ライフサイエンスコーパス: pilin

1 flexible and structurally divergent type IV pilin.

2 ls were not restored by expression of either pilin.

3 the C-terminal donor strands of the incoming pilin.

4 ilus systems and possess only a single minor pilin.

5 f PilE with other minor pilins and the major pilin.

6 nal regions of other non-conductive type IVa pilins.

7 as the N terminus of archaeal PilA adhesion pilins.

8 y immunoblotting with antibodies against Spa pilins.

9 , including 27 of 29 experimentally verified pilins.

10 lar bacteriocins, cyanobactins, and circular pilins.

11 heir N-terminal portion to bacterial Type IV pilins.

12 , with the only exception being the circular pilins.

13 reviously described in several Gram-positive pilins.

14 t are structurally homologous to the type IV pilins.

15 as expressed on either group II or group III pilins.

16 on pilus assembly and function of paralogous pilins.

17 xpression of the pilA gene, whose product is pilin, a structural component of a pilus.

18 ic or hostile interactions (i.e. hemolysins, pilins, adhesins), and exoenzymes with a potential mixot

19 f the filament, allowing water to access the pilin alpha1 domains as reported for VC-T4P in deuterium

20 SMD simulations revealed that the buried pilin alpha1 domains maintain hydrophobic contacts with

21 We sequenced the major pilin and minor adhesin subunit genes of a geographicall

22 lE structure identifies an authentic Type IV pilin and provides a framework for understanding the rol

23 ion, suggesting that interaction between the pilin and sensor kinase is necessary but not sufficient

24 sequenced archaeal genomes encode predicted pilins and conserved pilus biosynthesis components, rece

25 The roles of the pilins and of the pilus in transformation are discussed.

26 showing interaction of PilE with other minor pilins and the major pilin.

27 inal domain of CdiA-CT(536) interacts with F pilin, and that pilus retraction is critical for toxin i

28 wo O-OTases, one devoted uniquely to type IV pilin, and the other one responsible for glycosylation o

29 The rates of pilin antigenic variation (Av) of two strains of Neisser

30 For pilin antigenic variation (Av) to occur, a guanine quart

31 ects on the genome in the well-characterized pilin antigenic variation systems of Neisseria gonorrhoe

32 affects the recombination events underlying pilin antigenic variation.

33 Combined results define a unified pilin architecture, specialized subdomain roles in pilus

34 erence to ECM proteins; however, all the Emp pilins are important for E. faecium to cause infection i

35 ools for automated identification of type IV pilins are not currently available.

36 estingly, P. aeruginosa strains with group I pilins are O-glycosylated through the TfpO glycosyltrans

37 Low levels of the minor pilins are optimal for pilus assembly, and CofB can be d

38 eria occurs by a two-step mechanism, whereby pilins are polymerized and then covalently anchored to t

39 t nonpiliated mutants, which retain the CtpA pilin, are proficient in attachment and adherence.

40 Accessory pilins at the tip and base have unique structural featur

41 r guanine (G)-rich sequence was required for pilin Av and formed a guanine quartet (G4) structure in

42 and stabilizes G4 structures also inhibited pilin Av and prevented nicks from occurring on the G-ric

43 Strain MC58 underwent pilin Av at a rate similar to that of N. gonorrhoeae str

44 vely show that recB and recD mutants undergo pilin Av at rates similar to those of the parents in bot

45 and 3 causes a decrease in the frequency of pilin Av comparable to that obtained with a functional k

46 Previous studies measuring pilin Av in recB and recD mutants in two independent str

47 in backgrounds, demonstrating that efficient pilin Av is neither enhanced nor inhibited by the RecBCD

48 Pilin Av is the result of RecA-mediated recombination ev

49 These data suggest that the decrease in pilin Av observed in the RecQ HRDC domain 2 and 3 deleti

50 Pilin Av was undetectable in strain FAM18.

51 air enzymes required for efficient levels of pilin Av, and RecQ family members have been shown to bin

52 s three HRDC domains, which are critical for pilin Av.

53 cessfully refined to more accurately predict pilins based on the in vivo verification of PilA[1-6].

54 cytochromes responsible for EET, rather than pilin-based structures as previously thought.

55 filaments formed from monomers of the major pilin, BcpA, capped by the minor pilin, BcpB.

