ライフサイエンスコーパス: price

1 mine at reward made demand less sensitive to price.

2 els, but achieved at merely 1/30-1/50 of the price.

3 median and minimum cigarette price by median price.

4 erm performance (10(7) cycles), and low cost price.

5 me-locked to cue presentation decreased with price.

6 cts the cost of capital and the fuel selling price.

7 ectiveness ratio (ICER), and net value-based price.

8 e coupling (or splitting) usually comes at a price.

9 of truly transformative drugs at sustainable prices.

10 ruments result in opposite outcomes for food prices.

11 providers competing in terms of products and prices.

12 st) were derived from 2016 average wholesale prices.

13 rates of inflation with general health care prices.

14 er future agricultural production and carbon prices.

15 e hypotheses using time series of size-based prices.

16 arcity and production costs and thereby food prices.

17 h, based on their contents and recent market prices.

18 to rise in response to increases in elephant prices.

19 g the rational response of firms to changing prices.

20 ase after adjusting for inflation in medical prices.

21 making CCS retrofits viable at lower trading prices.

22 er competition was associated with increased prices.

23 ere associated with a change in generic drug prices.

24 roductive sites and consequently lowers food prices.

25 strategies fails to substantially lower food prices.

26 oyee group that was not subject to reference pricing.

27 d tax, -0.8% [UI -6.9%, +4.0%]; minimum unit pricing, -0.7% [UI -5.6%, +3.6%]).

28 tax, -7.5% [UI -13.7%, -3.9%]; minimum unit pricing, -10.3% [UI -10.3%, -7.0%]) and professional/man

29 At carbon prices above $1,000 Mg(-1) C, BECCS is most frequently (

30 Tax pass-through (changes in the price after imposition of the tax) for SSBs varied in de

31 tment in scaling up this test; (2) achieving pricing agreements and consolidating procurement to lowe

32 Time-differentiated pricing aimed at reducing ozone concentrations had parti

33 to accommodate time-differentiated emissions pricing alone or in combination with a season-wide progr

34 transient dopamine release events scale with price and causally alter price sensitivity.

35 release at cue made demand more sensitive to price and decreased dopamine concentration at reward del

36 he 1930s, have fluctuated along with the oil price and have considerably increased in the last decade

37 A hump-shaped relationship between price and historical harvest returns, well demonstrated

38 related to increases in health care service price and intensity but were also positively associated

39 Changes in service price and intensity were associated with a 50.0% (UI, 45

40 incidence, service utilization, and service price and intensity.

41 r incidence, service utilization, or service price and intensity.

42 Best-selling moisturizers vary widely by price and product characteristics.

43 been no cost differential between the median-priced and minimum-priced cigarettes during this period.

44 10% in the price differential between median-priced and minimum-priced cigarettes was associated with

45 collected at the National Database of Health Prices and an overview of the literature was performed t

46 presented sucrose to rats across a range of prices and modeled the resulting demand curves to estima

47 ank test was used to compare changes in drug prices and number of manufacturers from 2013 to 2016.

48 used to assess the association between drug prices and number of manufacturers.

49 This study examined trends in TOAM prices and patient out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in Medic

50 Median cigarette prices and the differential between these and minimum ci

51 While prices and the number of manufacturers for common oral a

52 time-varying confounders, including housing prices and unemployment rate, to estimate the effect of

53 We calculated total drug costs (prices) and OOP payments per patient per month and compa

54 sugar concentration, an increase of product price, and a change of the market share of high-sugar, m

55 ologists should balance consumer preference, price, and allergenicity in their recommendations.

56 er, these responses come at a high metabolic price, and avoiding pathogens before infection may be ad

57 r taste, from 40% to 52% and then to 39% for price, and from 29% to 34% and then to 32% for time; qua

58 aking it more readily available at a cheaper price, and increasing the number of users and frequency

59 as higher neighborhood crime, lower housing prices, and erosion of neighborhood social cohesion.

60 nd levelized cost when wholesale electricity prices are below 4.5 and 5.2 US cent/kWh for PC-CCS and

61 These new regimens, however, were priced at US$83 320-150 000 for a 3-month course.

62 5-29 February 2016) measures of (1) beverage prices at 26 Berkeley stores; (2) point-of-sale scanner

63 Purpose Cancer drug prices at launch have increased in recent years.

64 cies and second the introduction of a market price based on the medical benefit that the new interven

65 The ICERs decrease with decreasing DAA prices, becoming cost-saving for the base price (euro15,

66 e likely to be cost-effective if they can be priced below around pound200 per fully protected person.

