ライフサイエンスコーパス: precocious

1 oval or antagonism of endogenous PU.1 allows precocious access to T-cell differentiation.

2 Here, we identify a precocious accumulation of Sox9-expressing glial cells i

3 scence into a solitary flower as a result of precocious activation of a conserved floral specificatio

4 rgilli, as deleting nsdD causes enhanced and precocious activation of conidiation in Aspergillus fumi

5 1-silencing transcription factor) results in precocious activation of QNPs and reduced neurogenesis o

6 We demonstrate that precocious activation of Shh signaling during this early

7 Loss of NURF leads to precocious activation of STAT target genes.

8 educed levels of the Dpp transducer pMad and precocious activation of the master differentiation fact

9 is an enhancer-binding protein that prevents precocious activation of the neural gene expression prog

10 es Fgf4-Fgfr-ERK signalling, thus preventing precocious activation of the PrE specification programme

11 The precocious adherence to these principles suggests that a

12 /Notch gain-of-function (gf) animals display precocious alae at the L4 larval stage with a significan

13 K303R ERalpha transgenic animals demonstrate precocious alveolar budding compared with wild-type ERal

14 rough the K303R ERalpha mutation may lead to precocious alveolar budding in virgin mice, and to an ex

15 expression and activation of Stat5 leads to precocious alveolar development in the absence of pregna

16 on, whereas overexpression of SIM2s promotes precocious alveolar differentiation in nulliparous mouse

17 l macrophage AEBP1 overexpression results in precocious alveologenesis in the virgin AEBP1 transgenic

18 its Cdc20, an activator of APC/C, to prevent precocious anaphase onset.

19 ientation was defective, leading to frequent precocious anaphase.

20 Altogether, our results demonstrate a precocious and efficient sorting of homologous versus ho

21 active asexual development (conidiation) and precocious and elevated accumulation of AfubrlA during d

22 ing regulatory genes, mibR or mibX, leads to precocious and enhanced microbisporicin production.

23 estricting SM differentiation and preventing precocious and excessive SM differentiation when airways

24 Furthermore, lin-12(gf) animals display a precocious and higher level of let-7 gfp transgene expre

25 n both female and male mice characterized by precocious and highly increased ductal growth and branch

26 recursors, whereas ectopic expression led to precocious and increased neuron formation.

27 d-forward Hox-miRNA loops accounting for the precocious and noisy Hoxa5 expression, as well as an ill

28 gy exacerbates nitrogen stress, resulting in precocious and overactive PHG.

29 uronal progenitors, which is followed by the precocious and transient acceleration of neuronal differ

30 , the catalytic subunit of PI3Kgamma, caused precocious anterior turning of commissural axons before

31 Loss of Shisa2 led to precocious anterior turning of commissural axons before

32 in Gata6-null lung epithelium leading to the precocious appearance of BASCs and concurrent loss in ep

33 g Met RNAi in lamina neurons led only to the precocious appearance of EcR-B1 in the lamina.

34 Increases in Bcd binding caused the precocious Bcd-dependent activation of genes that are no

35 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, represents a precocious biological marker of the disease.

36 Increased Cdc42 activation promotes precocious bipolar growth activation, bypassing the norm

37 reover, dpp hypomorphic mutants also induced precocious br expression.

38 efects, and time lapse analysis reveals that precocious branch formation in turnout and plexin A3 mut

39 BO1 signaling in this layer alone results in precocious branching due to a surplus of basal cells.

40 ial cells showed increased proliferation and precocious branching morphogenesis.

41 In backcross hybrids, we show that precocious burrowing and adult tunnel length are genetic

42 gions from the nuclear periphery, leading to precocious cardiac gene expression and differentiation i

43 (Hdac3) in cardiac progenitor cells exhibit precocious cardiomyocyte differentiation, severe cardiac

44 ted with appearance of dystrophic microglia, precocious caspase-3 activation, and cell death in corti

45 n activity or actin polymerisation exhibited precocious cell contraction through changes in the subce

46 activity and hindbrain growth downstream of precocious cell cycle exit, premature neuronal different

47 specific promoters, a function that prevents precocious cell differentiation in the skeletal muscle l

48 Because precocious cell division before establishing cell polari

49 er cell line and it correctly identifies two precocious cells in a study of paracrine signalling in m

50 ron-mediated paracrine signalling from these precocious cells.