56 f the major pilin, BcpA, capped by the minor pilin, BcpB.

57 conserved, consistent with them encompassing pilin-binding domains required for initial contact with

58 accessible portion of the single copy of the pilin-binding maturation protein present in virions.

59 We propose that CdiA-CT(536) mimics the pilin-binding maturation proteins of leviviruses, allowi

60 ation/membrane anchor segment with the major pilins but are much less abundant.

61 re the diverse C-terminal region of the PilA pilins but specifically involves the conserved H-domain.

62 motility regulation requires the presence of pilins, but not assembled pili.

63 glycosylation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin by adding a single O-antigen repeating unit to the

64 PCR and for the expression of the respective pilins by immunoblotting with antibodies against Spa pil

65 ar to be low, as PilFind predicted only four pilin candidates in eleven bacterial species (>13,000 pr

66 ns in TBG+ operons, as well as 53 additional pilin candidates in operons lacking biosynthetic genes i

67 d is similar in structure to the CFA/I major pilin CfaB.

68 show that the enterotoxigenic E. coli minor pilins CofB and LngB are required for assembly of their

69 inor pilins directly interact, and the minor pilin ComGG interacts with most of the known proteins re

70 These experiments indicate that pilin common sequence is not required for glycosylation

71 ccal type IV pili bind DNA through the minor pilin ComP via an electropositive stripe that is predict

72 Comparisons with other chaperone-pilin complexes indicated that the interactive surfaces

73 transcript and protein levels of the primary pilin component pilE via mechanisms that were both conta

74 mechanisms and extend the emerging model of pilin construction in S. pnuenomae.

75 To test this, pilin constructs containing peptide extensions terminati

76 A pilin-deficient mutant and a genetically complemented st

77 In contrast, the U(IV) in the pilin-deficient mutant cells also required an additional

78 efects; however, H. volcanii lacking all six pilins (DeltapilA[1-6]) does not adhere to glass or plas

79 Mutagenesis studies revealed that the pilin-dependent motility regulatory mechanism does not r

80 We demonstrate that the minor pilins directly interact, and the minor pilin ComGG inte

81 bacterial adhesin FimH, where the C-terminal pilin domain exerts negative allosteric control over bin

82 So far, it has been assumed that the pilin domain is essential for the allosteric propagation

83 The autoinhibition effect of the pilin domain is removed by application of tensile force

84 ve the structure of PapD in complex with the pilin domain of isoform II of PapG (PapGIIp).

85 domain at the tip of the pilus followed by a pilin domain that comprises the initial polymerizing sub

86 eta strand of PapD temporarily completes the pilin domain's fold, preventing premature, nonproductive

87 l-length protein and, even in absence of the pilin domain, conducted the cross-talk between allosteri

88 formation upon separation from the anchoring pilin domain.

89 tiprotein fimbrial tip, where the anchoring (pilin) domain of FimH interacts with the mannose-binding

90 When the lectin and pilin domains are separated under shear stress, the FimH

91 Prior to assembly, periplasmic pilin domains bind to a chaperone, PapD.

92 e interaction between adhesive and anchoring pilin domains of CfaE keeps the former in a low-affinity

93 e predicted interface between the lectin and pilin domains of the adhesin.

94 e shear-induced separation of the lectin and pilin domains results in a shift from a low affinity to

95 As in pilin domains, the bonds are placed at a strategic posit

96 sulted in three distinct classes of type IVa pilins, each found in multiple species.

97 comprehensive list of putative Gram-positive pilins encoded by operons containing highly conserved pi

98 Cells lacking adhesion pilins exhibit a severe motility defect, however, expres

99 Labeling patterns of Cys-substituted pilins exposed to the membrane-impermeative, thiol-react

100 ated growth was similarly independent of the pilin-extruding secretin formed by PilQ and of the hydro

101 Based on pilin features, T4P are classified into type IVa pili (T

102 unclear if this enzyme must recognize other pilin features.

103 A group of pilin-like proteins, the minor pilins FimU and PilVWXE, prime pilus assembly and are in

104 Deletion of the associated pilin (flp) decreased NT biofilm and aggregate formation

105 unique structural features, including a dual-pilin fold and the incorporation of a structural zinc io

106 ure of PilEDelta1-28 shows a typical type IV pilin fold, demonstrating how it may be incorporated int

107 re-ComGG must be associated with other minor pilins for processing to take place.

