ライフサイエンスコーパス: proxy

1 aracteristics into one variable (integrative proxies).

2 delta(15)N values as a useful environmental proxy.

3 n most tropical and subtropical hydroclimate proxies.

4 eses and specify criteria for new and needed proxies.

5 to marine chlorophyll a and to other source proxies.

6 re well-documented by terrestrial and marine proxies.

7 heir combined synthesis score were chosen to proxy 25(OH)D.

8 omolecular force sensors, acting as a genome proxy, allow us to probe the pathways through which a vi

9 broad assumptions in soil C cycling with the proxies already in use, we can develop new hypotheses an

10 roseismicity with microstructural and damage proxies analyses.

11 s minimize decomposition, facilitating multi-proxy analysis of preserved peat [14].

12 Our multi-proxy analysis then shows a 2000-year-long stratigraphic

13 services (CES) or use species richness as a proxy and assume that more species confer greater CES va

14 Our combined proxy and modeling results provide the first evidence th

15 This study utilizes the geochemical proxy and N isotope record of the Ediacaran-Cambrian bou

16 stimated when based on natural charcoal as a proxy, and vice versa.

17 Interpretations of palaeoclimate proxy archives often suggest hemispherically coherent va

18 onfounding, with nonrespondents retained via proxy assessments.

19 Proxy-based indicators of past climate change show that

20 inute Diagnostic Assessment; 4 A's Test; and proxy-based measures such as the Family Confusion Assess

21 istent with the instrumental, historical and proxy-based rainfall records from North China, plausibly

22 ecrease and 15% re-growth of the most common proxy, braincase height, were documented at population l

23 quantitatively obtained through a dynamical proxy, but the generality of this relationship has not b

24 resents a nutritional template that offers a proxy calorie value for the human body.

25 est that the coral organic matrix delta(15)N proxy can successfully be used to detect photosymbiosis

26 This species is therefore a good potential proxy carrier for past variations in surface ocean prope

27 s studied here, H. inflatus, a promising new proxy carrier in paleoceanography.

28 ion of a twice-oxidized TiO2-bound molecular proxy catalyst after low-intensity visible-light excitat

29 to ultimately oxidize a distant co-anchored proxy catalyst before charge recombination.

30 The largest yield for twice-oxidized proxy catalysts occurred when they were present at low c

31 We further demonstrate that this proxy-CRISPR strategy is applicable to diverse CRISPR-Ca

32 reover, we develop a proximal CRISPR (termed proxy-CRISPR) targeting method that restores FnCas9 nucl

33 models and the joint interpretation of paleo-proxy data as well as biogeochemical simulations, we sho

34 Here we present a multi-proxy data based reconstruction of variability in CDW in

35 sments which have hitherto been dependent on proxy data for UF.

36 Here we present multi-proxy data from the sediments of Lake Suigetsu (Japan),

37 Paleoclimate proxy data indicate that a transition from colder to war

38 changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations, proxy data reflecting oxygenation are valuable in addres

39 We compare model outputs to proxy data, and rigorously constrain model parameters us

40 well against a compilation of precipitation proxy data, to demonstrate that while asymmetric extratr

41 03 (21%) of 8044 patients fulfilled the main proxy definition of treatment-resistant schizophrenia du

42 Furthermore, stable-element proxies delineate chemical fractionation trends that can

43 f chemically inducible cells (FCIC) lysogeny proxy determined using DNA-damaging mitomycin C inductio

44 erturning circulation, again consistent with proxy evidence for the last glacial.

45 ness; however, the utility of turbidity as a proxy exposure measure has been questioned.

46 - and length-based anthropometric indexes as proxies for adiposity, little is known regarding the ext

47 four out of seven rounds, which were used as proxies for administrative divisions in a country.

48 s supported by synchrony with other regional proxies for aridity and with the timing of glacial cold"

49 Here we demonstrate that fatty acids in proxies for atmospheric aerosols self-assemble into high

50 bles real-time measurement of RNA and DNA as proxies for cell viability during exposure to various no

51 otypes rs492602:A > G and rs1047781:A > T as proxies for circulating vitamin B12 levels in the Avon L

52 topes in tree rings are increasingly used as proxies for climatic and ecophysiological changes.