51 iral genes is expressed very early by a few 'precocious' cells in response to uniform stimulation wit

52 g OsFIE1 had reduced seed size and exhibited precocious cellularization.

53 Centrosome fragmentation and precocious centriole disengagement depend on separase an

54 diator of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, caused precocious chondrocyte hypertrophy and intermingling of

55 sely, a superactivating form of MEF2C causes precocious chondrocyte hypertrophy, ossification of grow

56 a subunit of the cohesin complex, prevented precocious chromatid segregation induced by MYPT1 deplet

57 ound that depletion of MYPT1 by siRNA led to precocious chromatid segregation when HeLa cells were ar

58 counteracting PP2A phosphatase, resulting in precocious chromatid segregation.

59 e checkpoint proteins MAD2 and BUBR1 prevent precocious chromosome segregation and suppress aneuploid

60 ad21 proteins failed to significantly rescue precocious chromosome separation caused by depletion of

61 ypes, including decreased basal cell number, precocious club cell differentiation, and increased secr

62 These precocious collateral branches emerge along the proximal

63 2-TU prevented T4-induced precocious corneal thinning, but augmented T4 nerve stim

64 is permanently disrupted in mice that have a precocious critical period due to genetically enhanced i

65 microRNAs (miRNAs) cooperate to prevent the precocious death of mothers of cells programmed to die b

66 we show that UbcH10 overexpression leads to precocious degradation of cyclin B by the APC/C, supernu

67 at prophase appears to protect cyclins from precocious degradation.

68 ersely, premature activation of Ik2 triggers precocious dendrite severing in larvae, revealing a crit

69 suppression of CARM1 expression resulted in precocious dendritic maturation, with increased spine wi

70 ) overexpression in hSOD1(G93A) HMs revealed precocious dendritic remodeling, and behavioral assays r

71 yocytes, a phenotype that is consistent with precocious depletion of the progenitor pool.

72 PKA activity that have been associated with precocious development and find that this loss in respon

73 Knockdown of Kr-h1 in N4 resulted in a precocious development of adult structures.

74 dysfunctional telomeres (G3 Terc(-/-)) show precocious development of anaphase-bridge formation, p21

75 Cartilage fatigue may be a factor in the precocious development of degenerative changes in the te

76 and reduced motor thresholds, suggestive of precocious development.

77 essing Ovol2 in their skin epithelia exhibit precocious differentiation accompanied by smaller progen

78 FGF protects tail-end stem zone cells from precocious differentiation by inhibiting retinoid synthe

79 proliferation, extensive side branching, and precocious differentiation in PELP1-overexpressing mamma

80 ctivity of NSCs is required to prevent their precocious differentiation in vivo Thus, blood vessel fu

81 enitor ROS beyond their basal level triggers precocious differentiation into all three mature blood c

82 SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding how precocious differentiation is prevented is critical for

83 of Ezh2 from mammary stem cells resulted in precocious differentiation of alveolar epithelium during

84 Notch inhibition also led to precocious differentiation of epithelial progenitors int

85 y, a reduction in GSK3 activity promotes the precocious differentiation of later stage cortical proge

86 ila melanogaster Strabismus (Stbm), revealed precocious differentiation of neural progenitors into ea

87 ss of Fezf2(+)/Ctip2(+) layer V neurons, and precocious differentiation of normally late-born, Satb2(

88 ligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) causes precocious differentiation of oligodendrocytes, conditio

89 mechanism for the premature delamination and precocious differentiation of progenitors.

90 is essential to prevent oxidative stress and precocious differentiation of satellite cells.

91 We identified six hits that can induce precocious differentiation of secondary islets in larval

92 the lymph gland structure but that included precocious differentiation of the prohemocytes located w

93 , placodal activation of beta-catenin drives precocious differentiation of Type I glial-like taste ce

94 Cranial NC defects were associated with precocious differentiation towards osteoblast and chondr

95 mpromised myoblast proliferation and induced precocious differentiation, phenotypes that were rescued

96 of adult urothelial progenitors and prevents precocious differentiation.

97 137 recognition site rescued miR-137-induced precocious differentiation.

98 ll proliferation and its inactivation causes precocious differentiation.

