ライフサイエンスコーパス: piRNA

1 piRNA biogenesis occurs by an amplification cycle in mic

2 piRNA guides the action of PIWI proteins to silence dele

3 piRNA processing correlates with localization of the sub

4 piRNA-like-163 (piR-L-163), the top downregulated piRNA-

5 ormal expression of 32 sncRNAs (26 miRNAs, 5 piRNAs, and 1 small nucleolar RNA).

6 go3 is recruited to nuage independently of a piRNA cargo and relies on interaction with Krimper, a st

7 Aub requires a piRNA guide for nuage recruitment, indicating that its l

8 e and use PIWI-interacting ribonucleic acid (piRNA) to repress expression of TE genes.

9 With age, piRNAs become shorter and fewer in number, which is coup

10 ased primary piRNAs that bind Piwi, allowing piRNAs to spread beyond the site of RNA cleavage.

11 Although piRNAs and other classes of small noncoding RNAs, such a

12 ated set of pipelines, 'piPipes', to analyze piRNA and transposon-derived RNAs from a variety of high

13 cers as "cancer/testis antigens" (CTAs), and piRNA (PIWI-interacting RNA) pathway proteins are found

14 ncharacterized link between cell density and piRNA biogenesis, designates cell density as a critical

15 Here we show that piRNAs and piRNA biogenesis components regulate precursor mRNA spli

16 ncreased, the abundance of Piwi proteins and piRNA biogenesis factors was commonly upregulated, resul

17 Target prediction for deregulated miRNAs and piRNAs revealed experimentally validated and predicted m

18 d by changes in the expression of miRNAs and piRNAs.

19 e piwi mutants exhibit depletion of fat body piRNAs, increased TE mobilization, increased levels of D

20 milar sequence length as those of MILI-bound piRNAs.

21 rsors and defines the spectrum of Piwi-bound piRNAs in germline cells.

22 dent pathway suffices to generate Piwi-bound piRNAs that repress transcription of a subset of transpo

23 gulators and putative targets of adult brain piRNAs.

24 la, processing of pre-piRNAs is initiated by piRNA-guided Slicer cleavage or the endonuclease Zucchin

25 orted by Huang et al. (2013) to be guided by piRNAs to piRNA-complementary sites in the genome, which

26 TEs in the chicken germ line are targeted by piRNAs, and as TEs lose their activity, the correspondin

27 Small non-coding RNAs called piRNAs serve as guides for an adaptable immune system th

28 In the proposed method, we first classify piRNA sequences in the training dataset that share simil

29 or which they lack extensively complementary piRNAs.

30 a heterologous RNA that lacks complementary piRNAs is processed into piRNAs upon recruitment of seve

31 from individuals with partially compromised piRNA defense.

32 , albeit at low levels, resembling conserved piRNAs in mouse testes [primarily LINE1 (long interspers

33 s TEs lose their activity, the corresponding piRNAs erode away.

34 ontaining Tudor, Aub piRNPs and mRNAs couple piRNA inheritance with germline specification.

35 osophila and demonstrates that viral-derived piRNA production depends on the biology of the host-viru

36 Furthermore, we detected EVE-derived piRNAs consistent with a targeted processing of persiste

37 WI protein MILI to loading of target-derived piRNAs into nuclear MIWI2.

38 e molecular signatures of transposon-derived piRNAs.

39 For the generation of tRNAHisGUG-derived piRNAs, BmThg1l-mediated nucleotide addition to -1 posit

40 utant flies, we showed that no viral-derived piRNAs were produced in fruit flies during different typ

41 Ablation of Btbd18 in mice disrupts piRNA biogenesis, prevents spermiogenesis, and results i

42 Distinctive piRNA/piRNA-L expression patterns are observed between H

43 -like-163 (piR-L-163), the top downregulated piRNA-L in NSCLC cells, binds directly to phosphorylated

44 Caenorhabditis elegans piRNAs interact with both transposon and nontransposon m

45 Embryonic piRNAs consist of both primary and secondary species and

46 sters, special genomic regions, which encode piRNA precursors.

