ライフサイエンスコーパス: photoactivatable

1 d with caged rhodamine to make the particles photoactivatable.

2 (iv) Photoactivatable (3)H-labeled GM3 added to HRT18 cells,

3 ution CLIP (iCLIP), employing either UV-C or photoactivatable 4-thiouridine (4SU) combined with UV-A

4 constructed U25 snoRNAs containing a single photoactivatable 4-thiouridine at each U position within

5 e that exposes isolated white blood cells to photoactivatable 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet A rad

6 The photoactivatable, acidifying nanoparticles (paNPs) demon

7 eveloped an optogenetic strategy that uses a photoactivatable adenylate cyclase to achieve real-time

8 We hypothesized that a photoactivatable adenylyl cyclase (PAC) can be employed

9 ted to fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate, as a photoactivatable agent, followed by encapsulation in non

10 e electrophilic isothiocyanate AM994 and the photoactivatable aliphatic azido AM993 analogues.

11 T7-epitope-tagged Ste2p and a biotinylated, photoactivatable alpha-factor.

12 ied canine renal Na,K-ATPase with a range of photoactivatable amiloride derivatives results in inhibi

13 ctor IX Gla domain peptides that contain the photoactivatable amino acid p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine at

14 nucleotide triphosphate could transfer to a photoactivatable AMP analog.

15 membranes from Torpedo electric organ with a photoactivatable analog, [(3)H]azietomidate.

16 , we used 3-azibutanol and 3-azioctanol, the photoactivatable analogs of 1-butanol and 1-octanol, to

17 ides in mammalian brain tissue, we developed photoactivatable analogs of two opioids: [Leu(5)]-enkeph

18 The photoactivatable analogue exhibits efficient cross-linki

19 of porcine SR with [(3)H]azidodantrolene, a photoactivatable analogue of dantrolene, has identified

20 3-Azioctanol is a photoactivatable analogue of octanol that noncompetitive

21 Y720, accomplishing the first synthesis of a photoactivatable analogue of this ligand (2) in 9 steps

22 The corresponding photoactivatable analogue, although of low affinity, exh

23 [Chemical structure: see text] Photoactivatable analogues 4-6 of cholesterol (1), havin

24 the lobatamides to mammalian V-ATPase, three photoactivatable analogues bearing benzophenone photoaff

25 Photoactivatable analogues have been developed to study

26 More generally, the new photoactivatable and affinity-tagged lipid probe develop

27 e a new strategy that uses a novel synthetic photoactivatable and click chemistry-taggable phospholip

28 Ginkgolide derivatives carrying photoactivatable and fluorescent groups for the purpose

29 The thio group of 6-thio-ppGpp is directly photoactivatable and is thus a zero-length cross-linker.

30 und SecA to membrane lipids, a radiolabeled, photoactivatable and lipid-partitioning crosslinker, 3-t

31 nsively for biological imaging applications; photoactivatable and photoconvertible fluorescent protei

32 mechanism appears to be common to all of the photoactivatable and reversibly photoswitchable FPs repo

33 okes shift, fluorescent timers, irreversibly photoactivatable and reversibly photoswitchable RFPs.

34 analog trinitrophenol ATP, as well as with a photoactivatable ATP analog, 8-azido-ATP (N(3)-ATP).

35 Here, we developed photoactivatable autocamtide inhibitory peptide 2 (paAIP

36 either an electrophilic isothiocyanato or a photoactivatable azido group at the terminal carbon of t

37 ncluded the electrophilic isothiocyanate and photoactivatable azido groups, both of which are capable

38 A photoactivatable azidophenacyl group has been introduced

39 the antigenomic RNA were generated using the photoactivatable azidophenacyl group tethered to the cle

40 rophosphonate inhibitor of FAAH containing a photoactivatable benzophenone group was synthesized and

41 Photoaffinity labeling studies with a photoactivatable benzoylcinnimidyl acyl chain derivative

42 s PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3, which contain a photoactivatable benzoyldihydrocinnamide moiety.

