ライフサイエンスコーパス: premotor

1 ryngeal nerve while simultaneously recording premotor activity at the population and single-cell leve

2 ontrary to current views, this suggests that premotor activity in the frontal cortex does not have a

3 ensory responses in the dorsal divisions and premotor activity in ventral divisions of the SC.

4 e patient's fMRI data to understand how this premotor activity influenced other speech production reg

5 issue of Neuron, Chen et al. (2017) examine premotor activity representing motor planning, Allen et

6 , and blocking this signal eliminates normal premotor activity.

7 Two additional networks, a parieto-premotor and a temporal one, exhibited both social and p

8 commonly overlooked, in contrast to lateral premotor and inferior prefrontal areas.

9 atics underlying these functions, leaving to premotor and motor areas the role of specifying the unde

10 deficiencies in the substantia nigra and the premotor and motor cortices, and with statistically sign

11 We found that many "decision-related" premotor and motor neurons are modulated in a time-depen

12 ody-swop' illusion reveals distinct parietal-premotor and parietal-hippocampal networks involved in c

13 e densest with adjoining parts of the dorsal premotor and prefrontal cortex (PFC).

14 ivity and the local field potential (LFP) in premotor and prefrontal cortex during motor and cognitiv

15 Here we provide such a view from dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex.

16 STATEMENT This study focuses on how macaque premotor and primary motor cortices transform sensory in

17 number of incoming synapses balanced between premotor and rhythmogenic neurons, then our simulations

18 (ipsilateral) right-hemispheric prefrontal, premotor and sensorimotor areas compared to 'stimulation

19 distress was preferentially associated with premotor and somatosensory cortical activity.

20 ontal, inferior parietal, superior temporal, premotor and somatosensory cortices exhibit robust senso

21 during low SNR strong entrainment emerged in premotor and superior frontal cortex.

22 eriment shows that human posterior parietal, premotor, and body-selective visual brain areas respond

23 somatosensory cortex and neighboring motor, premotor, and inferior parietal regions, and tonic compo

24 r parietal, bilateral occipitotemporal, left premotor, and left middle frontal cortex.

25 layed across secondary somatosensory cortex, premotor, and motor areas when decision making takes pla

26 hat were simultaneously recorded in sensory, premotor, and motor cortical areas of two monkeys during

27 ore cortical network of occipital, parietal, premotor, and prefrontal areas maximally activated by ta

28 and show that the supplementary motor area, premotor, and the right prefrontal cortex are involved i

29 rly between ipsilesional M1 and ipsilesional premotor-are strongly related to motor deficits and thei

30 n, we examined neural activity in the dorsal premotor area (PMd) and the effects of its local inactiv

31 Premotor area F5 acted as a hub that shared the visual c

32 The macaque ventral premotor area F5 hosts two types of visuomotor grasping

33 Here, we show that MNs of the ventral premotor area F5 of macaque monkeys are particularly sen

34 g of area HVC in the Bengalese finch brain-a premotor area homologous to the mammalian premotor corte

35 l network (primary somatosensory and frontal premotor area) during the loss of consciousness (LOC) in

36 rea 8C is more akin to that characterizing a premotor area, rather than a prefrontal area.

37 rk, exerting Granger causality on the dorsal premotor area.

38 pikes/s), unlike large cells that project to premotor areas (maximal rate, approximately 400 spikes/s

39 ceived similar proportions of afferents from premotor areas 6M and 6DC, and from the prefrontal corte

40 Premotor areas acted as relay from parietal to medial pr

41 play a driving role in the network, whereas premotor areas acted as relays from parietal to medial p

42 These premotor areas are components of complex anatomical netw

43 ea 6Va in the marmoset is similar to ventral premotor areas identified in other simian primates, and

44 What is the role of ipsilateral motor and premotor areas in motor learning?

45 direct and prominent as that from any of the premotor areas in the frontal lobe.

46 nuclei (CbN) transmit cerebellar signals to premotor areas.

47 ting posterior temporal and inferior frontal/premotor areas.

48 al regions coordinated with sensorimotor and premotor areas.

49 al connectivity of M1 with somatosensory and premotor areas.