47 For example, piRNAs are mainly 29 and 30 nucleotides in humans, 24 to

48 ing a pre-existing genomic locus, and extend piRNA defense roles to include the period when endogenou

49 ATPase activity of TDRD9 is dispensable for piRNA biogenesis but is essential for transposon silenci

50 ptional processing, chromatin regulators for piRNA biogenesis in mammals remain largely unexplored.

51 s assay confirmed direct silencing roles for piRNA biogenesis factors and PIWI-associated factors [2-

52 Recently, novel functions were reported for piRNAs in germline and somatic cells.

53 by reanimating RNAi, we uncovered a role for piRNAs in protecting essential genes from RNA silencing.

54 ting that they provide more target sites for piRNAs to promote their preferential tethering in germ g

55 t specifies transcripts-including those from piRNA clusters-as primary piRNA precursors and defines t

56 reased open chromatin and transcription from piRNA clusters and transposons, resulting in transposon

57 ymerase II elongation at a subset of genomic piRNA loci.

58 nown whether L1 expression simply highlights piRNA deficiency or actually drives the germ-cell demise

59 However, how piRNA length is determined and whether length impacts fu

60 re preferences in vitro, it is not known how piRNA precursors are selected and channeled into the Zuc

61 dels to the still unresolved question of how piRNA precursors are selected and channeled into the pro

62 We do not know how piRNAs co-evolve with TEs in chickens.

63 However, piRNAs lack conserved structural motifs and show relativ

64 al development of mouse brain, we identified piRNAs only in adult mouse brain.

65 In piRNA biogenesis, single-stranded piRNA intermediates ar

66 In piRNA-deficient mice, L1-overexpressing male germ cells

67 evealing an important function of BmThg1l in piRNA biogenesis.

68 assembly and function of nuage complexes in piRNA-guided transposon repression.

69 Mutations in TREX lead to defects in piRNA biogenesis, resulting in derepression of multiple

70 loading on nascent RNA and its importance in piRNA biogenesis.

71 NA-guided transcript cleavage and results in piRNA amplification.

72 s not known whether Hop has a direct role in piRNA biogenesis and transposon silencing.

73 perative action of Trimmer and Papi/Tdrkh in piRNA maturation.

74 nates cell density as a critical variable in piRNA studies using BmN4 cell system, and suggests the a

75 ansposon up-regulation is due to inefficient piRNA biogenesis.

76 L1 mobilization in the absence of an intact piRNA pathway but leave open the possibility of processe

77 tion of the L1 transgene required the intact piRNA pathway.

78 In gonadal tissues, the Piwi-interacting (piRNA) pathway preserves genomic integrity by employing

79 luding microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting (piRNAs), small nuclear, nucleolar, cytoplasmic (sn-, sno

80 sential for processing the intermediate into piRNAs, ensuring transposon silencing and male fertility

81 lacks complementary piRNAs is processed into piRNAs upon recruitment of several piRNA pathway factors

82 may have taken over the role of invertebrate piRNAs in their capacity to target both transposons, as

83 anscripts of genomic transposon "junkyards" (piRNA clusters), are amplified by the "ping-pong" pathwa

84 Here we show that Aub-loaded piRNAs use partial base-pairing characteristics of Argon

85 o globally increased, whereas levels of long piRNA precursor and transposons decreased, suggesting th

86 Surprisingly, these longer piRNAs are stable and associate with the Piwi protein PR

87 Mammalian piRNAs are abundantly expressed from the spermatocyte to

88 In mammals, piRNA populations are dynamic, shifting as male germ cel

89 Piwi and canonical 23-29 nt long TE-mapping piRNAs.

90 Pre-piRNAs that are longer than the mature piRNA length are then trimmed at their 3' ends.

91 Mature piRNAs are processed from longer transcripts, piRNA prec

92 ith these phenomena, the abundance of mature piRNAs also globally increased, whereas levels of long p

93 nd that the resultant accumulation of mature piRNAs is functionally significant for transposon silenc

94 ding of piRNA precursor processing to mature piRNAs.

95 NA repertoire by introducing a human meiotic piRNA cluster.

96 To identify meiotic piRNA targets, we augmented the mouse piRNA repertoire b

97 and ensures normal sperm production in mice.piRNAs are regulatory RNAs that play a critical role in

98 tracellular transcripts including microRNAs, piRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs.