67 hold of $100,000/quality-adjusted life year; pricing below $18,450/year is needed to make OCA cost-ef

68 tional average drug acquisition cost (NADAC) price between 2013 and 2016.

69 n US patent protection that would reduce the price by 43% in year 12.

70 However, 11 (14%) formulations increased in price by 90% or more, and 13 (16%) had 2 or fewer manufa

71 ference between median and minimum cigarette price by median price.

72 tional fiscal policy to tax SSBs to increase prices by 10%, (c) a national fiscal policy to subsidise

73 al fiscal policy to subsidise F&Vs to reduce prices by 10%, and (d) a targeted policy to subsidise F&

74 targeted policy to subsidise F&Vs to reduce prices by 30% among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Pr

75 before and after implementation of reference pricing by an alliance of private employers.

76 et, M., Hayashi, K., Honda, H., Kikuchi, A., Price, C., Boerboom, D.

77 sures included changes in inflation-adjusted prices (cents/ounce), beverage sales (ounces), consumers

78 Sales-unweighted mean price change from scanner data was +0.67 cent/oz (p = 0.

79 older prescription drugs at higher risk for price change in the future.

80 It is unclear how individual drug prices change over time after launch and what market det

81 We sought to analyze recent price changes and extent of generic competition within a

82 of baseline competition were associated with price changes of -31.7% (95% CI, -34.4% to -28.9%), -11.

83 Models estimated price changes over time by level of competition, adjusti

84 -income country that has experienced vaccine price changes.

85 ssessed the influence of market structure on price changes.

86 assess associations between median cigarette prices, cigarette price differentials, and infant mortal

87 ential between the median-priced and minimum-priced cigarettes during this period.

88 fferential between median-priced and minimum-priced cigarettes was associated with an increase of 0.0

89 ao Paulo, the authors find that high ethanol prices coincided with an increase in harmful nanoparticl

90 erred"), (2) for patients without insurance, price compare at multiple pharmacies; (3) use manufactur

91 With the passage of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, the US Foo

92 nessing the surge of novel TOAMs to increase price competition for Medicare beneficiaries.

93 Volumetric taxation and minimum unit pricing consistently outperform increasing the current t

94 legislators should implement tobacco tax and price control measures that eliminate budget cigarettes.

95 ling Medicare to negotiate prescription drug prices could decrease costs to Medicare.

96 is often illegally integrated with the lower priced cow milk.

97 ence of 6 barriers to healthy eating (taste, price, daily habits, time, lack of willpower, and limite

98 Consequently, analyses of price data, which rely on a market counterfactual, are a

99 For a 30% price decrease, resulting in a 42% increase in F&V consu

100 An increase of 10% in the price differential between median-priced and minimum-pri

101 infant mortality, while increased cigarette price differentials were associated with higher infant m

102 s between median cigarette prices, cigarette price differentials, and infant mortality across the Eur

103 Pricing differentials were calculated as the proportions

104 es have considerable flexibility in how they price drugs, and the costs that payers and patients see

105 use of high discounts over international DAA prices due to negotiation between BMoH and pharmaceutica

106 ettes (0-10 cigarettes) at varying levels of price during a Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) in male reg

107 METHODS AND Australia-specific price elasticities were used to predict decreases in SSB

108 n of SSBs, disease incidence and prevalence, price elasticity estimates, and estimates of the associa

109 These prices enable ecosystem components to be better included

110 lop a simple extension of the age-structured Price equation (ASPE) for two-sex populations, and apply

111 tives using an ecological application of the Price equation, which partitions the contributions of ri

112 AA prices, becoming cost-saving for the base price (euro15,000) discounts of at least 75% applied in

113 e-gas (GHG) tax levels, while resulting food prices exhibit a disproportionally larger spread.

114 responsive to market balancing forces, i.e., price feedbacks.

115 uce critical transitions from high-yield/low-price fisheries to low-yield/high-price fisheries, gener

116 -yield/low-price fisheries to low-yield/high-price fisheries, generating severe strains on social and

117 motivation, raising their breakpoint effort price for cocaine by 10-fold.

118 tion would force dominants to accept a lower price for group membership.

119 A higher out-of-pocket price for mental health care may lead not only to cost s

120 The median national price for mesh materials was established by a benchmarki

121 imple, quick, and costs less than 10% of the price for plastic embedded bone sections.

122 ed in their rent to having to pay the market price for their own EEC.

123 duction and investment costs were found high-priced for MES (1.44 pound/kg, 1770 pound/t) and AF (4.1

124 n installation cost reductions and wholesale prices for ancillary services.