108 Many genes involved in adhesion, pilin formation, and others that are important for exoel

109 oxytoca, while PilA2 is more similar to true pilins found in the Gram-negative pathogens Pseudomonas

110 ructure into the fiber model of the type IVa pilin from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

111 in the cytoplasmic loop, and (ii) release of pilin from the IM upon osmotic shock.

112 We investigated a set of 20 Bacteroidia pilins from the human microbiome whose structures and me

113 functions as a dislocation motor to extract pilins from the IM during T4SS biogenesis.

114 rsor polypeptides; however, how the unfolded pilins gain their native conformation is presently unkno

115 ich forms the pilus shaft, and two secondary pilins, GBS104 and GBS52, which are incorporated into th

116 o identified a pilin-like motif in the minor pilin GBS52, which might aid its incorporation at the pi

117 The GBS PI-1 pilus is made of one major pilin, GBS80, which forms the pilus shaft, and two secon

118 us allelic differences occurred in the CFA/I pilin gene cfaB (two changes) and adhesin gene cfaE (thr

119 trate the involvement of rnjB in E. faecalis pilin gene expression and provide insight into a novel m

120 of pilus surface assembly, yet regulation of pilin gene expression has not been well defined.

121 inactivated, mutation of each minor or major pilin gene greatly reduced the bacterium's ability to ad

122 In-frame deletion of the ctpA pilin gene in the ctpCD, ctpE, ctpF, ctpH, and ctpI muta

123 f C. diphtheriae clinical isolates for their pilin gene pool by PCR and for the expression of the res

124 omonas aeruginosa Transcription of the major pilin gene-pilA-is controlled by the PilS-PilR two-compo

125 nsiderably affected in transcription of lngA pilin gene.

126 letion mutants lacking up to five of the six pilin genes display no significant adhesion defects; how

127 as obtained by replacing the pulE-K putative pilin genes of the Klebsiella oxytoca type II secretion

128 All the pilin genes were inactivated, mutation of each minor or

129 At the filament surface, gaps between pilin globular head domains in both the native and pulle

130 ets produce morphologically distinct type IV pilin glycoproteins.

131 The bacterial pilins have a single N-terminal hydrophobic alpha-helix,

132 However, pilins have disulfide bridges, whereas the major pseudop

133 Mutations in ctpA (a pilin homologue), ctpB, and ctpG decreased early attachm

134 ity in Gram-positive bacteria and facilitate pilin identification, we compiled a comprehensive list o

135 cation of otherwise poorly conserved type IV pilins in any species, regardless of their association w

136 are unusual because they are composed of two pilins in comparable amounts, rather than one as normall

137 Based on sequence homology to pilins in Gram-negative bacteria, C. perfringens appears

138 Export of cell surface pilins in Gram-positive bacteria likely occurs by the tr

139 n pilins, PilA1 and PilA2, the most abundant pilins in pili of wild-type and DeltaaglB strains, are m

140 fied 55 of 58 manually curated Gram-negative pilins in TBG+ operons, as well as 53 additional pilin c

141 wever, expression of any one of the adhesion pilins in trans can rescue the motility and adhesion.

142 results, the expression of any one of these pilins in trans is sufficient to produce functional pili

143 7,000 proteins), we identified 286 candidate pilins, including 214 in operons containing TFP biosynth

144 Minor pilins influence pilus assembly and retraction, but thei

145 age of the N and C termini, and the cyclized pilin integrates into the inner membrane (IM) as a pool

146 ssembly mechanism of the central, structural pilins involves proteinase-assisted removal of their N-t

147 Agrobacterium VirB2 pilin is required for assembly of the VirB/VirD4 type IV

148 residue at position 5 (E5) of mature (pseudo)pilins is essential for assembly.

149 BapA1 possesses nine putative pilin isopeptide linker domains which are crucial for pi

150 ll-length fiber-forming and membrane protein pilins leave unanswered questions regarding pilin struct

151 The pTiA6NC and pTiBo542 VirB2 pilins, like VirB3, localized to the inner membrane.

152 We have also identified a pilin-like motif in the minor pilin GBS52, which might a

153 Here, we show that a Lys residue within the pilin-like motif of the EbpC subunit was necessary for E

154 etween the sortase recognition motif and the pilin-like motif of the pilus subunits.