53 ter species may be suitable ecotoxicological proxies for deep-sea species, dependent on adaptation to

54 ime floating (PSF) groups were stratified as proxies for drug non-responder and responder mice, respe

55 ural charcoal and biochar are well suited as proxies for each other, and suggest that biochar's envir

56 reby demonstrating the potential of flies as proxies for environmental and public health surveillance

57 ephyrin postsynaptic scaffolding proteins as proxies for excitatory and inhibitory synapses, respecti

58 n dendritic spines, making spines convenient proxies for excitatory synaptic presence.

59 haematology and biochemistry test results or proxies for hospital workload.

60 poridium, and rotavirus as conservative risk proxies for infections via bacteria, protozoa, and virus

61 AM plants in a stand can provide integrative proxies for key biogeochemical processes.

62 Here, proxies for leaf cellular damage, chlorophyll a fluoresc

63 , such as genome-sequence data, can serve as proxies for microbial community activities.

64 4-methylcatechol, and 3-methoxycatechol (all proxies for oxygenated aromatics derived from benzene, t

65 itative traits of species, which are used as proxies for photosynthetic rates and nutrient and water-

66 nuclear test, Trinity, are reliable chemical proxies for radionuclides generated during the explosion

67 onologies in the Transantarctic Mountains as proxies for retreat of grounded glacier ice in the Ross

68 hese results suggest that REEs may be better proxies for sediment resuspension than OC in high turbid

69 coverage, even in the presence of clouds, of proxies for soil moisture derived from the amplitude and

70 y focus on variants in gene regions that are proxies for specific pharmacologic agents for lipid ther

71 rial analogue sites are crucial ground truth proxies for studying life in geochemical conditions clos

72 Considering tumor thickness and stage as proxies for time to screening detection and neighborhood

73 ynamics models are usually used as mesoscale proxies for true atomistic dynamics, which are computati

74 l inhibitory concentration (MIC) are dubious proxies for understanding how evolution will occur acros

75 Although various archaeological proxies for wealth, such as burial goods or exotic or ex

76 we used summary statistical information as a proxy for "gist" level, global information in a scene.

77 en stable Sr(2+) was added continuously as a proxy for (90)Sr.

78 This composite outcome could serve as a proxy for 30-day mortality when used to identify low- or

79 nformation on kinase sequence specificity as proxy for affinity.

80 s that paleo-erosion rates can be a powerful proxy for ancient continental climates that lie beyond t

81 nual evapotranspiration (ET), used here as a proxy for annually available water after hydrologic loss

82 ations with whole-community chlorophyll a, a proxy for autotrophic biomass, suggest that ecological s

83 MAC365, m(2) g(-1)C) - used as a measurement proxy for BrC - were significantly correlated (p < 0.05)

84 We assessed abundance patterns and a proxy for CO2:HCO3(-) use (delta(13)C values) of macroal

85 nitive ability, educational attainment (as a proxy for cognitive ability in youth), BMI, height, syst

86 el-dependent (BOLD) signal correlation, as a proxy for communication in the human cortex.

87 The dynamical proxy for conformational entropy or "entropy meter" also

88 tes that coral fluorescence can be used as a proxy for coral health state, and, such patterns may hel

89 confirming the value of gamma coherence as a proxy for cortical information transmission.

90 by taking reduced information transfer as a proxy for decoupling.

91 he receptor may serve as a higher throughput proxy for discovering compounds with potential cyprid de

92 sites close to the methylated CpG site as a proxy for DNA methylation in ALSPAC and in a replication

93 using robustness to secondary extinctions (a proxy for ecosystem resilience) instead of throughput to

94 System using the ROX fluorescence level as a proxy for effective load volume per through-hole.

95 Rao's Q was not a good proxy for either K N .

96 dies indicate plant height is still the best proxy for estimating species dispersal distances due to

97 of the overall environment can be used as a proxy for estimating the value of future unknown options

98 ttribution to the ACO, with attribution as a proxy for exposure to the ACO's consistent primary care.

99 eciprocal design, using seedling growth as a proxy for fitness.

100 changes in epipelagic temperature and, as a proxy for food availability, zooplankton density.