99 thylation analyses across the genome of Mili/piRNA-deficient (Mili(-/-)) mice demonstrate that brain

100 ontaining 1 (EXD1) as a partner of the MIWI2 piRNA biogenesis factor TDRD12.

101 by MILI slicing, impacts biogenesis of MIWI2 piRNAs, and de-represses LINE1 retrotransposons.

102 ays is to determine mechanisms that modulate piRNA sequences.

103 Nbr and Hen1 define a mechanism to modulate piRNA 3' ends.

104 of cell density as a useful tool to monitor piRNA biogenesis and function.

105 eiotic piRNA targets, we augmented the mouse piRNA repertoire by introducing a human meiotic piRNA cl

106 TREX is required for accumulation of nascent piRNA precursors.

107 ed protein-coding genes as targets of native piRNAs.

108 ing contemporary TE activity, identify a new piRNA acquisition modality by activating a pre-existing

109 These fragments accumulate as new piRNAs within both cytosolic MILI and the nuclear MIWI2.

110 silencing are recognized by small noncoding piRNAs that are processed from long precursor molecules.

111 r RDC complex, which are required for normal piRNA biogenesis in germ cells, are dispensable.

112 can be used for accurate prediction of novel piRNAs.

113 We observed de novo piRNA birth as host responds to a recent retroviral inva

114 elicases in specific steps along the nuclear piRNA pathway.

115 cells are being utilized for the analyses of piRNA biogenesis.

116 Recently, many aspects of piRNA biogenesis have been revealed in Drosophila melano

117 ith opposing activities in the biogenesis of piRNA 3' ends.

118 mponents are essential for the biogenesis of piRNA, a distinct class of small noncoding RNAs that con

119 Biogenesis of piRNA-induced silencing complex (piRISC) involves a mult

120 toff, a protein associated with chromatin of piRNA clusters.

121 involved in the transcription and export of piRNA precursors from components required for the cytopl

122 s is further required for the inheritance of piRNA-mediated transposon defence.

123 e absence of piRNAs and a cellular memory of piRNA activity, essential and conserved genes are misrou

124 ence that mammalian PNLDC1 is a regulator of piRNA biogenesis, transposon silencing and spermatogenes

125 ndings identify PARN-1 as a key regulator of piRNA length in C. elegans and suggest that length is re

126 Because of the scarcity of piRNA-expressing culturable cells, BmN4 cells are being

127 inct nuclear foci that overlap with sites of piRNA transcription.

128 se that catalyzes the first cleavage step of piRNA processing.

129 RDC complex is required for transcription of piRNA precursors, though the mechanism by which it licen

130 work that has advanced our understanding of piRNA precursor processing to mature piRNAs.

131 In the absence of piRNAs and a cellular memory of piRNA activity, essentia

132 t aberrant siRNAs produced in the absence of piRNAs target essential genes for silencing.

133 echanisms that compensate for the absence of piRNAs, both involving RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Rd

134 pong pathway increases only the abundance of piRNAs, whereas production of phased primary piRNAs from

135 get repression is similar, the biogenesis of piRNAs differs from those of the other two small RNAs.

136 VE-containing loci have increased density of piRNAs compared to similar regions without EVEs.

137 An interesting feature of piRNAs is that, while piRNA lengths are stereotypical wi

138 be used for computational identification of piRNAs.

139 Maternal loading of piRNAs in oocytes is further required for the inheritanc

140 ethylation at the 3' terminal nucleotides of piRNAs, thus connecting two genes with opposing activiti

141 h makes accurate computational prediction of piRNAs challenging.

142 ct, for reliable computational prediction of piRNAs in genome sequences.

143 d can act as templates for the production of piRNAs [3, 4].

144 o TE silencing and age-dependent profiles of piRNAs.

145 d (r = 0.8, P < 0.05) with the proportion of piRNAs in well-fed and underfed males.