99 The precocious discovery of word meanings suggests a perspec

100 s depends on shugoshin proteins that prevent precocious dissociation of cohesin from centromeres.

101 another Scc1-interacting cohesin regulator, precocious dissociation of sisters 5 (Pds5), Scc2 consis

102 ions between Sororin and the cohesin subunit precocious dissociation of sisters protein 5 (Pds5) by p

103 egulator of cohesin and forms a complex with precocious dissociation of sisters protein 5 (Pds5) to p

104 mutant shows severely delayed flowering and precocious doming of the vegetative SAM LTM encodes a ke

105 SP-overexpressing wild-type plants exhibited precocious doming of vegetative SAMs combined with late

106 axis into the mammary epithelium results in precocious ductal side-branching and alveologenesis in t

107 reas maternal-excess crosses (4 x 2) promote precocious EC and produce smaller seeds.

108 stage also led to variable enamel defect and precocious/ectopic formation of fragmented root epitheli

109 The precocious emigration of the early arriving neurons in t

110 progenitor differentiation protocols promote precocious endocrine commitment, ultimately resulting in

111 gical inhibition of Notch signaling leads to precocious endocrine differentiation and the early appea

112 ors during pancreatic specification prevents precocious endocrine formation while treatment with reti

113 level, the moderate heat stress resulted in precocious endosperm cellularization, whereas severe hea

114 tration that synaptotoxicity and gliosis are precocious events in MJD and that caffeine and A2A R ina

115 1 by PP2A(Cdc55) is essential for preventing precocious exit from meiosis I.

116 MicroRNA biogenesis impairment leads to precocious expression and propagates the noise of Hoxa5

117 thologue of cyclophilin 40 (CyP40)-cause the precocious expression of adult vegetative traits, an inc

118 tected no change in pluripotency markers, no precocious expression of differentiated neuronal markers

119 We propose that, by preventing precocious expression of differentiation-promoting trans

120 Precocious expression of ETV1 in mouse CGNs accelerated

121 are transcribed before the MBT, but whether precocious expression of specific mRNAs is important for

122 ption factor, flh-3, also result in enhanced precocious expression of target miRNAs.

123 , knocking down EcR in the wing discs caused precocious expression of the ecdysone-responsive gene br

124 the inviability is not solely the result of precocious expression of these miRNAs.

125 d chromatin cohorts at ZGA, preventing their precocious expression.

126 ld protect axillary meristems in phyB-1 from precocious floral induction and decrease bud sensitivity

127 riod reaches a certain length and preventing precocious flowering in Arabidopsis.

128 expression of FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T) caused precocious flowering in short-day-grown Col-0 but this w

129 d of floral competence acquisition, prevents precocious flowering when there is insufficient biomass,

130 tely formed at low temperatures and prevents precocious flowering.

131 VE PHASE (SVP) function, perhaps to suppress precocious flowering.

132 ells are activated prematurely, resulting in precocious follicular growth.

133 Precocious foragers completed far fewer foraging trips i

134 nae were nearly twice as likely to engage in precocious foraging and lived 9 days less, on average, c

135 tag tracking to examine the consequences of precocious foraging for their performance.

136 emography of experimental colonies to induce precocious foraging in bees and used radio tag tracking

137 a premature increase in CDK1 activity led to precocious formation of stable attachments and eventuall

138 larger cleaving amphibian zygotes, reflects precocious functional epithelial cell polarity.

139 loidy, vacuolization, protruding spikes, and precocious fusion of membranous organelles.

140 at may confer a protective mechanism against precocious gene expression that is the product of a rela

141 reover, Sonic Hedgehog was able to stimulate precocious generation of NSCs by inducing Sox9 expressio

142 phylogenetically ancient and developmentally precocious geometric representations that guide their na

143 during seed development suppressed vivipary, precocious germination of developing seeds.

144 Precocious germination of spd1 embryos showed that the a

145 ting two-stage DNA demethylation in PGCs was precocious germline differentiation leading to hypogonad

146 factors, Klf15, as sufficient for genesis of precocious GFAP-positive astrocytes in spinal cord expla

147 pression attenuates self-renewal and induces precocious gliogenesis through modulation of the respons

148 rate that decreased levels of Sox2 result in precocious hair cell differentiation and an over product

149 in geographically dispersed, technologically precocious hominin populations with a shared technologic

150 e expression of whiB is sufficient to induce precocious hypersporulation.