50 ortical PAC was present in primary motor and premotor arm-related areas for all groups, but the DYST

51 ty along the ventral stream and the auditory-premotor axis.

52 Neurons in the songbird nucleus HVC produce premotor bursts time locked to song with millisecond pre

53 ned climbing fibre collateral input to large premotor CbN cells over development by virally expressin

54 the subesophageal zone operates as a general premotor center that regulates the selection of differen

55 's direct connections to the saccade-related premotor centers in the brainstem.

56 om upstream/forebrain circuits to downstream premotor centers.

57 revealed that most of these structures share premotor characteristics, while some indeed constitute t

58 leus HVC in the songbird, which contains the premotor circuitry for song production and receives mult

59 stream of anterior Wave neurons, we identify premotor circuits including the neuron A03a5, which toge

60 by changes to functional connectivity within premotor circuits, but whether the specificity of learni

61 erating core of the preBotC, as well as some premotor circuits, consist of interneurons derived from

62 ated hypoglossal (XII) motor nucleus and XII premotor circuits.

63 contrast, they receive input from divergent premotor circuits.

64 o link perception to action by providing the premotor commands that release hunting responses.

65 s to a specialized subdivision of the caudal premotor complex where visual information for the guidan

66 nt forms of motor simulation: (1) the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC), associated with automatic motor

67 ty emerged during learning, originating from premotor cortex (M2), and M2 became predictive of the ac

68 n show that neural populations in the medial premotor cortex (MPC) contain an accurate trial-by-trial

69 asked how oscillatory dynamics in the medial premotor cortex (MPC) contribute to supramodal perceptua

70 vioral data, ensemble recordings from medial premotor cortex (MPC) in macaque monkeys, and computatio

71 The premotor cortex (PM) is known to be a site of visuo-soma

72 The premotor cortex (PM) receives inputs from parietal corti

73 ections with functionally matched domains in premotor cortex (PMC) and motor cortex (M1).

74 reaching tasks with multiple targets, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) appears to represent all possible

75 ENT For reach-to-grasp movements, the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has been implicated in the control

76 As part of these networks, the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has been implicated in the control

77 The dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has long been thought to be a crit

78 The dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is part of the cortical network fo

79 d responses in dorsal premotor cortex.Dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is thought to be involved in makin

80 es of the parieto-frontal system: the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd, area 6), primary motor cortex (MI,

81 ctivity of mirror neurons in macaque ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and primary motor cortex (M1) is m

82 nial magnetic stimulation (TMS) near ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and primary motor cortex (M1) with

83 in the inferior parietal lobule and ventral premotor cortex (PMv) can code the intentions of other i

84 ng movements of the arm, whereas the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) has been associated with the contr

85 ng movements of the arm, whereas the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) has been associated with the contr

86 Neural activity in ventral premotor cortex (PMv) has been associated with the proce

87 rior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS) and ventral premotor cortex (PMv) in visually mediated state estimat

88 posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and ventral premotor cortex (PMv) represent the position of the uppe

89 Other connections were with ventral premotor cortex (PMV), the caudal half of posterior pari

90 intraparietal sulcus (DIPS) and the ventral premotor cortex (PMv).

91 ral premotor cortex (rPMv), the right dorsal premotor cortex (rPMd) or the supplementary motor area (

92 d over the right M1 (rM1), the right ventral premotor cortex (rPMv), the right dorsal premotor cortex

93 Caudal dorsal premotor cortex activity was associated with both psycho

94 ipsilesional motor cortex and contralesional premotor cortex after the intervention.

95 d in a bilateral network involving the motor/premotor cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus.

96 xel patterns of activity in the left ventral premotor cortex and Broca's area exhibited effective pho

97 es myelination within the deep layers of the premotor cortex and subcortical white matter.

98 posterior inferior temporal cortex and right premotor cortex are consistent with neurophysiologically

99 xperiment 2, inhibitory stimulation of right premotor cortex as a key node of the dorsal stream decre

100 code actions at abstract levels whereas the premotor cortex codes actions at the concrete level only

101 Our data suggest premotor cortex could be tested as a target region for n

102 profiles of individual neurons in the dorsal premotor cortex during comparison of tactile temporal pa

103 ues and examined single neuron activities in premotor cortex during natural vocal exchanges in the co

104 Corpus callosum bisections demonstrated that premotor cortex hemispheres can maintain preparatory act

105 work, we use optogenetic stimulation of the premotor cortex in awake, behaving mice to demonstrate t

106 revealing more about the role of the dorsal premotor cortex in decision making.