43 riments demonstrate the covalent transfer of photoactivatable biotin from isolated cdb3-PO4 (but not

44 as used to direct the covalent attachment of photoactivatable biotin onto silylated silicon wafers.

45 Photoactivatable "caged" neurotransmitters allow optical

46 r spatial resolution using a cell-permeable, photoactivatable chemical inducer of dimerization.

47 Rapid screening of photoactivatable chemicals or biological molecules has b

48 We expand the photoactivatable chemistry toolbox here with a second re

49 These findings suggest that the use of photoactivatable chemokine receptors allows remotely con

50 Photoactivatable-chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (PA-CX

51 Further, using a photoactivatable cholesterol analog, we showed that ABCA

52 tolabeled purified mouse VDAC1 (mVDAC1) with photoactivatable cholesterol analogues and analyzed the

53 are selectively targeted by the hydrophobic photoactivatable compound 1,5-iodonaphthyl-azide (INA).

54 Most photoactivatable compounds suffer from the limitations o

55 We incorporated a photoactivatable cross-linker at 32 positions throughout

56 Each mutant was labeled with the photoactivatable cross-linker benzophenone-4-iodoacetami

57 Analogously, Tim17 having a photoactivatable cross-linker in the matrix exposed loop

58 We found that Tim23 having a photoactivatable cross-linker in the matrix exposed loop

59 revealed that the derivatives modified with photoactivatable cross-linker peptide C cross-linked to

60 Use of a heterobifunctional photoactivatable cross-linker, sulfo-SDA (diazirine), ha

61 containing a modified lysine residue with a photoactivatable cross-linker.

62 in rabbit left ventricular myocytes using a photoactivatable cross-linker.

63 of the three peptide C derivatives carrying photoactivatable cross-linkers at different locations on

64 Using luciferase reporter assays, photoactivatable cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (

65 selectively with a maleimide to introduce a photoactivatable cross-linking aryl azide at three diffe

66 We prepared P-X, a photoactivatable cross-linking derivative of posaconazol

67 Biotin-terminated glycopolymers containing photoactivatable cross-linking groups were designed to c

68 onfocal fluorescence microscopy, and in vivo photoactivatable cross-linking of stalled translocation

69 cleosome has now been probed with the use of photoactivatable cross-linking reagents to determine the

70 By using a photoactivatable cross-linking synthetic peptide that mi

71 Here we developed a single-component, photoactivatable Dab1 (opto-Dab1) by using the blue ligh

72 ly modulate postsynaptic strength by using a photoactivatable derivative of this small GTPase.

73 Photoactivatable derivatives of insulin containing respe

74 new approach to produce genetically encoded photoactivatable derivatives of Rac1, a key GTPase regul

75 nd the utility of these dyes by synthesizing photoactivatable derivatives that are compatible with li

76 Photoactivatable DNA analogs have been incorporated enzy

77 A photoactivatable dopamine-conjugated platinum(IV) antica

78 emically enabled volumetric 3D digital light photoactivatable dye display (3D Light PAD) is reported.

79 ration 3D Light PAD was fabricated using the photoactivatable dye N-phenyl spirolactam rhodamine B, a

80 ible and near-infrared light with a nontoxic photoactivatable dye, which upon encounter with molecula

81 ome c complex was investigated using a novel photoactivatable dye.

82 metric dimers and oligomers using dual-color photoactivatable dyes and localization microscopy (PD-PA

83 he photophysical properties of commonly used photoactivatable dyes in a wide range of solvents, which

84 The operating principle relies on photoactivatable dyes that become reversibly fluorescent

85 We introduce PAmKate, a monomeric photoactivatable far-red fluorescent protein, which faci

86 known 2 and 4, these FABPs comprise a set of photoactivatable fatty acid analogues with the crosslink

87 s context, we designed molecular guests with photoactivatable fluorescence for these supramolecular h

88 ategies in combination with conventional and photoactivatable fluorescent fusion proteins.

89 than the width of the point spread function, photoactivatable fluorescent molecules are used, in this

90 of nanometers to tens of micrometers - using photoactivatable fluorescent nanoparticle probes.