101 gical conditions and thus provide a valuable proxy for generating improved regional-scale N2O emissio

102 In biology, last names have been used as proxy for genetic relatedness in pioneering studies of n

103 ssic bison-hunting societies, were used as a proxy for genetic variation and analyzed together with c

104 ate (amplification success) can be used as a proxy for genotype quality, allowing the reduction of re

105 creening detection and neighborhood SES as a proxy for health care access, we interpret this pattern

106 gh levels of the dung fungus Sporormiella, a proxy for herbivore biomass, from 150,000 to 45,000 year

107 nce capacity," which has been suggested as a proxy for how designable a given protein fold is.

108 NDVI was a useful proxy for kestrel prey because it predicted small mammal

109 gth 16S gene assemblies of RAMBL were a good proxy for known and putative microbes, including Candida

110 protein complex (using L1-encoded ORF1p as a proxy for L1-ribonucleoprotein complexes).

111 did not perceive non-lethal strategies as a proxy for lethal strategies.

112 using historical climatic variability, as a proxy for local adaptation by resident biota, to identif

113 f iron minerals it does not provide a simple proxy for long-term monitoring of biodegradation of hydr

114 s to use the primary miRNA measurements as a proxy for mature miRNA levels in a total of 1,829 human

115 hair cells with FM4-64, which was used as a proxy for mechanotransduction.

116 Using the water abundance as a proxy for metallicity, we measured HAT-P-26b's atmospher

117 e to better assess whether MS can serve as a proxy for monitoring HC contamination in unconsolidated

118 nsistent with this, using SNV variation as a proxy for mutational input, we report here that mutation

119 ng, we measured stable N isotopes in wood, a proxy for N supply relative to demand, on large spatial

120 high-frequency activity (HFA, 44-100 Hz), a proxy for neural activation [4], was greater prior to co

121 ; thus, teeth are assumed to be an excellent proxy for neutral genetic data when none are available.

122 strong correlation validates tooth form as a proxy for neutral genomic markers.

123 e hypersensitive sites in their promoters, a proxy for open chromatin.

124 uggests that carry-over toxicity is a useful proxy for organism fitness and that risk assessment meth

125 ndermines the accuracy of the Mg/Ca ratio as proxy for past temperatures in time intervals with signi

126 either (i) internal plant water status as a proxy for physiological vulnerability or (ii) external w

127 ugh using the size of the linear region as a proxy for PNS thresholds or by conducting human experime

128 focal Raman microscopy can serve as a linear proxy for polyphosphate in C. vulgaris with R(2) up to 0

129 ized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a proxy for productivity during a ten-year restoration by

130 lines that produce a fluorescent signal as a proxy for protein expression.

131 , with co-localization of two molecules as a proxy for protein interaction being a ubiquitous example

132 ptome and polysome loading, as a qualitative proxy for protein synthesis, at dusk, dawn, and 6, 14, a

133 ogical disparity patterns are not a reliable proxy for rates after an initial diversifying phase.

134 Presence of prostate-specific antigen (proxy for recent sex) and being amenorrhoeic (due to pro

135 y DNA (sedDNA) has recently emerged as a new proxy for reconstructing past vegetation, but its taphon

136 nfirm the hypothesis that higher activity, a proxy for respiratory physiology, is a fundamental contr

137 ospital mortality could serve as an adequate proxy for risk-standardized 30-day mortality data for th

138 As a proxy for sampling exhaustiveness, we evaluate whether t

139 Here we present boron isotope data-a proxy for seawater pH-that show that the ocean surface p

140 xtracellular polymeric substances -EPS- as a proxy for sediment cohesiveness, sediment water content

141 ace water and the overlying air (Tw-Ta) as a proxy for sensible heat flux (QH).

142 ts, or use nucleotide k-mer frequency as the proxy for sequence similarity measurement.

143 ereas below ground, soil organic carbon is a proxy for several yield-supporting services.

144 result, and baseline Chlamydia screening (as proxy for sexual experience).