107 of the mouse cortex (a possible homologue of premotor cortex in primates) contains equal proportions

108 lcium imaging reveal that neural activity in premotor cortex is correlated with a length scale of 100

109 Dorsal premotor cortex is implicated in somatomotor decisions.

110 area (AIP) and hand area (F5) of the ventral premotor cortex is implicated strongly in the generation

111 ural recording technique, we observed in the premotor cortex neural activation and suppression both b

112 study is the discovery of a subpopulation of premotor cortex neurons that was activated by vocal prod

113 e dataset recorded in the striatum and motor-premotor cortex of macaque monkeys performing reaching t

114 We recorded neurons from dorsal premotor cortex of monkeys performing a visual discrimin

115 ruited areas in the visual dorsal stream and premotor cortex of the intact hemisphere to compensate f

116 tivity between prefrontal cortex and lateral premotor cortex OFF medication, compatible with a contex

117 he dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal premotor cortex onto the contralateral primary motor cor

118 motor-centric and cognitive accounts whether premotor cortex or brain regions in closer relation to p

119 when TMS was delivered over adjacent dorsal premotor cortex or when motor behaviors in late adaptati

120 provide evidence indicating that the dorsal premotor cortex plays a causal role in accurate turn-tak

121 vity of groups of neurons in primate ventral premotor cortex reflects information related to visually

122 ity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and premotor cortex scaled with the cost of hierarchical pla

123 ified a subpopulation of neurons in marmoset premotor cortex that was activated or suppressed by voca

124 cted by variability of BOLD responses in the premotor cortex to far stimuli approaching our body.

125 y and optogenetic perturbations in the mouse premotor cortex to probe the robustness of persistent ne

126 These findings provide clear evidence of the premotor cortex's involvement in self-initiated vocal pr

127 e observations provide clear evidence of the premotor cortex's involvement in vocal production in a N

128 rected), intraparietal sulcus, caudal dorsal premotor cortex, and cerebellar lobule VI (t >/= 4.18, w

129 xternally driven) in parietal cortex, dorsal premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex contralateral

130 production including inferior frontal gyrus, premotor cortex, and superior temporal gyrus during a pi

131 on at the single neuron level in the ventral premotor cortex, and support the hypothesis of a functio

132 he primary motor cortex, the ventral lateral premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor area are es

133 left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and left premotor cortex, children who stutter exhibited deactiva

134 ased activity in precuneus, frontopolar, and premotor cortex, compared to those of controls.

135 iven movement plans in contralateral ventral premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, suprama

136 ation (TMS) over the PPC, but not the dorsal premotor cortex, enhances this effect without affecting

137 e action representation system including the premotor cortex, has hitherto not been provided.

138 th left inferior parietal lobule and ventral premotor cortex, indicating that each LATL subregion exh

139 n and motor preparation localized to lateral premotor cortex, intraparietal sulcus, and posterior sup

140 ively coupled modules, as we observed in the premotor cortex, is a hallmark of robust control systems

141 However, speech arrest localized to ventral premotor cortex, not the classical Broca's area.

142 nts who had damage to the left putamen, left premotor cortex, or both.

143 act, including the supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and midcingulate

144 in bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, insula and poster

145 motor activity and sound processing (dorsal premotor cortex, supplementary and pre-supplementary mot

146 he primary motor cortex, the ventral lateral premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area on the med

147 Selectively in the premotor cortex, we found that ITV, rather than trial-av

148 ter the limb disturbance, and then in dorsal premotor cortex, with no effect in parietal regions unti

149 -a premotor area homologous to the mammalian premotor cortex-alters the statistics of the syllable se

150 with a dose-dependent enhancement of dorsal premotor cortex-M1 connectivity.

151 e mediated by interactions between motor and premotor cortex.

152 not recover after bilateral silencing of the premotor cortex.