146 mammalian brain, and similar to the role of piRNAs in testes, they may be involved in the silencing

147 le biogenesis of secondary piRNAs depends on piRNA-guided transcript cleavage and results in piRNA am

148 In this review, we elaborate on piRNA biogenesis in Drosophila somatic and germline cell

149 TREX components are enriched on piRNA precursors transcribed from dual-strand piRNA clus

150 n of TREX in nuclear foci and its loading on piRNA precursor transcripts depend on Cutoff, a protein

151 gh extensive performance evaluation based on piRNAs in three different species - H. sapiens, R. norve

152 t BTBD18 facilitates expression of pachytene piRNA precursors by promoting transcription elongation.

153 e testes that occupies a subset of pachytene piRNA-producing loci.

154 a transgene that possesses GFP and a perfect piRNA target site can be rapidly and permanently silence

155 e-piRNA intermediate that is used for phased piRNA production.

156 ng is required to efficiently trigger phased piRNA production, an alternative, slicing-independent pa

157 Piwi-piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) ribonucleoproteins (piRNPs)

158 ates, and relies on the function of the Piwi-piRNA complex proteins Asterix (also known as Gtsf1) and

159 g [13, 14] and Drosophila PAF1 opposing PIWI/piRNA-directed silencing.

160 We here ask whether piwi/piRNAs are also expressed and have functional roles in t

161 to coordinate the assembly of the ping-pong piRNA processing (4P) complex.

162 16-nt by-product that is discarded and a pre-piRNA intermediate that is used for phased piRNA product

163 d the Tudor domain protein Papi/Tdrkh in pre-piRNA trimming, the identity of Trimmer and its relation

164 Pre-piRNAs that are longer than the mature piRNA length are

165 g accumulation of approximately 35-40-nt pre-piRNAs that are impaired for target cleavage and prone t

166 In Drosophila, processing of pre-piRNAs is initiated by piRNA-guided Slicer cleavage or t

167 hini/MitoPLD, yielding precursor piRNAs (pre-piRNAs).

168 om longer transcripts, piRNA precursors (pre-piRNAs).

169 aved by Zucchini/MitoPLD, yielding precursor piRNAs (pre-piRNAs).

170 mor suppressor pathway reactivates a primary piRNA pathway in Drosophila somatic cells coincident wit

171 cluding those from piRNA clusters-as primary piRNA precursors and defines the spectrum of Piwi-bound

172 the PIWI protein Ago3, can initiate primary piRNA production from cleaved transposon RNAs.

173 nset rhythmicity in several putative primary piRNA transcripts overlapping antisense transposons.

174 Primary piRNAs are defined by the endonuclease Zucchini, while b

175 Primary piRNAs, generated from transcripts of genomic transposon

176 In addition to the maternally loaded primary piRNAs, Tribolium embryos produce secondary piRNAs by th

177 piRNAs, whereas production of phased primary piRNAs from cleaved transposon RNAs adds sequence divers

178 come the first in a series of phased primary piRNAs that bind Piwi, allowing piRNAs to spread beyond

179 Domestic fowl produce piRNAs targeting ALV from one ALV provirus that was know

180 This proviral locus does not produce piRNAs in undomesticated wild chickens.

181 esting that increasing cell density promotes piRNA biogenesis pathway and that the resultant accumula

182 of an MVH complex containing PIWI proteins, piRNAs, and slicer products, allowing safe handover of t

183 ing Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and putative piRNA targets were identified by using miRanda software.

184 These results suggest that putative piRNAs exist in mammalian brain, and similar to the role

185 the seeming low expression of these putative piRNAs, single-base pair CpG methylation analyses across

186 (miRNAs), and sperm production and quality (piRNAs).

187 Our findings uncover rapid piRNA evolution reflecting contemporary TE activity, ide

188 In recent years, the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway also has been implicated in antiviral def

189 The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is a conserved defense system that protec

190 The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is essential for retrotransposon silencin

191 ocopy mutations in the PIWI interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway, which silences transposons and shows per

192 s including microRNAs, piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), and small nucleolar RNAs.

193 uitin ligase RNF8 in a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-independent manner, and MIWI stabilization seques

194 The Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-interacting protein Mili was expressed at high le

195 lencing, we employed a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-targeted reporter assay in Drosophila ovary somat

196 locus contains a Piwi-interacting small RNA (piRNA) cluster; we observe that the Piwi Argonaute PRG-1

197 The Piwi-interacting small RNA (piRNA) pathway is vital for the regulation of transposab

198 ing RNAs (siRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) [1, 2].

