phosphenes, but also could perform visual tasks at rates
23 ization may limit the perception of multiple phosphenes by blind prosthesis recipients.
24 be an important feature of the production of phosphenes by electrical stimulation: phosphene size sat
25                                     Although phosphenes can be evoked by a wide range of electrode si
26                                  If distinct phosphenes can be perceived, these results suggest that
27 here is a wide intersubject variation in the phosphene characteristics.
28         Stimulation thresholds for detecting phosphenes correlated with the distance of the electrode
29         The TMS intensity required to elicit phosphenes correlated with the size of the tilt aftereff
30 cibility and characteristics of the elicited phosphenes, despite using the same stimulating parameter
31  individual differences in image processing, phosphene distribution and rehabilitation programs that
32  to explain preferential reports of 'bright' phosphenes during earlier clinical trials.
33                                              Phosphenes for each subject were consistently reproducib
34 ditioning stimulus (CS) was applied over the phosphene hotspot of the visual cortex, followed by a te
35                               We tested this phosphene hypothesis in the SC by comparing the effect o
36 me SC stimulation improved performance; if a phosphene improved performance at this time, a real cue
37 ng-term repeatilibity and reproducibility of phosphenes in subjects chronically implanted with the Ar
38                        Two subjects depicted phosphenes in the same hemifield as the expected locatio
39                           Four subjects drew phosphenes in the same visual field quadrant, as predict
40 ther the location of photopsias (spontaneous phosphenes) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is related to t
41  are immune to saccadic suppression, whereas phosphenes induced by retinal stimulation are not, thus
42  low-level visual cortex excitability (i.e., phosphene induction) and perception, respectively.
43      Our experiments provide evidence that a phosphene is not responsible for the shift of attention
44                                     Based on phosphene mapping, TMS double pulses were applied at one
45                        Each subject depicted phosphenes of consistent shapes and sizes, and reported
46 ; TMS of occipital cortex can produce visual phosphenes or scotomas.
47 periment, TMS-trials reproduced the cyclical phosphene pattern and revealed a ~10 Hz pattern also for
48                          These correlates of phosphene perception closely resemble known electrophysi
49                                              Phosphene perception occurred only if stimulation evoked
50             In a first, TMS-only experiment, phosphene perception rate against time postsound showed
51 rential pattern of prestimulus predictors of phosphene perception suggests that distinct frequencies
52                                 Accompanying phosphene perception was also reported.
53              TMS-evoked responses related to phosphene perception were similar across stimulation sit
54 G) and/or probed visual cortex excitability (phosphene perception) through occipital transcranial mag
55 voked activity, revealing the time course of phosphene perception.
56           To achieve this, the brightness of phosphenes produced by an individual electrode should sc
57                                              Phosphene size also depended on the location of the stim
58       This simple model accurately predicted phosphene size for a broad range of stimulation currents
59                                              Phosphene size increased as the stimulation current was
60 ion of phosphenes by electrical stimulation: phosphene size saturates at a relatively low current lev
61                We developed a model relating phosphene size to the amount of activated cortex and its
62 ual cortex of 13 human subjects who reported phosphene size while stimulation current was varied.
63                 The unexpected saturation in phosphene sizes suggests that the functional architectur
64                            Here we show that phosphenes--small illusory visual perceptions--induced b
65 ght be producing an internal visual flash or phosphene that attracts attention as a real flash would.
66 STATEMENT Understanding the neural basis for phosphenes, the visual percepts created by electrical st
67 e show that synesthetes display 3-fold lower phosphene thresholds than controls during stimulation of
68                           Use of the Proview phosphene tonometer appears to decrease patient anxiety
69 tonometry, rebound tonometry and the Proview phosphene tonometer.
70                                    Perceived phosphenes were depicted relative to subjective visual f
71                        Electrically elicited phosphenes were present 10 years after implantation of a
72 S intensity was needed to elicit a conscious phosphene when its apparent spatial location was attende
73 d to measure both the brightness and size of phosphenes when the biphasic pulse train was varied by e
74 lpha band (8-13 Hz), predicted occipital TMS phosphenes, whereas higher-frequency beta-band (13-20 Hz
75  excitability predicted perceptual outcomes (phosphenes), which were manifest in both early and late
76 the positions of potentially several hundred phosphenes, which may require repetition if electrode pe

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