91 Photoactivatable fluorescent probes are invaluable tools

92 d provide a versatile platform for designing photoactivatable fluorescent probes for various biologic

93 the tetrazole/alkene prefluorophores, robust photoactivatable fluorescent probes were obtained with f

94 limited availability of genetically encoded photoactivatable fluorescent probes with distinct emissi

95 strategies have been developed in generating photoactivatable fluorescent probes, most of which rely

96 a protocol that preserves both the delicate photoactivatable fluorescent protein labels essential fo

97 Numerous sparse subsets of photoactivatable fluorescent protein molecules were acti

98 sion of the endogenous copy of Pol IV to the photoactivatable fluorescent protein PAmCherry.

99 We combined a transgenic photoactivatable fluorescent protein tracer with multiph

100 ferent proteins fused to spectrally distinct photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PA-FPs).

101 Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PAFPs) are requir

102 Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PAFPs) have been

103 hotoactivation localization microscopy using photoactivatable fluorescent proteins genetically fused

104 The intrinsic blinking of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins mEos2 and Dendra2

105 reliance of modern microscopy techniques on photoactivatable fluorescent proteins prompted developme

106 continued development of genetically encoded photoactivatable fluorescent proteins.

107 chromophores such as endogenously expressed photoactivatable fluorescent proteins.

108 ocol can be adapted for broad use with other photoactivatable fluorescent proteins.

109 enic strategy to measure cell division and a photoactivatable fluorescent reporter to examine whether

110 two-photon microscopy in combination with a photoactivatable fluorescent reporter.

111 tructural manipulations and describe a novel photoactivatable fluorophore based on a Si-containing an

112 aging with custom cell tracking software and photoactivatable fluorophore labeling to determine the c

113 Comparison of the behavior of this photoactivatable fluorophore with that of a model system

114 imaging is in principle compatible with any photoactivatable fluorophore, it should have broad appli

115 By using a photoactivatable fluorophore, repeated imaging of sparse

116 Photoactivatable fluorophores are useful tools in live-c

117 imately, lead to the realization of valuable photoactivatable fluorophores for imaging applications.

118 rticle tracking of Nav channels labeled with photoactivatable fluorophores in combination with Bayesi

119 l PSF design and digital postprocessing with photoactivatable fluorophores opens up avenues for impro

120 demonstration provides a new class of bright photoactivatable fluorophores, as are needed for super-r

121 an be achieved by sequential localization of photoactivatable fluorophores, for which the image resol

122 utively active Rac1 or light activation of a photoactivatable form of Rac1 blocks the ability of repe

123 A special focus is placed on photoactivatable FPs, for which the fluorescence emissio

124 A photoactivatable FRB-Golgi enzyme, highlighted only in t

125 response to ligands, peptide cross-linked by photoactivatable free cholesterol (FCBP)], (iv) selectiv

126 We have generated a family of photoactivatable genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators t

127 populations of cytosolic proteins tagged to photoactivatable GFP (PAGFP) move with a slow motor-depe

128 Using photoactivatable GFP (paGFP), we extended our protocol t

129 or four plasma membrane proteins tagged with photoactivatable GFP (PAGFP).

130 adenoviral transduction with matrix-targeted photoactivatable GFP and confocal microscopy.

131 We employed photoactivatable GFP and high-resolution live-cell confo

132 Here, we use the photoactivatable GFP both as a free protein to measure p

133 Interestingly, expression of matrix-targeted photoactivatable GFP showed that mitochondrial fusion wa

134 analysis of peri-Golgi actin dynamics using photoactivatable GFP suggest a scenario in which TGN-loc

135 in cellula pulse-chase imaging protocol with photoactivatable GFP to investigate the mechanism underl

136 e to measure the rate of departure of PAGFP (photoactivatable GFP)-tagged neurofilaments from photoac

137 Through use of a photoactivatable GFP, we demonstrate that POLKADOTS cont

138 Using photoactivatable GFP, we show that the existing Golgi su

139 maging with a combination of FLIP, FRAP, and photoactivatable GFP-Bax, we demonstrate that disrupting

140 Studies with photoactivatable GFP-E-cadherin showed that Myo1c KD red

141 transport of cytosolic proteins (CPs) using photoactivatable GFP-PAGFP-with modifications of standar

142 e Rab5 membrane exchange rate, assessed with photoactivatable GFP-Rab5, decreases in the presence of

143 transferrin receptor expressed alone or with photoactivatable GFP-tagged clathrin light chain.