153 of neuron packing density include motor and premotor cortex.

154 cial cues modulate MNs in the monkey ventral premotor cortex.

155 n of decision-related firing rates in dorsal premotor cortex.

156 ferior temporal cortex as well as in ventral premotor cortex.

157 of Wernicke's area, Broca's area, and dorsal premotor cortex.

158 , occipitotemporal, parietal, cingulate, and premotor cortex.

159 right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and right premotor cortex.

160 ion for decision-related responses in dorsal premotor cortex.Dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is thought

161 the lateral premotor loop comprising lateral premotor cortex; and (iii) cortico-subcortical interacti

162 re prevalent in superficial layers of dorsal premotor cortex; deeper layers contained more "decreased

163 These results show that premotor cortical activity is inhomogeneous in time and

164 erved by distinct brain areas, including the premotor cortical analog HVC, which is essential for pro

165 t sequence of action potential bursts in the premotor cortical area HVC.

166 Cortical thickness increases in premotor cortical areas of patients with hemiparetic CD

167 al and temporal organization of the songbird premotor cortical microcircuit that supports sparse sequ

168 a' area projected predominantly to motor and premotor cortical regions additional to connections to l

169 In contrast, androgen signaling in the premotor cortical-like brain region, HVC (proper name),

170 related with volume loss in the auditory and premotor cortices (P < .001), whereas worse performance

171 IGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dorsal and ventral premotor cortices (PMd and PMv, respectively) are two sp

172 The dorsal and ventral premotor cortices (PMd and PMv, respectively) each take

173 neural activity in primary motor and dorsal premotor cortices achieves a state specific to an upcomi

174 t, primary somatosensory, motor, and ventral premotor cortices coded preferentially the number of dig

175 nhanced amygdala functional integration with premotor cortices compared to neutral faces.

176 t to a differential role of the parietal and premotor cortices in grasp movement preparation, suggest

177 Previous studies of prefrontal and premotor cortices of macaque monkeys have found neural s

178 sins ChR2 or C1V1 into the primary motor and premotor cortices of two monkeys, we used optrodes to li

179 vealed neurons in the posterior parietal and premotor cortices that seem to implement and update such

180 across the brain, including sensorimotor and premotor cortices, parietal lobe, and cerebellum.

181 identified in monkeys composed of bilateral premotor cortices, supplementary motor area, and the rig

182 r in the ventrolateral prefrontal and dorsal premotor cortices.

183 g middle cingulate, somatosensory, and motor/premotor cortices.

184 e the corpus callosum; frontal, sensory, and premotor cortices; thalamus; and midbrain.

185 inhibition of action potentials of labelled premotor DMV neurons to the gastric-antrum through an in

186 ons in primary somatosensory (S1) and dorsal premotor (DPC) cortex while trained monkeys reported whe

187 rvical spinal hemisection at C2 (SH) removes premotor drive to phrenic motoneurons located in segment

188 h both experimental approaches, we find that premotor events do not occur preferentially at the onset

189 a subset of Dbx1 IRt neurons is a source of premotor excitatory drive, contributing to the inspirato

190 many neurons recorded in parallel in macaque premotor (F5) and parietal (AIP) cortices during a delay

191 om the anterior intraparietal (AIP), ventral premotor (F5), and primary motor (M1) cortices.

192 the rate of transition from runs to turns-a premotor function compatible with previous observations

193 generation and that a subpopulation serves a premotor function.

194 hted the timing of early (<40 ms) prefrontal/premotor influences over M1.

195 ies, we found evidence for somatosensory and premotor input in superficial layers of M1 and for corti

196 the periphery of oculomotor nuclei and have premotor inputs different from those of the motoneurons

197 ecific synaptic architectures unique to each premotor interneuron are unknown.

198 A) in the caudal medulla serves as the final premotor interneuronal output system for vocalization.

199 ing chemical and electrical synapses between premotor interneurons (AVA) and downstream motor neurons

200 ved to operate in a top-down manner in which premotor interneurons activate motor neurons that in tur

201 d for and identified two putative excitatory premotor interneurons in this system, termed CLI1 and CL

202 itory premotor interneurons, the identity of premotor interneurons that provide excitatory drive to m

203 Retrograde labeling of premotor interneurons with the trans-synaptic pseudorabi

204 cillator circuit projects to a population of premotor interneurons, but the assemblage of this networ

205 Consistent with their being excitatory premotor interneurons, the CLIs formed GRASP- and ChAT-p

206 cent studies identified candidate inhibitory premotor interneurons, the identity of premotor interneu

207 within and across sensory, sensorimotor, and premotor layers.