125 ecific patient populations, and initial U.S. prices for each new antibiotic were obtained from public

126 ging, with consumers prepared to pay premium prices for milk from either certified organic or convent

127 apital theory to approximate realized shadow prices for multiple interacting natural capital stocks (

128 If Medicare negotiated the prices for ophthalmic medications at USVA rates, $1.09 b

129 Second, prices for some established generic drugs such as digoxi

130 Prices for some generic drugs have increased in recent y

131 Background In the United States, prices for therapeutically similar drugs vary widely, wh

132 hods to analyze changes in prescriptions and pricing for 1302 drugs in 78 therapeutic classes in the

133 ready low-carbon system, typical externality pricing for CO2 has little to no effect on technology ch

134 with food pellets obtained as a function of price (FR schedule value) plotted to assess elasticity o

135 ycle costs and GHG emissions depends on fuel prices, fuel carbon intensities and fuel storage require

136 carbon-tax credits are available, or the oil price goes up or CO2 capture and operating expenses redu

137 Previous research identified drivers of price growth of targeted oral anticancer medications (TO

138 tructure resources coupled with reduced drug prices has been paramount to the VA's success in curing

139 ated to waste, inefficiencies, and excessive prices; health disparities are persistent and worsening;

140 At prices higher than these higher profits for operating CC

141 water (FP) volumes based on expected energy prices; historical oil, natural gas, and water-productio

142 of the hypothesized effects in the relative prices: Hypoxia increases the relative price of large sh

143 nificantly increases when lowering treatment prices in early fibrosis stages.

144 tition levels and the change in generic drug prices in the United States.

145 sub-delegation, task acceptance, and effort pricing in a distributed manner.

146 eir prescribing behavior in response to this price increase, suggesting that clinician or pharmacy le

147 ion of spot machines as a result of a sudden price increase.

148 vesting to extinction even with little or no price increase; and some high-value declining aquatic sp

149 Under both economies, as price increased, food pellets obtained decreased more ra

150 at 3% per year over 2007 to 2012, mean TOAM prices increased by nearly 12% per year, reaching $7,719

151 Prices increased over time for newly and previously laun

152 Cigarette price increases across 23 European countries between 200

153 ntify combinations of range contractions and price increases capable of causing extinction from profi

154 valuated the underlying factors behind these price increases for oral tetracylines using the framewor

155 Price increases for SSBs in two distinct data sources, t

156 from 2009 to 2015, with the vast majority of price increases occurring after 2011.

157 ive market and evaluated the impact of these price increases on prescribing practices.

158 Recent generic price increases threaten access to these medications.

159 subset of antibiotics exhibited substantial price increases, and most, but not all, had limited manu

160 declining aquatic species experience severe price increases.

161 mous volume of high-resolution data at a low price, increasing the availability of human mitochondria

162 hough the general prescription drug consumer price index grew at 3% per year over 2007 to 2012, mean

163 usted to 2015-year values using the Consumer Price Index), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios

164 ecent years at rates far beyond the consumer price index.

165 The increasing demand for premium priced Indian Basmati rice (Oryza sativa) in world commo

166 ring the morning commute when higher ethanol prices induce 2 million drivers in the real-world megaci

167 of freight emissions mitigation, followed by price-induced reduction in freight demand services.

168 After adjustments for price inflation, annual health care spending on inpatien

169 highly variable and dependent on laboratory pricing, insurance coverage, and individual risk factors

170 In a control treatment, the average repair price is about EUR 70, whereas the repair bill increases

171 r that allows manufacturers to set high drug prices is market exclusivity, protected by monopoly righ

172 age of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, and school enrollment).

173 emand for organic products and their premium prices make them an attractive target for fraudulent mal

174 Policies focus on price, marketing, availability, information and educatio

175 ive, other approaches to time-differentiated pricing may lead to greater benefits.

176 In addition, higher priced milk, coming from minor dairy species, is often i

177 m price negotiation was estimated using drug prices negotiated by the United States Veterans Administ

178 The potential savings from price negotiation was estimated using drug prices negoti

179 eneric or therapeutic drug substitutions and price negotiation.