144 strand breaks into living cells expressing a photoactivatable GFP-tagged histone H2B.

145 Imaging in real time of photoactivatable GFP-tagged P2X receptors showed that th

146 nd three of them are investigated here using photoactivatable GFP-tagged RLC (RLC-PAGFP) exchanged in

147 ce decay after photoactivation recordings of photoactivatable GFP-tagged tubulin that, despite this r

148 Using cells expressing photoactivatable GFP-tubulin to mark centrosomal MT minu

149 We report the development and application of photoactivatable Green Cherry (G(PA)C), the first geneti

150 Cultured sympathetic neurons expressing a photoactivatable green fluorescent neurofilament fusion

151 Using a mammalian cell line expressing photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tubulin

152 ve combined neural tracing using an improved photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PA-GFP) with

153 rescent molecules are used, in this case the photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PA-GFP).

154 horylatable PSD-95 mutant (T19A) tagged with photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PAGFP) shows

155 A myosin light chain (MLC) tagged with photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PAGFP) was c

156 The mobility of CPX tagged with photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (pGFP) was qu

157 used a dual, in vivo tagging strategy with a photoactivatable green fluorescent protein and externall

158 Real time imaging of a photoactivatable green fluorescent protein fused to PKD3

159 uorescence recovery after photobleaching and photoactivatable green fluorescent protein revealed that

160 Crystal structures of the photoactivatable green fluorescent protein T203H variant

161 In this issue, Victora et al. use imaging of photoactivatable green fluorescent protein to define the

162 e used localized, two-photon activation of a photoactivatable green fluorescent protein to investigat

163 PSD, we tagged synaptic proteins with PAGFP (photoactivatable green fluorescent protein) and used com

164 RESEARCH DESIGN AND Using matrix-targeted photoactivatable green fluorescent protein, mitochondria

165 either enhanced green fluorescent protein or photoactivatable green fluorescent protein, we have stud

166 on laser scanning microscopy to activate the photoactivatable green fluorescent protein.

167 first genetically encoded "continuously red-photoactivatable green" two-color probe for live cell im

168 tion was observed at superresolution using a photoactivatable-green-fluorescent-protein (PAGFP)-tagge

169 We attached a photoactivatable group (N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azido-sa

170 of the beta AR antagonist alprenolol with a photoactivatable group on the aryloxy end of the molecul

171 Either an electrophilic or a photoactivatable group was introduced at key positions o

172 , containing p-benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa), a photoactivatable group, and biotin as a tag, were synthe

173 Importantly, the two different photoactivatable groups display orthogonal directionalit

174 rivatives incorporating both fluorescent and photoactivatable groups still retained binding affinity

175 et of these agents we developed biotinylated photoactivatable GSMs.

176 address this limitation, we have developed a photoactivatable HNO donor incorporating the (3-hydroxy-

177 We have used the photoactivatable, hydrophobic reagent 3-trifluoro-3-(m-[

178 One application based on enzyme-specific, photoactivatable inhibitors is to isolate a designated a

179 ntrolled perturbation of NSF function with a photoactivatable inhibitory peptide.

180 describe our recent result in engineering a photoactivatable intein compatible with living mammalian

181 alize the binding and adduction sites of the photoactivatable irreversible cocaine analog 3beta-(p-ch

182 transporter (DAT) was investigated using the photoactivatable irreversible cocaine analog [125I]3beta

183 ain LFA-1 were probed by photolabeling using photoactivatable isoflurane (azi-isoflurane).

184 even more specific interactions between the photoactivatable isoprenoid and any number of isoprenoid

185 n-protein recognition, we have synthesized a photoactivatable, isoprenoid-containing cysteine analogu

186 elieve the strategy can be extended to other photoactivatable ligands to characterize cell membrane r

187 We inject a photoactivatable lineage tracer to show that the early a

188 preserved via a covalent cross-link using a photoactivatable lipid.