151 newly differentiated chondrocytes underwent precocious hypertrophic enlargement accompanied by early

152 Precocious hypsodonty in middle Eocene ( approximately 3

153 strate that HCN channels are developmentally precocious in OSNs and therefore are plausible candidate

154 thylation at the Ink4a/Arf locus, leading to precocious increases of p16(INK4a) and p19(Arf).

155 In addition, Fzd8CRD caused precocious induction of IGFBP5 in normal mammary glands

156 3, which in turn may act to block either the precocious induction of myogenic basic (b)HLH proteins,

157 duction in prespore cell differentiation and precocious induction of prestalk cells, which were remin

158 tion in cAS cells was closely related to the precocious inhibition of mitosis due to a delay in cell

159 the floral transition, ER and ERL1 prevented precocious initiation of the GA-mediated fiber formation

160 of reduced tillering mutant associated with precocious internode elongation that diverts sucrose (Su

161 ithelial dysfunction postpartum resulting in precocious involution.

162 ted with histologic and biochemical signs of precocious involution.

163 e, conversely, overexpression of NFIX led to precocious IPC generation.

164 yndrome, which is characterized primarily by precocious joint failure.

165 with genetic deficiency of lubricin develop precocious joint failure.

166 , a reduced tumor burden was observed due to precocious keratinocyte differentiation by Fra-2 express

167 rectly showed that Cav-3(-/-) mice underwent precocious lactation.

168 om wild-type mice but displayed hallmarks of precocious lactogenic differentiation.

169 to ABA treatment, more rapid water loss, and precocious leaf senescence.

170 ulting in increased epithelial curvature and precocious lens vesicle closure.

171 sensitivity to experience, highlights how a precocious link between language and cognition advances

172 how that Agr2 constitutive expression drives precocious lobuloalveolar development and increased milk

173 uce U3 fates and PRC gain of function causes precocious loss of competence to make motoneurons.

174 eiosis I leads to premature Sgo1 removal and precocious loss of pericentromeric cohesion.

175 ted expression of p53 downstream targets and precocious loss of pluripotent gene expression compared

176 tudy, we show that depletion of H2A.Z causes precocious loss of sister chromatid cohesion in yeast wi

177 Transgenics overexpressing PtabZIP1L showed precocious LRP and LR development, while PtabZIP1L suppr

178 ically, we show that Ackr2(-/-) mice display precocious mammary gland development.

179 of REST in neural progenitors in mice led to precocious maturation into neurons at the expense of mus

180 oliferation of granule neuron precursors and precocious maturation of Bergmann glia and Purkinje neur

181 We found that IUHCTx leads to precocious maturation of neonatal host dendritic cells (

182 premature cranial suture closure because of precocious maturation of osteoblasts.

183 e removal of PSA in visual cortex results in precocious maturation of perisomatic innervation by bask

184 Tiggrin mutants exhibit precocious maturation of plasmatocytes, whereas Tiggrin

185 ulted in elevated levels of testosterone and precocious maturation of testis and seminal vesicles.

186 patterning defects, aberrant innervation and precocious maturation of the NMJ.

187 recocious spermatogonial differentiation and precocious meiotic initiation; thus, RA acts instructive

188 tase that activates CDK1, is responsible for precocious meiotic resumption and also contributes to su

189 It has been suggested that precocious meiotic silencing of the X chromosome account

190 nists and/or KIT blocking antibodies prevent precocious melanocyte stem cell differentiation in the N

191 roposterior extension of the hard palate and precocious mid-line fusion.