208 auditory response times decreased, and vocal premotor lead times shortened.

209 n by enhanced connectivity within the mesial premotor loop and cortico-striatal interactions.

210 e supplementary motor area; (ii) the lateral premotor loop comprising lateral premotor cortex; and (i

211 ue to connectivity changes in (i) the mesial premotor loop comprising the supplementary motor area; (

212 t-dependent compensatory role of the lateral premotor loop in the hypodopaminergic state.

213 he supplementary motor area, i.e. the mesial premotor loop.

214 dings indicate that at least part of ventral premotor MNs can process the visual information coming f

215 ring update of motor intention across monkey premotor, motor, and posterior parietal cortex.

216 ry motor cortex (M1) is highly influenced by premotor/motor areas both within and across hemispheres.

217 uronal dynamics across the somatosensory and premotor network and suggest that a transitional state f

218 ents targeting either the core oscillator or premotor network, respectively.

219 tion of motoneurons from central command and premotor networks.

220 People with Parkinson's disease can show premotor neurochemical changes in the dopaminergic and n

221 We show that single HVC premotor neuron bursts are sufficient to drive structure

222 We show that these bilaterally projecting premotor neurons (BPNs) reside primarily in the supratri

223 We find that these bilaterally projecting premotor neurons (BPNs) reside primarily in the supratri

224 for driving normal bursting behavior in HVC premotor neurons and suggest that structured inhibition

225 If premotor neurons are interconnected in a so-called "smal

226 distance, the activity of sensory and vocal premotor neurons changed such that auditory response tim

227 phe pallidus (rRPa), the site of sympathetic premotor neurons controlling thermogenesis of brown adip

228 In contrast, cumulatively deleting Dbx1 XII premotor neurons decreased motor output monotonically bu

229 c tracing strategy, we systematically mapped premotor neurons for the jaw-closing masseter muscle and

230 An influential idea is that song premotor neurons in a forebrain nucleus (HVC) form a syn

231 tutor's song drives spiking activity within premotor neurons in the juvenile, whereas inhibition sup

232 ch was applied to dissect how an ensemble of premotor neurons in the larval zebrafish brain drives a

233 t the maturation of synaptic inhibition onto premotor neurons is correlated with learning but not age

234 ior is driven by a sequence of bursts within premotor neurons located in the forebrain nucleus HVC (p

235 therefore preferentially connecting with the premotor neurons of muscles engaged in different steps o

236 KEY POINTS: Large premotor neurons of the cerebellar nuclei (CbN cells) in

237 n, which sends collaterals directly to large premotor neurons of the mouse cerebellar nuclei (CbN cel

238 ested whether preparatory neural activity in premotor neurons of the primate superior colliculus has

239 largely controlled by sensory afferents and premotor neurons of the reticular formation, where centr

240 in the mouse, that the principal inspiratory premotor neurons share V0 identity with, and are connect

241 or oculomotility by proving that it contains premotor neurons supplying horizontal extraocular muscle

242 cal forebrain structure called HVC, contains premotor neurons that are active at precise time points

243 r, LepRb(POA) neurons project to sympathetic premotor neurons that control brown adipose tissue (BAT)

244 laryngeal nerve elicited primarily IPSPs in premotor neurons that could be blocked by a nicotinic re

245 via interactions with subsets of sympathetic premotor neurons that express sst2 .

246 to optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic premotor neurons were correlated directly with anatomy u

247 rse long-range connections among constituent premotor neurons) and connected with the preBotC such th

248 diate warm-induced inhibition of sympathetic premotor neurons, have no effect on energy expenditure.

249 notype, and connectivity patterns of phrenic premotor neurons, which are a crucial component of the i

250 r motor neurons receive synaptic inputs from premotor neurons, which are located within the brain ste

251 TR mutual inhibition and ARTR projections to premotor neurons.

252 edulla and a network of brainstem and spinal premotor neurons.