155 hile incorporation of EbpB only required its pilin-like motif.

156 sively dedicated to the glycosylation of the pilin-like protein ComP.

157 The pilin-like protein VirB3, a membrane protein of unknown

158 of N-terminally truncated CofB, revealing a pilin-like protein with an extended C-terminal region co

159 A group of pilin-like proteins, the minor pilins FimU and PilVWXE,

160 se that specifically processes precursors of pilin-like proteins.

161 the maturation of other H. volcanii type IV pilin-like proteins.

162 A protein fusion composed of strain 1244 pilin linked at its C terminus with Escherichia coli alk

163 ene conversion reactions between many silent pilin loci and the expressed pilin locus (pilE) allow fo

164 een many silent pilin loci and the expressed pilin locus (pilE) allow for numerous pilus variants per

165 jor pilin subunit (pilE) and multiple silent pilin locus (pilS) copies, utilizing a RecF-like recombi

166 DNA sequence near the antigenically variable pilin locus of the human pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

167 E. coli alkaline phosphatase lacking the pilin membrane anchor and containing the 15-residue pept

168 ge via the prepilin peptidase, essential for pilin membrane extraction and assembly, is followed by N

169 he three N-terminal aromatic residues of the pilin monomer are arranged in a potentially electrically

170 th a previously described approach, in which pilin monomers are assembled using randomized structural

171 rder to determine if it was feasible for the pilin monomers of G. sulfurreducens to assemble into a c

172 exposure but instead allowed the release of pilin monomers or short oligomers to the milieu.

173 disassembly of pili into membrane-localized pilin monomers.

174 hreonine in the LPXTG motif or lysine in the pilin motif.

175 Mutation of the major pilin MshA and MshB, a minor pilin, resulted in their lo

176 s of ecological interest include two type IV pilins, multiple extracytoplasmic function-sigma factors

177 The DeltactpA DeltapilA double pilin mutant displayed a diminished biovolume and lower

178 These complexes are not formed with SpaA pilin mutants that have alanine substitutions in place o

179 lowed by N-methylation of the mature (pseudo)pilin N terminus.

180 cterium Geobacter sulfurreducens and also in pilin nanofilaments (known as microbial nanowires) extra

181 logical studies to demonstrate that the FimA pilin of Actinomyces oris contains two disulfide bonds.

182 Our studies also indicate that unlike the pilin of the pathogenic Neisseria species, which exhibit

183 tein interactions among the competence minor pilins of Bacillus subtilis through in vitro binding stu

184 tness mediated by O-glycosylation of group 1 pilins on Tfp in the P. aeruginosa clinical isolate 1244

185 amounts of T4P by a mutant lacking the minor pilin operon was traced to expression of minor pseudopil

186 s and 1 synonymous point mutations among all pilin or adhesin gene copies, implying that each fimbria

187 s, the pairwise nucleotide diversity for the pilin or adhesin genes ranged from 35-43%.

188 rises stacked beta-sandwich adhesin (AD) and pilin (PD) domains, with the putative receptor-binding p

189 stabilization and for processing by the pre-pilin peptidase.

190 y couple the priming subcomplex to the major pilin PilA, allowing for efficient pilus assembly.

191 ace structures on the bacterium, the type IV pilins PilA and MshA, in adherence to diatom-derived chi

192 ave now characterized six Haloferax volcanii pilins, PilA[1-6], each containing an identical 30-amino

193 Data presented here demonstrate that these pilins (PilA1-A6) also play an important role in regulat

194 erax volcanii has a specific set of adhesion pilins (PilA1-A6) that, although diverse, contain an abs

195 show that of six Haloferax volcanii adhesion pilins, PilA1 and PilA2, the most abundant pilins in pil

196 ystal structure of the N. meningitidis major pilin PilE and a approximately 6 A cryo-electron microsc

197 We showed previously that minor pilin PilE depends on the putative priming subcomplex Pi

198 d in this study (VSP-II, MSHA, HlyA, type IV pilin, PilE, and integron integrase, IntI4) with no nota

199 hat were genetically deficient in the native pilin, PilE, but supplemented with inducible expression

200 Although trained on Gram-positive pilins, PilFind identified 55 of 58 manually curated Gra

201 nsional structure of a Gram-positive Type IV pilin, PilJ, demonstrate its incorporation into Type IV

202 Here, we report a role for the minor pilins, PilW and PilX, components of the type IV pilus a

203 ally similar to Neisseria meningitidis minor pilins PilXNm and PilVNm, recently suggested via charact

204 and is proposed to couple the putative minor pilin-PilY1 complex to the major subunit.