192 at the expense of later-born fates, whereas precocious misexpression of Casz1 has the opposite effec

193 However, precocious mitotic exit by mitotic slippage limits the c

194 We conclude that whatever cognitive capacity precocious MSA artifacts imply, it was not associated wi

195 ed in cultures in which H19 depletion causes precocious muscle differentiation, a phenotype recapitul

196 e and clobetasol, are effective in promoting precocious myelination in organotypic cerebellar slice c

197 tem cells from Deltex2 knockout mice exhibit precocious myogenic differentiation and accelerated rege

198 maintains epiblast pluripotency and prevents precocious neural differentiation of this tissue, at lea

199 pplied a mathematical model that reveals how precocious neurogenesis affected cortical surface and th

200 reas mHtt enhances this process and promotes precocious neurogenesis and oligodendrocyte progenitor c

201 tential of Q111 dNSCs was also enhanced with precocious neurogenesis and oligodendrocyte progenitor e

202 Unexpectedly, we show that BPA-mediated precocious neurogenesis and the concomitant behavioral p

203 The precocious neurogenesis causes premature progenitor pool

204 Moreover, transient Hes1 expression rescues precocious neurogenesis in Dmrta2 knockout NPCs.

205 tion of pro-neuronal target genes to prevent precocious neuronal differentiation in cultured adult NS

206 nged neural crest emigration, and subsequent precocious neuronal differentiation of the trigeminal ga

207 hibited enhanced proliferative potential and precocious neuronal differentiation.

208 ity owing to reduced cell cycle kinetics and precocious neuronal differentiation.

209 al knockdown of SC1 in primary NSCs triggers precocious neuronal differentiation.

210 we identified cellular defects that lead to precocious neuronal specification within SLOS derived ne

211 ng genetically engineered mice, we show that precocious Norrin production leads to premature retinal

212 ess was associated with an ability to induce precocious nucleotide incorporation within the somatic p

213 odon degus (degu), a biparental species with precocious offspring is a potential model for the study

214 Overexpression of lncOL1 promotes precocious oligodendrocyte differentiation in the develo

215 Conversely, miR-219 overexpression promotes precocious oligodendrocyte maturation and regeneration p

216 ion of its dominant-repressive form promoted precocious oligodendrocyte specification in developing c

217 o midbrain neurons as well as for preventing precocious oligodendrogliogenesis.

218 These changes correlated with a precocious onset and closure of critical period and defi

219 re not attached to microtubules and prevents precocious onset of anaphase, which can lead to aneuploi

220 variation in adults is also associated with precocious onset of burrowing in juveniles, suggesting t

221 Reduction of GAD67 expression rescued the precocious opening of the critical period, suggesting it

222 e different epigenetic effects could lead to precocious or delayed cellularization during endosperm d

223 Furthermore, precocious overexpression of Lin7c induces multiaxial mi

224 Precocious overexpression of miR-195 in the embryonic he

225 phorylation sites in the Smad5 linker causes precocious patterning of DV tissues along the AP axis du

226 There has been "precocious" penetration of rural towns by rural supermar

227 e used remote sensing data to show that this precocious phenology is ubiquitous across the woodlands

228 separation may explain the ubiquity of this precocious phenology.

229 lin-42 mutants have a precocious phenotype, in which later-stage programs are

230 ote perikaryal NF phosphorylation and foster precocious phospho-dependent NF-NF associations.

231 ng the matching process to coincide with the precocious plasticity.

232 ation-induced depression and instead exhibit precocious potentiation of the non-deprived eye inputs.

233 n extracellular signaling molecule to elicit precocious production of the lantibiotic, presumably ens

234 ders were growth hormone deficiency (12.5%), precocious puberty (12.2%), thyroid-stimulating hormone

235 ilization in boys with familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP).

236 exoloops, and TMDs such as those involved in precocious puberty and thyroid toxic adenomas.

237 e or developmental impairment and those with precocious puberty had significantly larger lesions invo

238 re molecular defects associated with central precocious puberty have been identified.

239 Deficiency of MKRN3 causes central precocious puberty in humans.

240 ture reactivation of GnRH neurons results in precocious puberty in mice and humans, but the mechanism

241 yndrome, characterized by fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, and cafe au lait spots.

242 f the lesions correlate with the presence of precocious puberty, and does the type of lesion influenc

243 pendent disorders of reproduction, including precocious puberty, endometriosis, and metastatic prosta

244 9-year-old boy, with a diagnosis of CAH and precocious puberty, who was referred to our department f

245 ng in 40 members of 15 families with central precocious puberty.

246 ic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in central precocious puberty.

247 decline, neuropsychiatric comorbidities and precocious puberty.

248 boys and girls with gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty.

249 nosed in 24% of tested patients, and 12% had precocious puberty.