189 omethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)-diazarene, a photoactivatable, lipophilic probe which promiscuously l

190 omethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)-diazarine, a photoactivatable, lipophilic probe, also did not result

191 We used a photoactivatable, lipophilic reagent, 3'-(trifluoromethy

192 500- to 750-nm sections with interferometric photoactivatable localization microscopy followed by sca

193 With photoactivatable localization microscopy, we found that

194 o inhibit cross-linking of a radioiodinated, photoactivatable LPS derivative to mCD14.

195 omplexes were reacted with the bifunctional, photoactivatable maleimide reagent 4-(N-maleimido)benzop

196 Microfluidic design and photoactivatable materials establish the tunable pH grad

197 Caged reagents are photoactivatable molecules with applications in biologic

198 For these photoactivatable molecules, the activation rate is contr

199 ht, genetically expressed fluorescent marker photoactivatable monomeric (m)Cherry (PA-mCherry1) in co

200 TP) in the assembly of apoB-100 VLDL using a photoactivatable MTP inhibitor (BMS-192951).

201 ere, we report two bacteriophytochrome-based photoactivatable near-infrared fluorescent proteins, nam

202 By tracking a photoactivatable, nonpolymerizable actin mutant, we show

203 ctive nucleotides were positioned beside the photoactivatable nucleotides, and cross-linking by brief

204 Photoactivatable opioid ligands provide a means to quant

205 mber of a new class of SPOTs, small-molecule photoactivatable optical sensors of transmembrane potent

206 ns have driven the continuing development of photoactivatable or photoconvertible labels, including g

207 superresolution images that does not require photoactivatable or photoswitching probes.

208 To overcome this limitation, a photoactivatable (or photocaged) DNAzyme was designed an

209 In this report, a new photoactivatable organelle-specific live-cell imaging pr

210 Photoactivatable organic fluorophores and fluorescent pr

211 cally controlling T-cell trafficking using a photoactivatable (PA) chemokine receptor.

212 The related photoactivatable peptide zHFF-p-benzoylphenylalanine-[(1

213 lipids by measuring the incorporation of the photoactivatable phosphatidylcholine analog 1-O-hexadeca

214 e have used hydrophobic photolabeling with a photoactivatable phosphatidylcholine analogue to detect

215 pattern was different from that reported for photoactivatable phospholipid binding to the nAChR.

216 Radioiodinated photoactivatable photoprobes can provide valuable insigh

217 We then describe the recently developed photoactivatable, photoswitchable, and reversibly photos

218 We developed a membrane-permeant, photoactivatable PI(4,5)P2, which is loaded into cells i

219 atinum(IV) prodrugs, dual-threat agents, and photoactivatable platinum(IV) complexes.

220 As assessed by the photoactivatable probe 1-O-hexadecanoyl-2-O-[9-[[[2-[(12

221 The lipophilic photoactivatable probe 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-iodophen

222 Placing a photoactivatable probe at the amino terminus of the pept

223 In this paper, using a photoactivatable probe to control Rac1 activity at AJs,

224 ndria within cells has been achieved using a photoactivatable probe.

225 terminal L1 beta-helix, is also contacted by photoactivatable probes at positions A8 and B25.

226 ion, readout and bleaching, large numbers of photoactivatable probes can be precisely localized to ob

227 maging techniques that apply localization of photoactivatable probes to achieve super-resolution.

228 Photoactivatable probes were incorporated into these (35

229 strategy for fluorophore caging that creates photoactivatable probes with high photon yields.

230 Like organic and protein-based photoactivatable probes, caged QDs can confer increased

231 ce recovery after photobleaching (iFRAP) and photoactivatable probes, coupled to biochemical experime

232 iological samples, which can be labeled with photoactivatable probes.

233 IR, offering a large array of new colors for photoactivatable probes.

234 A protein of interest is fused to a photoactivatable protein (mKikGR) and introduced to its

235 oregut, as shown by lineage tracing with the photoactivatable protein KikGR.