253 eliminated the characteristic firing rate of premotor neurons.

254 pendent motor noise, and 3) signal-dependent premotor noise entering within an internal feedback loop

255 Neural activity within the cortical premotor nucleus HVC (acronym is name) encodes the learn

256 Cooling the premotor nucleus HVC (proper name) slows down the song t

257 Adult birdsong requires premotor nucleus HVC, in which projection neurons (PNs)

258 activation in HVC (used as a proper name), a premotor nucleus that is involved in song production and

259 of projection neurons coding for song in the premotor nucleus, HVC, change from day to day.

260 nal projection from the motor nucleus to the premotor nucleus, indicating a recurrent pathway that ma

261 and mechanosensory modalities share the same premotor output network.

262 x in mice includes collaterals of cerebellar premotor output neurons, mapped this collateral pathway,

263 tation system that includes left-hemispheric premotor, parietal, and posterior temporal cortices is a

264 tation system that includes left-hemispheric premotor, parietal, and posterior temporal cortices.

265 the most accurate and earliest definition of premotor Parkinson's disease ought to rely on imaging al

266 tains inhibitory interneurons with a role in premotor patterning that is unclear.

267 ty with leads overlying ipsilesional frontal-premotor (PM) regions accounted for most of this (R(2) =

268 between reaching actions, neurons in dorsal premotor (PMd) and primary motor (M1) cortex reflect a d

269 Dorsal premotor (PMd) and primary motor (M1) cortices play a ce

270 cting somatosensory (S1) and frontal ventral premotor (PMv) network during a gradual behavioral trans

271 se versus non-response trials, we discovered premotor population activity that specifically preceded

272 , we couple an existing preBotC model with a premotor population in several topological configuration

273 If the XII premotor population is a "small-world" network (rich in

274 onstrate that both the decoded activities of premotor populations and their adaptive responses can be

275 of axial and limb networks is that different premotor populations are required for different speeds o

276 the striatum and midbrain-and across motor, premotor, posterior insular, superior prefrontal, and ce

277 to label a specific type of long-projecting premotor PPNs in the mouse upper spinal cord that are mo

278 ished in two broad domains as sensori-motor (premotor/primary motor, somatosensory, superior temporal

279 We show that transecting the motor-to-premotor projection eliminated the characteristic firing

280 res (syllables), are encoded by the cortical premotor region HVC (proper name).

281 laughter in the supplementary motor area, a premotor region thought to facilitate motor readiness to

282 usly unexplored connection from the motor to premotor region.

283 erior hypothalamic nucleus, targets multiple premotor regions and contributes to the regulation of ac

284 ed excitatory influences exerted by cortical premotor regions and the thalamus upon the putamen.

285 Premotor regions associated with phonological processing

286 Initially, two rat premotor regions that respectively regulate neuroendocri

287 These mesial premotor regions were predominantly coupled to the subth

288 y between the subthalamic nucleus and mesial premotor regions, including the supplementary motor area

289 Hence, occipitotemporal, but not premotor, regions fulfill the necessary criteria for act

290 res also require the activation of motor and premotor representations, suggesting a strict link betwe

291 the first example of a CPG in which precise premotor rhythms are tuned by motor neuron activity.SIGN

292 sodium channel blocker QX-314 also disrupted premotor rhythms, as did blockade of nicotinic synapses

293 erent comprised of feedback collaterals from premotor rubrospinal neurons can directly modulate IN ou

294 We visualize these non-discrete premotor signals that drive the primary motor cortex M1

295 suggested a preferential role of a posterior premotor-SMA pathway in motor speech.

296 efronto-temporo-limbic volume reductions and premotor, somatosensory and subcortical increments in sc

297 owever, whether spasms involve activation of premotor spinal excitatory neuronal circuits is unknown.

298 magnocellular red nucleus (RNm), a brainstem premotor structure, is a major target of the interposed

299 s over the bilateral parietal, sensorimotor, premotor, supplementary-motor, and prefrontal areas, inc

300 rrents recorded from the interneurons of the premotor ventral circuits.