199 Small RNAs called PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) act as an immune system to suppress transposable

200 tsRNAs are similar to Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and demonstrated that ts-101 and ts-53 can assoc

201 tandings of mammalian PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and their role in TE regulation in spermatogenes

202 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are 26-30-nucleotide germ line-specific small no

203 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of short ( 26-31-nucleotide) non-pro

204 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a new class of small non-coding RNAs that ar

205 teins and their bound Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are predominantly expressed in the germline and

206 PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are responsible for maintaining the genome stabi

207 PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs essential for animal g

208 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) engage Piwi proteins to suppress transposons and

209 PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) guide PIWI proteins to suppress transposons in t

210 amily of proteins and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have a central role in genomic stability, which

211 ic regions similar to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in mammalian testis.

212 icroRNAs (miRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in particular, define several pathologic process

213 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) of approximately 23 to 30 nucleotides bound to P

214 PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play a crucial role in transposon silencing in a

215 PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) protect the germ line by targeting transposable

216 NAs (endo-siRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), have been shown to play important roles in fine

217 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), long thought to be restricted to germline, have

218 ng RNAs (lncRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), yet the functions of the vast intergenic region

219 ht to occur via small Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs).

220 (nt) of each cleaved RNA becomes a secondary piRNA, but the subsequent ~26 nt become the first in a s

221 We show that secondary piRNA-guided target slicing is the predominant mechanism

222 ease Zucchini, while biogenesis of secondary piRNAs depends on piRNA-guided transcript cleavage and r

223 piRNAs, Tribolium embryos produce secondary piRNAs by the cleavage of zygotically activated TE trans

224 We report that secondary piRNAs, bound to the PIWI protein Ago3, can initiate pri

225 the "ping-pong" pathway, yielding secondary piRNAs.

226 both necessary and sufficient for selecting piRNA biogenesis substrates.

227 on revealed the presence in brain of several piRNA biogenesis factors including a mouse piwi (Mili),

228 ssed into piRNAs upon recruitment of several piRNA pathway factors.

229 Here we report a functional somatic piRNA pathway in the adult Drosophila fat body including

230 presence of a functional non-gonadal somatic piRNA pathway in the adult fat body that affects normal

231 he gonads, the role of a non-gonadal somatic piRNA pathway is not well characterized.

232 nd other mitotic transcripts, binds specific piRNA precursors, and interacts with RNA granule compone

233 iRNA precursors transcribed from dual-strand piRNA clusters and colocalize in distinct nuclear foci t

234 Cutoff (Cuff) bind chromatin of dual-strand piRNA clusters, special genomic regions, which encode pi

235 In piRNA biogenesis, single-stranded piRNA intermediates are loaded into PIWI-clade proteins

236 winding and funneling of the single-stranded piRNA precursor transcripts to the endonuclease that cat

237 evolution of small RNA pathways and suggest piRNAs in animals may have replaced an ancient eukaryoti

238 melanogaster Rhino backbone fails to support piRNA production, disrupts binding to piRNA clusters, an

239 nduced by BmNSun2 knockdown, enhanced the td-piRNA expression levels without quantitative change in m

240 acterized link between 5'-tRNA halves and td-piRNAs.

241 d tRNAHisGUG, served as major sources for td-piRNAs, which were derived from the 5'-part of the respe

242 ture tRNAs, are the direct precursors for td-piRNAs.

243 s for tRNA-derived Piwi-interacting RNAs (td-piRNAs) expressed in Bombyx BmN4 cells.

244 equired for spermatogenesis, indicating that piRNA-guided cleavage is critical for germ cell developm

245 Here we show that piRNAs and piRNA biogenesis components regulate precurso

246 Here, we show that piRNAs derived from transposons and pseudogenes mediate

247 Recent studies have shown that piRNAs are linked to the genome stability and a variety

248 The piRNA pathway in arthropods is best understood in the ov

249 The piRNA pathway represses transposable elements in the gon

250 he germline where it localizes alongside the piRNA and siRNA machinery at P granules.

251 ggesting that, at least in this context, the piRNA pathway may play a functional role in cancer.

252 lls are culturable germ cells that equip the piRNA pathway.