180 Aggressive pricing negotiation, payer reimbursement for the drug, h

181 637 per QALY gained ($165689 with discounted price of $10311 based on mean rebate of 29% for branded

182 ial participants) or with the discounted net price of $10311 in patients with low-density lipoprotein

183 r 100 patient-years ($270192 with discounted price of $10311) and $483800 if no cardiovascular mortal

184 h measures, we assumed an annual PCSK9i drug price of $14300, with a lapse in US patent protection th

185 At its current list price of $14523, the addition of evolocumab to standard

186 Our base reference oil price of $50/bbl would result in 40000 additional wells

187 s of PBC patients, but at its current annual price of $69,350, it is not cost-effective using a willi

188 t would meet this threshold at an annual net price of $9669 ($6780 for the trial participants) or wit

189 t-acting antiviral therapies are costly, the price of a cure is a 1-time investment that is outweighe

190 maximum contribution it will make toward the price of a drug or procedure, and the patient pays the r

191 e supporting services embodied in the shadow price of a species through its trophic interactions.

192 ch analyst's job is to determine whether the price of a stock is likely to go up or down.

193 time cost-effectiveness most affected by the price of apixaban and the time horizon.

194 Raising the price of cigarettes by increasing taxation has been asso

195 However, the high list price of DAAs has led many governments to restrict their

196 Costs, including price of drug, utilities, and transitional probabilities

197 ssed on to purchasers through raising of the price of high-sugar and mid-sugar drinks and activities

198 ased metabolic demand, but this comes at the price of insulin secretory dysfunction.

199 ative prices: Hypoxia increases the relative price of large shrimp compared with small shrimp.

200 mp relative to small shrimp and increase the price of large shrimp relative to small shrimp.

201 In recent years, the price of many older generic drugs, including numerous an

202 ional government increased the out-of-pocket price of mental health services for adults by up to euro

203 In our threshold analysis, the price of PCSK9i would need to drop 62%, to $5459 per yea

204 before the start of the RSV season (maximum price of pound220 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 208-232

205 The price of prescription dermatologic drugs rose considerab

206 As the price of sequencing continues to decline, more and more

207 An increase in the price of SSBs in the better-case scenario would result i

208 ff-gas analysis, as well as a comparable low price of the laser source made it the ideal tool for N2O

209 the preference, quality and expected retail price of the wines was observed, and assessors preferred

210 ss-to-pay (WTP) dropped from almost 60% at a price of US$1.43 to 5% at a price of US$12.29, compared

211 almost 60% at a price of US$1.43 to 5% at a price of US$12.29, compared to an average supply cost of

212 the 19 brand-name drugs analyzed, the retail prices of 7 drugs more than quadrupled during the study

213 Prices of drugs in the antiinfective class had the small

214 First, the market entry prices of innovator pharmaceutical products, or brand dr

215 e to a refinery, refinery configuration, and prices of natural gas and electricity revealed how the m

216 The list prices of PCSK9 inhibitors in the United States (>$14,50

217 e smallest mean absolute increase ($333.99); prices of psoriasis medications had the smallest mean pe

218 Data on the quantity and prices of resources used in the 4 World Health Organizat

219 ntation of the nation's first large SSB tax, prices of SSBs increased in many, but not all, settings,

220 Prices of surveyed brand-name drugs increased rapidly be

221 t (1) the tax would be passed through to the prices of taxed beverages among the chain stores in whic

222 ments and consolidating procurement to lower prices of the test; (3) strengthening functional tiered

223 ed to determine the optimal vaccine when the prices of the three vaccines are known.

224 f existing malaria interventions for vaccine prices of US$2-10 per dose.

225 llected data on availability, inventory, and pricing of cessation medication through a cross-sectiona

226 on urban rooftops to reduce the UHI, and we price one potential value of this impact.

227 insurers to steer patients toward the lower-priced options.

228 There was no change in the median NADAC price or the number of manufacturers between 2013 and 20

229 The price paid for branded, prescription medication by an in

230 interval [CI], 4.0 to 9.9), a lower average price paid per prescription (-13.9%; 95% CI, -23.8 to -2

231 The maximum price per fully protected person that should be paid for

232 dermatologist recommended" had higher median price per ounce ($0.79; interquartile range [IQR], $0.56

233 the claim "phthalate free" had higher median price per ounce ($1.38; IQR, $0.86-$1.63) than products

234 Pairwise comparisons of median price per ounce on the basis of marketing claims (eg, de

235 The median price per ounce was $0.59 (range, $0.10-$9.51 per ounce)

236 [SPF], or vehicle) could be used to predict price per ounce.

237 nsparent conducting glasses could reduce the price per watt of perovskite photovoltaic modules.

238 While evidence that alcohol pricing policies reduce alcohol-related health harm is r

239 lth impacts arising from alternative tax and price policy options.