145 events, we show that plumage dichromatism (a proxy for sexual selection) does not predict diversifica

146 wn period, we analyzed plant stem water as a proxy for soil-bound water as well as total soil water b

147 onal composition is highly correlated with a proxy for solar activity, the F10.7 cm radio flux, and t

148 Using bias as a proxy for temperature, we demonstrate the feasibility of

149 , using the number of badger main setts as a proxy for the abundance of badger social groups, none ha

150 ident drought and antecedent wet conditions (proxy for the climatic factor influencing total fuel and

151 Such markers may reflect and/or be a proxy for the core biology of suicide.

152 o use decline in PCC glucose metabolism as a proxy for the development and progression of AD to disco

153 t plant diversity cannot simply be used as a proxy for the diversity of all other species groups that

154 ptor mediated by these isomers was used as a proxy for the efficacy of orbital overlap and therefore

155 um of the four largest tidal constituents, a proxy for the highest astronomical tide (HAT), changes o

156 Sexual dichromatism is a key proxy for the intensity of sexual selection.

157 e KTR construct (the C/N ratio) is used as a proxy for the kinase activity in living, single cells.

158 We use the withdrawal reasons as a proxy for the manifestation of undesirable behaviour.

159 This discovery offers a new proxy for the physiologic status of the mammal and avian

160 may indicate that cells use osmolarity as a proxy for the presence of free sugar in their environmen

161 LE activity as an inflammatory biomarker and proxy for the presence of leukocytes.

162 of the damaging practice of using JIFs as a proxy for the quality of individual papers, and to asses

163 respiratory chain engaged in catalysis as a proxy for the rate of proton translocation and determine

164 o/(95)Mo isotope ratios are a sediment paleo proxy for the redox state of the ancient ocean.

165 servations of oxygen-17 excess of nitrate (a proxy for the relative abundance of atmospheric O3 and H

166 sponses to magnetic fields, can be used as a proxy for the responses of eel leptocephali.

167 reased vesicle concentration thus acted as a proxy for the Rexocytosis that could not be measured dir

168 As a proxy for the structural annotation of novel metabolites

169 woody growth rate of these forests is a poor proxy for their overall productivity and that (v) reside

170 r) isotope system has emerged as a potential proxy for tracing the Earth's atmospheric evolution base

171 of Pb pollution proves to be an unparalleled proxy for tracking the urban development of ancient Rome

172 markers of brain metabolism and atrophy as a proxy for understanding the underlying biology of the cl

173 crease in parasite induced host mortality, a proxy for virulence, in all B. bassiana lines.

174 ses, and considered forearm length as both a proxy for wing design and an alternative measure of bat

175 We measured sex ratios and fecundity, a proxy for Wolbachia fitness, produced by heterozygous wa

176 accurately constrained geochronology of any proxy from South America for this time period, spanning

177 de significant (GWS) index alleles (or their proxies) from the PGC2 study were overrepresented in Chi

178 approach as genome-wide association study by proxy (GWAX) and apply it to 12 common diseases in 116,1

179 These proxies have proven useful for understanding the soil C

180 ing and diagnosis for ID is often limited to proxy hemoglobin measurements alone.

181 ore-based measurements, the use of different proxies in different regions has precluded a unified vie

182 Analyzing these proxies in five cores at three sites over 150 years reve

183 ghout the Holocene using (paleo)productivity proxies in lacustrine sediments to reconstruct past chan

184 in deglaciation was recorded in paleoclimate proxies in large parts of the Southern Hemisphere, with

185 FLIM has not been established as a metabolic proxy in bacteria.

186 lifelong bilingualism acts as a powerful CR proxy in dementia and exerts neuroprotective effects aga

187 the inherent complications in using the FCIC proxy in mixed communities, including dissociation betwe

188 is necessary to capture the full value of a proxy in model parameters and in model outcomes.

189 ant plant functional trait and environmental proxy - in conifers is poorly understood.

190 metal concentrations in a sediment core with proxies including major and trace metal chemistry, bulk

191 nce between delta(13)C and a range of uplift proxies, including seawater (87)Sr/(86)Sr, which demonst

192 itrification also correlated with palaeo-OMZ proxies, independent of sediment depth and available nit

193 concert with environmental and anthropogenic proxies indicate that the convergence of bacterial commu

194 Additionally, community roles were not good proxy indicators of physical proximity to other househol

195 iability using recently created multicentury proxy indices of SAM for the years 1531-2010 AD.

196 on watermass ventilation ages conflict, and proxy interpretations disagree about the depth, origin a

197 ive stress, using oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) as a proxy, is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), wheth

198 However, noble gas proxy isotopes produced during neutron irradiation provi

199 n pattern (PNA) using a 2100-year-long multi-proxy lake-sediment record from the midcontinental US.