236 Although photoactivatable proteins have emerged as a powerful too

237 ch facilitates simultaneous imaging of three photoactivatable proteins in mammalian cells using fluor

238 Compared to other monomeric dark-to-red photoactivatable proteins including PAmCherry, PATagRFP

239 Compared to other monomeric red photoactivatable proteins, it has faster maturation, bet

240 rget sites within the gene using TFOs with a photoactivatable psoralen group at the 5'-end.

241 sed target-specific azido DCDHFs, a class of photoactivatable push-pull fluorogens which produce brig

242 e-binding domain in DsbB by cross-linking to photoactivatable quinone analogues.

243 calized activation of a genetically encoded, photoactivatable Rac guanosine triphosphatase is suffici

244 rm and position and additionally show, using photoactivatable Rac transgenes, that it is the level of

245 A genetically encoded photoactivatable Rac was used to demonstrate that locali

246 ch we combined with cell-type-specific RNAi, photoactivatable Rac, and morphodynamic profiling, to in

247 Photoactivatable Rac1 (PA-Rac1) could be reversibly and

248 Furthermore, local induction of photoactivatable Rac1 or the microinjection of a vimenti

249 robe, AS-PaRac1 (activated synapse targeting photoactivatable Rac1), that can label recently potentia

250 rescent calcium integrator calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiobetric integrator (CaMPARI) report

251 rescent calcium integrator calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiobetric integrator (CaMPARI) report

252 ABSTRACT: The calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiometric integrator (CaMPARI) is a g

253 The calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiometric integrator (CaMPARI) is a g

254 First, a photoactivatable reagent (3-trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[(125)

255 hodiesterase gamma subunit with a reversible photoactivatable reagent, [125I]N-[(3-iodo-4-azidophenyl

256 Here we use a photoactivatable reagent, N-[(2-pyridyldithio)-ethyl], 4

257 Substitution of individual photoactivatable residues in Tim44 and Pam17 in regions

258 Using photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking an

259 an transcripts that interact with eIF3 using photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking an

260 We also identified WIG1-binding motifs using photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking an

261 Photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking an

262 ing sites in plasma cells through integrated Photoactivatable-Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Cross-Linking a

263 combined AGO2 RIP-seq and AGO2 PAR-CLIP-seq (photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced cross-linking a

264 Combining photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking an

265 The photoactivatable steroid silences pathological spiking i

266 The photoactivatable sterol probe [3alpha-(3)H]6-Azi-5alpha-

267 wn that ginkgolide derivatives with aromatic photoactivatable substituents are potent PAF receptor an

268 Cross-linking was performed using the photoactivatable sulfhydryl reagent 4-(N-maleimido)benzo

269 ubjected to a cross-linking screen using the photoactivatable, sulfhydryl-reactive reagent N-[4-(p-az

270 d to enhance the effective resolution of two photoactivatable/switchable fluorophore-labeled structur

271 Using a photoactivatable tag, they demonstrate that FlbB moves f

272 sis of monomeric TagRFP, we have developed a photoactivatable TagRFP protein that is initially dark b

273 ells was demonstrated with a long-wavelength photoactivatable taxoid-tetrazole probe.

274 Although photoactivatable Taxol analogue failed to bind to CD14,

275 tatively shared Taxol/LPS receptor, a novel, photoactivatable Taxol analogue was employed to identify

276 hod known as "label transfer" that employs a photoactivatable trifunctional cross-linking reagent to

277 nse suppression methodology to incorporate a photoactivatable unnatural amino acid and photochemicall

278 -sfCherry2 for multicolour labeling, and its photoactivatable variant for super-resolution use.

279 riments of cells expressing GFP-tubulin or a photoactivatable variant of GFP-tubulin, respectively, d

280 We report a photoactivatable variant of the Aequorea victoria green

281 sed on split sfCherry2, we have engineered a photoactivatable variant that enables single-molecule lo

282 In this study, we use a photoactivatable version of GFP-tagged histone H2B to ex

283 his mutation in mammalian cells we created a photoactivatable version of IDH2(R172K), in which K172 i