ライフサイエンスコーパス: protraction

1 ressed in muscles controlling retraction and protraction.

2 sensorimotor rhythms, inhalation and whisker protraction.

3 ene/UNC-103 K(+) channels to control spicule protraction.

4 that specific slo-1 isoforms affect spicule protraction.

5 er retraction duration and modestly prolongs protraction.

6 ction phase, because LG inhibits MCN1 during protraction.

7 ) exhibit distinct time courses in LG during protraction.

8 s both LG and Int1, but selectively prolongs protraction.

9 alis, contracts to pull the pad and initiate protraction.

10 c-103(lf) males restores spontaneous spicule protraction.

11 se hyperpolarization of either cell shortens protraction.

12 interneuron B64 whose activation terminates protraction.

13 ntral pattern generator for rhythmic whisker protraction.

14 s phased such that it fires minimally during protraction.

15 produce radula-closing movements only during protraction.

16 on, but it is not depolarized during opening/protraction.

17 rons fire at the beginning of radula opening/protraction.

18 CBI-3, active only during protraction, accomplishes this through fast inhibition o

19 e feedback inhibition is reduced, prolonging protraction and maintaining retraction duration.

20 In both ingestion and egestion, radula protraction and retraction alternate, whereas radula clo

21 , cerebral-buccal interneuron-2 (CBI-2), the protraction and retraction movements are mediated by the

22 n by picrotoxin increases B8 activity during protraction and shortens protraction, without disrupting

23 s this through fast inhibition of B20 during protraction and slow inhibition of B4/5 during retractio

24 starts firing at the transition between the protraction and the retraction phases of all types of mo

25 y levels that regulate the timing of spicule protraction and the success of male mating behavior.

26 bitory central pattern generator neurons LG (protraction) and Int1 (retraction), respectively.

27 is morphological change was due to a loss of protraction at the trailing edge of the cell.

28 at the peak of closing/retraction as opening/protraction begins.

29 st inhibition to minimize B8 activity during protraction, by either acting directly on B8 (B40) or in

30 unc-103-induced spicule protraction can be suppressed by killing the SPC motor n

31 Additionally, unc-103-induced spicule protraction can be suppressed by reducing a pharyngeal-s

32 In egestion, B20, active in protraction, drives closure motorneuron B8 in protractio

33 Hence, without CCAP, retraction and protraction duration are determined by the time course o

34 biting-like programs of either long or short protraction duration by acting specifically on two modul

35 or network of Aplysia mediates variations in protraction duration in biting-like programs.

36 Here we show that ATRP shortens protraction duration of CBI-2-elicited ingestive program

37 CBI-4-elicited motor programs have a shorter protraction duration than those elicited by CBI-2.

38 on-retraction), whereas the other parameter (protraction duration) is different in the two programs.

39 ABAergic contribution to both B8 phasing and protraction duration, blockade of GABAergic inhibition b

40 ingestive programs are characterized by long protraction duration, which is promoted by B40 and B34 b

41 produce biting programs with an intermediate protraction duration.

42 on two modules that have opposite effects on protraction duration.

43 relative to protraction-retraction, and (2) protraction duration.

44 UNC-103 also regulates the timing of spicule protraction during mating behavior.

45 of the rising phase of the whisker movement protraction elicited by artificial (fictive) whisking in

46 We conclude that whisker protractions evoked by optogenetic activation of whisker

47 ce, we characterize the amplitude of whisker protractions evoked by varying the intensity, duration,

48 the end of protraction phase and terminates protraction in CBI-2-elicited ingestive, but not in CBI-

49 via sensory feedback that provides reflexive protraction in response to stimulation.

50 In egestion, the radula closes in protraction; in ingestion, the radula closes in retracti

51 or as it provides strong inhibitory input to protraction interneurons and motoneurons.

52 tivity, one consequence of the shortening of protraction is that it can weaken protraction movements.

53 re part of the buccal CPG and mediate radula protraction, monosynaptically excite C15/16/17.