200 tile analytical approach, which combines the proxy ligand electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (

201 M1 binding, demonstrate the potential of the proxy ligand ESI-MS approach for comprehensive and quant

202 and high-income subpopulations can provide a proxy measure for the impact of the vaccine in low-incom

203 New estimates, based on proxy measures of stunting and poverty, indicate that 25

204 grafted silica particle (SiO2-PEG8-Tf) as a proxy methodology to predict nanoparticle biological fun

205 ast 3 months (OR = 0.79; CI, 0.62-1.00), and proxy needed to fill out the survey (OR = 0.72; CI, 0.61

206 finding is based on both abiotic and biotic proxies obtained from the most comprehensive geochemical

207 eaned (sired) surviving to breeding age (two proxies of direct fitness).

208 However, at 5 mo, WFLZ and BMIZ are suitable proxies of FM.

209 highly correlated (r = 0.85-0.91) with three proxies of global GPP.

210 seroconversion rates, and parasite rates as proxies of historical, recent, and current malaria trans

211 equently employ axon-dendrite colocations as proxies of potential connections.

212 al distribution across pest species and that proxies of propagule pressure and habitat invasibility -

213 ion of searching for trait associations with proxies of the input variants, calculated using the Euro

214 FM indicated that DeltaBMIZ was the optimal proxy of adiposity gain (P < 0.0001, pairwise difference

215 ct varied across individuals with a putative proxy of baseline dopamine synthesis capacity, working m

216 of increasing number of breeding females (a proxy of communal rearing) and males on the number of of

217 changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) as a proxy of drug effects on neuronal activity.

218 avioral control experiment, pain threshold-a proxy of endogenous opioidergic activation-was elevated

219 ts of pollinator body size, plant size (as a proxy of floral display), local plant density, and local

220 ficients computed over the single consistent proxy of house-size distributions.

221 ases are available and serve as an imperfect proxy of incidence.

222 Rao's Q quadratic diversity metric is a good proxy of K N .

223 Hand grip strength is a widely used proxy of muscular fitness, a marker of frailty, and pred

224 on induced brain activation mapped by Fos, a proxy of neuronal activity, was differentially affected

225 n surfaces are likely to represent a spatial proxy of other relevant pollutants.

226 We tracked pupil responses (a proxy of phasic arousal) during sensory-motor decisions

227 -Mental State Examination (MMSE), which is a proxy of poor cognition.

228 that the multiplex topology is an important proxy of the cognitive processes of acquisition, capable

229 osed as an inexpensive, long-term monitoring proxy of the degradation of HC.

230 1-40 are small and the former can be used as proxy of the full-length peptide.

231 cate that delta(15)N values of guano offer a proxy of the NAO conditions in the more distant past, he

232 ysed both the labile inorganic P (PILAB ), a proxy of the pool involved in plant nutrition and the to

233 d be done before ALP is further assumed as a proxy of Vtg in other bivalve mollusks.

234 nt cohesiveness, sediment water content as a proxy of water retention capacity and sediment organic m

235 irect and indirect effects of eutrophication proxies on genetic structure in these lake populations a

236 logical N2 fixation rates directly without a proxy or isotopic labeling.

237 hat cannot be directly measured (correlative proxies), or that aggregate information about multiple s

238 l-scale resolution in the context of a multi-proxy paleoclimate reconstruction.

239 (N=48,931) using heavy vs never smoking as a proxy phenotype (P=3.6 x 10(-4), OR=1.05, and 95% CI=1.0

240 ensional alcohol misuse scales and applied a proxy-phenotype study design.

241 scovery rate conditional on the evolutionary proxy points to 27 candidate schizophrenia susceptibilit

242 The assay is based on the proxy protein ESI-MS method, which combines direct ESI-M

243 Here we investigate, based on climate proxy reconstructions from both hemispheres, the inter-h

244 ere we present new decadally resolved marine proxy reconstructions, which suggest weakened Labrador S

245 scales that is not yet captured in existing proxy reconstructions.

246 This makes interpretation of precipitation-proxy records as large-scale rainbelt movement challengi

247 Here we present proxy records for dust and for biological productivity o

248 present two independent high-resolution RSL proxy records from Belitung Island on the Sunda Shelf.