205 We report that the domains of pilin precursors have evolved to synthesize a discrete s

206 Finally, the pilin prediction program, FlaFind, which was trained pri

207 re we show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa minor pilins prime pilus assembly and traffic the pilus-associ

208 s of several virulence phenotypes, including pilin production, biofilm formation, and NAD glycohydrol

209 y connects a priming subcomplex to the major pilin, promoting efficient assembly of T4aP.

210 "competence pili" are composed of the major pilin protein ComGC and exclusively assembled during bac

211 try that PilA is indeed the majority type IV pilin protein expressed by NTHI.

212 t are assembled by polymerization of a major pilin protein in the periplasm of a wide range of bacter

213 lts provide the first structure of a type IV pilin protein involved in the formation of competence-in

214 PilMN, PilMNO, and PilMNO bound to the major pilin protein PilA4, to chart the assembly of the inner

215 tative priming subcomplex PilVWX and the non-pilin protein PilY1 for incorporation into pili, and tha

216 synthesis operon (cpa, which encodes a minor pilin protein).

217 4P are multifunctional polymers of the major pilin protein, which share a conserved hydrophobic N ter

218 al sequence of the previously isolated major pilin protein.

219 quence variability than the remainder of the pilin protein.

220 marily composed of helically arranged single pilin-protein subunits, with a unique biomechanical abil

221 In each system, pilin proteins (major and minor) are required to make th

222 proteins belonging to the type IVa family of pilin proteins and are mainly comprised of one subunit p

223 ation; furthermore, both the major and minor pilin proteins are essential for this process.

224 Pilin proteins assemble into Type IV pili (T4P), surface

225 They are helical fibres of pilin proteins assembled by a multi-component macromolec

226 parisons of genomic and structural data with pilin proteins from other species of soil gammaproteobac

227 and mshA genes, all of which encode type IV pilin proteins that aid in attachment to surfaces, were

228 lar proteins of covalently linked repeats of pilin proteins.

229 emarkable structural diversity among type IV pilin proteins.

230 e attributes of the sorting signals of minor pilins provide Gram-positive bacteria with a universal m

231 n of the base subunit would only require the pilin recognition motif.

232 ne the structural and thermodynamic basis of pilin recognition.

233 ess, although the precise roles of the minor pilins remain unclear.

234 Site-directed mutagenesis of strain 1244 pilin residues of the C-proximal region common to the gr

235 on of the major pilin MshA and MshB, a minor pilin, resulted in their loss.

236 Alterations to pilin sequence can also block phage infection, but glyco

237 eled on the C-proximal region of strain 1244 pilin, served as a PilO substrate when it was expressed

238 ace-exposed face of CfaB and related class 5 pilins show much higher genetic sequence variability tha

239 f the N-terminal domain of bacterial type IV pilin, showing once again how proteins can be repurposed

240 Both series lacked 126 genes encoding pilins, siderophores, and virulence factors whose inacti

241 Among these is a set of minor pilins, so named because they share their hydrophobic N-

242 Here we show that the shaft pilin SpaA harbors a disulfide bond in vivo and alanine

243 the SpaA-type pilus, consisting of the shaft pilin SpaA, tip pilin SpaC and minor pilin SpaB.

244 e shaft pilin SpaA, tip pilin SpaC and minor pilin SpaB.

245 lus, consisting of the shaft pilin SpaA, tip pilin SpaC and minor pilin SpaB.

246 Particular emphasis is placed on 'pilin' specific class C sortases that construct structur

247 l in pilus assembly and that they govern the pilin-specific and housekeeping sortase specificity.

248 With the exception of ADP1, the pilin-specific OTases in Acinetobacter resemble the TfpO

249 In Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pilin-specific sortase SrtA catalyses polymerization of

250 study the mechanical properties of the major pilin Spy0128.

251 , but not microcolony formation, and neither pilin stimulates surface adhesion in DeltapilA[1-6]Delta

252 ributions of the T4SS ATPase subunits to the pilin structural organization.