253 However, whether and how the piRNA pathway contributes to oncogenesis in human neopla

254 es are up-regulated in mice deficient in the piRNA pathway.

255 genetically interacts with components of the piRNA (piwi-interacting RNA) pathway.

256 n some way coupled with the execution of the piRNA amplification cycle.

257 the diversity, evolution and function of the piRNA complement beyond drosophilids is limited.

258 phila fat body including the presence of the piRNA effector protein Piwi and canonical 23-29 nt long

259 Through the analysis of the piRNA factor Miwi2 (Piwil4), we identify a novel populat

260 lude that Hop is a critical component of the piRNA pathway and that it maintains genome integrity by

261 ata highlight a functional divergence of the piRNA pathway between insects.

262 In summary, the piRNA-rich nict-1 locus could define a novel mechanism u

263 We here report that the piRNA biogenesis in BmN4 cells is regulated by cell dens

264 Unexpectedly, we show that the piRNA pathway components do not act to reduce transcript

265 e first evidence, to our knowledge, that the piRNA pathway does not play a major role in antiviral de

266 Our results show that the piRNA pathway in Tribolium is not restricted to the germ

267 Although recent evidence suggests that the piRNA pathway may be present in select somatic cells out

268 ansposon RNAs adds sequence diversity to the piRNA pool, allowing adaptation to changes in transposon

269 pseudogenes regulate mRNA stability via the piRNA pathway.

270 vestigated in detail the extent to which the piRNA pathway contributes to antiviral defense in adult

271 terochromatin proteins act together with the piRNA and nuclear RNAi pathways to silence repetitive el

272 show that this machinery, together with the piRNA Flamenco cluster, not only controls the accumulati

273 The piRNAs play an important role in protecting the genome f

274 analyze the interdependencies between these piRNA biogenesis pathways in developing Drosophila ovari

275 These piRNAs have similar sequence length as those of MILI-bou

276 the germline and that mediates RNAi through piRNAs.

277 Thus, piRNA biogenesis triggered by PIWI slicing, and promoted

278 Thus, piRNA/piRNA-L may play a regulatory role through direct

279 upport piRNA production, disrupts binding to piRNA clusters, and leads to ectopic localization to bul

280 olving components of a complex that binds to piRNA clusters.

281 ed by PAF1 knockdown in a similar fashion to piRNA-targeted reporters.

282 uang et al. (2013) to be guided by piRNAs to piRNA-complementary sites in the genome, which then recr

283 Deadlock binding thus directs Rhino to piRNA clusters, and Rhino-Deadlock co-evolution has prod

284 Because tsRNAs are similar in nature to piRNAs [P-element-induced wimpy testis (Piwi)-interactin

285 iRNAs are processed from longer transcripts, piRNA precursors (pre-piRNAs).

286 The two Tribolium piRNA pathway effector proteins, Tc-Piwi/Aub and Tc-Ago3

287 conserved PARN-family exonucleases that trim piRNAs to their mature size in silkworms and C. elegans.

288 Hence, a key goal in understanding piRNA pathways is to determine mechanisms that modulate

289 N-1, a conserved RNase, accumulate untrimmed piRNAs with 3' extensions.

290 genome gives rise to anti-sense, anti-viral piRNAs.

291 wn enhances PIWI silencing of reporters when piRNAs target the transcript region proximal to the prom

292 retrotransposons in germline tissues- where piRNAs were first discovered and thought to be restricte

293 stery has surrounded the mechanisms by which piRNA biogenesis yields distinct size classes of small R

294 We focus on the mechanisms by which piRNA precursor transcription is regulated and highlight

295 interesting feature of piRNAs is that, while piRNA lengths are stereotypical within a species, they c

296 (Nbr) and Piwi that links Nbr activity with piRNA pathways.

297 omolog (Hop), a co-chaperone, interacts with piRNA-binding protein Piwi and mediates silencing of phe

298 on is mechanistically achieved together with piRNA-mediated changes to repressive chromatin states, a

299 2016) suggest that Aubergine in complex with piRNAs may provide a low-specificity anchoring mechanism

300 In these cells, Piwi becomes loaded with piRNAs derived from annotated generative loci, which are