240 a log transformation of forecast errors for price projections and a modified nonparametric empirical

241 The effects of fuel prices provide supporting evidence.

242 ounts and rebates, we used the average sales prices published by the Centers for Medicare and Medicai

243 rough 2045 is almost linearly related to oil price, ranging from 20000 wells at $30/barrel (bbl) oil

244 70:30:4:2 v/v/v/v), derivatization with Carr-Price reagent and video densitometry under white light i

245 c tax in 21 out of 30 runs, and minimum unit pricing reduces deaths more than increasing the current

246 6 out of 30 probabilistic runs, minimum unit pricing reduces deaths more than volumetric tax in 21 ou

247 policies could reduce US CVD mortality, with price reduction being more powerful and sustainable.

248 proportional effects.Both national MMCs and price-reduction policies could reduce US CVD mortality,

249 In comparison, price-reduction policies would have equitable proportion

250 rtality reductions potentially achievable by price reductions and MMC interventions targeting F&V int

251 2015 to 2030: national MMCs and national F&V price reductions of 10% and 30%.

252 their value would be improved by substantial price reductions.

253 rescriptions that were filled for the lowest-priced reference drug within its therapeutic class (diff

254 esults are because correctly measured shadow prices reflect interdependence and limits to substitutio

255 data on 15.5 million checkouts for beverage prices, sales, and store revenue for two supermarket cha

256 ates, in Berkeley, California, with beverage prices, sales, store revenue/consumer spending, and usua

257 e events scale with price and causally alter price sensitivity.

258 eled the resulting demand curves to estimate price sensitivity.

259 After price-standardization to account for intended difference

260 After price-standardization to account for intended difference

261 Hospital costs were assessed using price-standardized Medicare payments during hospitalizat

262 Risk-adjusted 30-day Medicare payments were price-standardized to account for graduate medical educa

263 Risk-adjusted 30-day Medicare payments were price-standardized to account for graduate medical educa

264 Risk-adjusted, price-standardized, 90-day overall surgical episode paym

265 More sustainable pricing strategies for targeted therapies are needed to

266 to undermine tobacco tax policy by adopting pricing strategies that maintain the availability of bud

267 Value information about a drug, such as the price tag, can strongly affect its therapeutic effect.

268 Prey fish have greater shadow prices than expected based on market value, and predator

269 value, and predatory fish have lower shadow prices than expected based on market value.

270 rol over selectivity comes at an operational price that is generally not justifiable for the large-sc

271 countries, largely driven by brand-name drug prices that have been increasing in recent years at rate

272 At the current price, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of stati

273 At current prices, the addition of PCSK9i to statin therapy is esti

274 Under reference pricing, the insurer or employer establishes a maximum c

275 Conclusion Rising TOAM prices threaten the financial relief patients have begun

276 ate change mitigation scenarios that apply a price to GHG emissions, mitigation of freight emissions

277 r demand causes a declining species' harvest price to rise faster than costs.

278 Yet, charging a price to screen out nonusers may screen out poor people

279 many patients are forced to pay high retail prices to obtain their medications.

280 At current drug prices, total expenditures for PrEP+screen+ART could be

281 sive ion-selective membranes as well as high price, toxicity, and scarcity of vanadium compounds.

282 We measured the price trajectories of a cohort of cancer drugs after the

283 United States offered an online health care price transparency tool to their employees.

284 Being offered the price transparency tool was associated with a mean $18 (

285 onomic model, we analyze the impacts on food prices under mitigation policies targeting either incent

286 Of the 7 products evaluated, the average price was $1.07/oz (range, $0.13/oz-$2.96/oz).

287 (US $1.18) per pack in the median cigarette price was associated with a decline of 0.23 deaths per 1

288 Results Implementation of reference pricing was associated with a higher percentage of presc

289 Conclusions Implementation of reference pricing was associated with significant changes in drug

290 Prices were adjusted for inflation.

291 Higher cigarette prices were associated with reduced infant mortality, wh

292 g a less competitive market-and average drug prices were estimated for the generic drugs in each peri

293 Antibiotic prices were negatively associated with the number of ava

294 erential between these and minimum cigarette prices were obtained from Euromonitor International.

295 terial available in thousands of tons at low price, which makes it a good candidate for nanoarchitect

296 tability for the FWU site with a current oil price, which suggests that approximately 31% of the 1000

297 an ICER of $150000 per QALY, the annual net price would need to be substantially lower ($9669 for US

298 The breakeven ERC trading prices would decrease significantly if the captured CO2

299 In comparison, a 10% decrease in F&V prices would increase F&V consumption by approximately 1

300 Introduction of value-based pricing would maintain the sustainability of health care