253 Here we report pilin structures of full-length DnFimA from the sheep pa

254 with the help of available homologous major pilin structures, and we propose a model for the GBS PI-

255 pilins leave unanswered questions regarding pilin structures, assembly, functions, and vaccine poten

256 Oral administration of anti-CFA/I minor pilin subunit (CfaE) antibodies conferred significant pr

257 hyperimmune bIgG raised against CFA/I minor pilin subunit (CfaE) tip adhesin or colonization factor

258 n events between the gene encoding the major pilin subunit (pilE) and multiple silent pilin locus (pi

259 ing a Lom-like protein (pVAX-31), a putative pilin subunit (pVAX-12), and a fragment of the type III

260 on, in which the N terminus of each incoming pilin subunit fits into a hydrophobic groove in the term

261 This depended upon splitting a pilin subunit from a human pathogen, Streptococcus pyoge

262 accessory genes (usher, chaperone, and minor pilin subunit genes) with AAF/III, as well as the signal

263 sence of the chaperone CfaA, CfaB, the major pilin subunit of CFA/I fimbriae, is able to spontaneousl

264 ibit both phase and antigenic variation, the pilin subunit of M. catarrhalis appears to be more highl

265 mutations in the pilY1 gene, but not in the pilin subunit pilA gene, show robust suppression of the

266 In particular, expression of the pilin subunit pilA requires the PilSR two-component sign

267 ensor PilJ directly interacts with the major pilin subunit PilA.

268 ermined a crystal structure of the CS1 major pilin subunit, CooA, to a 1.6-A resolution.

269 the high resolution structures of the major pilin subunit, PilA, from three Acinetobacter strains, d

270 mino-terminal extension on the next incoming pilin subunit.

271 product of the pilA gene would be the major pilin subunit.

272 pili are extracellular polymers of the major pilin subunit.

273 ature, nonproductive interactions with other pilin subunits and facilitating subunit folding.

274 Pilin subunits are recognized by SrtC proteins through a

275 the Ig fold of CNA(1), is formed only after pilin subunits have been incorporated into pili.

276 erminal alpha-helices, which also anchor the pilin subunits in the inner membrane prior to pilus asse

277 the study by Xu et al., the structures of 20 pilin subunits of human oral and gut Bacteroidales are e

278 he CNA(1) isopeptide bond assembled deformed pilin subunits that failed to associate as bundles.

279 f the prepilin peptidase PilD and (iii) that pilin subunits with a C-terminally appended hexa-histidi

280 bacteria, C. perfringens appears to have two pilin subunits, PilA1 and PilA2.

281 T4aP are composed primarily of major pilin subunits, which are repeatedly assembled and disas

282 n parallel by the G1 PapD strand, typical of pilin subunits.

283 initially membrane-embedded pseudopilin and pilin subunits.

284 ptide substrate to the cell wall or to other pilin subunits.

285 lightly slower dynamics than the rest of the pilin, suggesting that the first helix is involved in fo

286 acteroidales are elucidated, revealing a new pilin superfamily, assembled into pili by a distinct fif

287 g in serine to the C terminus of a group III pilin supported PilO activity.

288 ginosa express one of five different type IV pilins (T4P) (5) , two of which are glycosylated with O-

289 reover, we show that TcpF interacts with the pilin TcpA, suggesting that these proteins are secreted

290 h VirB4 to induce a structural change in the pilin that was detectable by MPB labeling, suggestive of

291 Pili are proteinaceous polymers of linked pilins that protrude from the cell surface of many bacte

292 of all 10 T4PM core components and the minor pilins, thereby providing insights into pilus assembly,

293 d complex that is primed for addition of the pilin to the nascent pilus fiber.

294 more highly conserved as there are no major pilin variants produced by a single strain and only two

295 Recombination tracts in the mutS pilin variants were longer than in parental gonococci bu

296 d on the similarity of PilA to other type IV pilins, we further predicted that the product of the pil

297 Genes coding for heat shock proteins and pilins were also induced in Deltasll1130 We observed tha

298 The N-terminal sequences of predicted pilins were exploited to develop PilFind, a rule-based a

299 Unlike T4 pilins, where E5 residue substitutions also abolish N-me

300 s contrast with that of pre-ComGC, the major pilin, which is accessible to externally added protease

301 composed of a single protein subunit termed pilin, which is encoded by pilA in M. catarrhalis.