249 tability during the YD, more high-resolution proxy records from the Arctic, located proximal to ice s

250 tertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) rainfall proxy records from Yok Balum Cave, southern Belize.

251 nstrained due to lack of continuous sediment proxy records of Arctic Ocean temperature, sea ice cover

252 icant correlations to both observational and proxy records of sea-ice variability, and show persisten

253 As proxy records underpin our understanding of the long-ter

254 largely uncertain due to poorly constrained proxy records.

255 were equal to controls (P = NS), except for proxy-reports of sadness/depression.

256 were equal to controls (P = NS), except for proxy-reports of sadness/depression.

257 However, the C pools and processes that proxies represent must be thoughtfully considered in ord

258 High (>/=14) NIHSS score, larger ICH and proxy responders were associated with low scores in all

259 (EQ-5D) at 90 days, completed by patients or proxy responders.

260 nce of intraventricular extension and use of proxy responders.

261 Tornado-related atmospheric proxies show similar power-law scaling and multiplicativ

262 Stable-element proxies show that radionuclides from the Trinity device

263 elagic larval duration and ocean currents as proxies, showed a reduced level of connectivity despite

264 This is supported by a variety of proxies showing the incursion of deep Southern Ocean wat

265 they can considerably alter the geochemical proxy signatures in calcareous skeletal structures such

266 RQoL was associated with age, comorbidities, proxy source of assessment, clinical severity and ICH ch

267 in developing shallow-water ecotoxicological proxy species.

268 glacial cold" periods as recorded by marine proxies, such as the M2 isotope excursion.

269 s that directly predict them (rather than on proxies, such as water use efficiency), combining resear

270 osite associations with temperature and prey proxies, suggesting distinct seasonal niche separation.

271 ed significant changepoints in all sites and proxies, suggesting fundamental and widespread changes i

272 TCR-transduced T cells or conventional model proxy systems used for studying TCR activity.

273 ing delta(18) O may be a more robust climate proxy than delta(13) C, and delta(13) C may be more suit

274 We reconstruct proxies that are relevant to understanding carbon dynami

275 air temperature reconstruction from a single proxy that spans the past approximately 12,000 y (up to

276 e representation of the carbon cycle, to fit proxies the temperature dependence of continental weathe

277 Stable-element proxies therefore offer a novel approach for elucidating

278 ed independent geochemical and palynological proxies to a sedimentary archive from the lake over the

279 modelling and notch geometry as first-order proxies to assess whether, in a particular area, tidal r

280 level medical claims data and human mobility proxies to explore the drivers of influenza spread in th

281 be and statins, have previously been used as proxies to study the efficacy of these lipid-lowering dr

282 , which could be a useful paleoenvironmental proxy to assess estuarine nitrogen dynamics.

283 ALP is not a good proxy to assess Vtg levels in marine mussels, and carefu

284 erm, semen analysis is generally used as the proxy to estimate fertility or gain insight into the und

285 Application of this new palaeo-LMA proxy to fossil gymnosperms from East Greenland reveals

286 y established that microRNA can be used as a proxy to identify biological roles of glycosylation enzy

287 variable for models that use manganese as a proxy to infer oxygenation events on early Earth.

288 Using this toxicity as a proxy to measure off-target cutting, we demonstrate with

289 ed the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) as a proxy to provide insights into the rise of ADHFs.

290 of carbohydrate, protein and seed baits as a proxy to quantify the contribution that ants, other inve

291 al response to navigation is often used as a proxy to study memory.

292 rent, as indicated by the identified current proxies: tool marks, overfolded edges of Dickinsonia, fe

293 We explore the use of three common soil proxies used to study soil C cycling: metabolic quotient

294 Here, we provide specific examples of proxy variables that could improve decision-making, and

295 could not be ruled out because of the use of proxy variables to control for some confounders.

296 drive soil C dynamics necessitate the use of proxy variables to represent soil characteristics that c

297 iological aerosol particles (FBAPs), a bioPM proxy, were monitored in real-time.

298 y true for extratropical marine paleoclimate proxies where such expressions are currently unavailable

299 rovided to explain the oxidation of the five proxies, which includes the generation of semiquinone ra

300 This proxy will significantly improve our ability to effectiv