250 noted were weight loss, growth failure, and precocious puberty.

251 s, others lead to vision loss, proptosis, or precocious puberty.

252 dvanced prostatic cancer, endometriosis, and precocious puberty.

253 s of Lhx2 in cortical progenitors results in precocious radial glia differentiation and a temporal sh

254 of function and Siah loss of function induce precocious radial migration.

255 displays synaptic terminal overgrowth and a precocious regenerative response to nerve injury.

256 tingly, SpSFK7 may be involved in preventing precocious release of Ca(2+).

257 modeling is delayed in hbl-1 mutants whereas precocious remodeling is observed in mutants lacking the

258 l (Gwl) mediates a pathway that prevents the precocious removal of phosphorylations added to target p

259 tion of blood progenitors in trol mutants is precocious, resulting in the break-down of the usual zon

260 letion of Lsd1 in growing oocytes results in precocious resumption of meiosis and spindle and chromos

261 th Onecut1 transcriptional activity leads to precocious rod development, suggesting that Onecut1 is c

262 Cdh1 ablation promotes precocious S-phase entry, but it was unclear how this af

263 during growth factor deprivation and induce precocious S-phase entry, thereby triggering cell death.

264 Precocious SC protein expression is observed even when m

265 duced levels of transcytosis have delayed or precocious sealing of the BRB, respectively.

266 mutant plants also had few lateral roots and precocious secondary growth in primary roots.

267 Precocious segregation induced by MYPT1 depletion requir

268 y because a PLK1 inhibitor, BI-2536, blocked precocious segregation.

269 tresses, whereas in jub1-1 knockdown plants, precocious senescence and lowered abiotic stress toleran

270 f SA and its sugar conjugates, and exhibit a precocious senescence phenotype.

271 However, precocious senescence results in loss of biomass and see

272 e tissues transitioning from rapid growth to precocious senescence.

273 Cleavage causes precocious separation of sister chromatids and massive c

274 all interfering RNA treatment results in the precocious separation of sister chromatids.

275 s accidents) and antisocial behaviors (e.g., precocious sexual activity, bullying, illicit substance

276 rated elevated estrogen levels and exhibited precocious sexual maturation and increased fecundity.

277 ttached to spindle microtubules and prevents precocious sister-chromatid separation and aneuploidy.

278 ild-type adult males induced, independently, precocious spermatogonial differentiation and precocious

279 Disruption of rsbN causes precocious sporulation and biochemical experiments demon

280 vels of epidermal cell death were induced by precocious ST3 expression in the tail, contrasting what

281 wth of the mammary ductal epithelium, caused precocious STAT5a activation and lactogenic differentiat

282 s of Foxp1 in skin epithelial cells leads to precocious stem cell activation, resulting in drastic sh

283 /6(cKO)) in corneal stromal cells results in precocious stratification of the corneal epithelium.

284 slowing spinogenesis, loss of Icam5 induced precocious stubby spine maturation on pyramidal cell den

285 Precocious swarming is due to an increase in the number

286 The hypothesis for this study was that precocious T4 exposure increases corneal innervation sim

287 hronic gene, whose mutant phenotypes include precocious terminal differentiation of epidermal stem ce

288 Precocious thyroxine (T4)-induced increases in corneal t

289 hemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), results in precocious transition from juvenile to adult, as well as

290 l fertility and mutations in alg-5 lead to a precocious transition from spermatogenesis to oogenesis.

291 n is a functional mechanism for forestalling precocious translation of transcripts in the male gameto

292 ic survival, as Elf5 overexpression triggers precocious trophoblast differentiation.

293 Conversely, precocious upregulation of Syp reduces the number of cel

294 ey2 but differentiate prematurely because of precocious upregulation of the pro-HC factor Atoh1.

295 This precocious VMC differentiation resulted in nonproductive

296 ring rvr1 phenotype is dependent on VRN1 The precocious VRN1 expression in rvr1 is associated with re

297 3E on sucrose alone produced wing discs with precocious WG, CT and SENS expression.

298 ort that Peromyscus polionotus is strikingly precocious with regard to burrowing behavior, but not ot

299 indings suggest that both faster cycling and precocious withdrawal from the cell cycle underlie this

300 This Essay follows Richards from his precocious youth to becoming a celebrated chemist and em