54 TRP is present in peripheral varicosities of protraction motoneurons and enhances peripheral motoneur

55 Centrally, ATRP increases the activity of protraction motoneurons.

56 iggered chewing, show that the lateral teeth protraction movements exhibit the same, distinct protrac

57 rtening of protraction is that it can weaken protraction movements.

58 and enhances peripheral motoneuron-elicited protraction muscle contractions.

59 B66 is electrically coupled to other opening/protraction neurons.

60 Such controllable protraction of delayed currents was the result of an unu

61 icroarray-based gene profiling confirmed the protraction of MyoD-dependent gene expression in C2C12 c

62 ntal and clinical human tumors decrease with protraction of the overall duration of radiation therapy

63 input to the facial motor neurons that drive protraction of the vibrissae.

64 raction movements exhibit the same, distinct protraction patterns generated by LG in the isolated ner

65 ed that B64 begins to fire before the end of protraction phase and terminates protraction in CBI-2-el

66 Consequently, during each protraction phase of the gastric mill rhythm, presynapti

67 deed, as we show here, B64 can terminate the protraction phase regardless of the type of motor progra

68 However, during the gastric mill protraction phase, MCN1/CPN2 exhibit pyloric-timed activ

69 ls are selectively suppressed during the VCN protraction phase.

70 B64 can lead to premature termination of the protraction phase.

71 s directly linked to increased lamellipodial protraction rate and protrusion distance in VSMC.

72 ther two different versions of the biphasic (protraction, retraction) gastric mill (chewing) rhythm,

73 , that involve two sets of radula movements, protraction-retraction and opening-closing movements.

74 the phase in which it occurs with respect to protraction-retraction in the two programs.

75 lements (B63, B34, and B64) that mediate the protraction-retraction sequence are active in both progr

76 Coordination of two sets of movements, protraction-retraction versus opening-closing, of the fe

77 adula closure motoneurons relative to radula protraction-retraction), whereas the other parameter (pr

78 he radula closer motor neuron B8 relative to protraction-retraction, and (2) protraction duration.

79 radula closure shifts its phase relative to protraction-retraction.

80 tive peptide (CCAP), modulates the biphasic (protraction/retraction) gastric mill (chewing) rhythm dr

81 at do not display mating-independent spicule protraction show abnormal spicule insertion behavior dur

82 hat stimulation of B21 during radula opening/protraction significantly decreases the duration of this

83 ic transmission reduces drug-induced spicule protraction, suggesting that drug-stimulated neurons dir

84 in acetylcholine suppresses unc-103-induced protraction, suggesting that UNC-103 keeps cholinergic n

85 at, in contrast to B64, the spike timing and protraction-terminating function of CBI-5/6 depends on t

86 It was thought that B64 functions as a protraction terminator as it provides strong inhibitory

87 Here, we find that CBI-5/6 is a protraction terminator in egestive programs elicited by

88 However, B64 actually only functions as a protraction terminator in ingestive-like but not in eges

89 es the identity of the neuron that acts as a protraction terminator.

90 thereby substituting CBI-5/6 for B64 as the protraction terminator.

91 Second, late in protraction, the intrinsic muscles pivot the vibrissae f

92 hereas in egestion, the radula closes during protraction to push inedible objects out.

93 n, whereas in ingestion, B40, also active in protraction, uses a functionally novel mechanism, fast i

94 The hypothesis that S phase protraction was due to inefficient dNTP synthesis was in

95 musculature responsible for feeding (radula protraction) was investigated during the maturation of t

96 arations and show that during radula opening/protraction we observe B66 activity, SRT contractions, a

97 rotraction, drives closure motorneuron B8 in protraction, whereas in ingestion, B40, also active in p

98 c stimulation of wM1 evokes rhythmic whisker protraction (whisking), whereas optogenetic inactivation

99 se afferents coordinate the timing of tongue protraction with mouth opening during feeding.

100 B8 activity during protraction and shortens protraction, without disrupting the integrity of motor p