ライフサイエンスコーパス: pulley

1 tal layer inserts into the connective tissue pulley.

2 and in a band from it to the inferior rectus pulley.

3 use OL fibers inserted on the respective EOM pulley.

4 m superior displacement of the medial rectus pulley.

5 structure of the human medial rectus muscle pulley.

6 likely confers high tensile strength to the pulley.

7 es, were assumed to couple the muscle to the pulley.

8 chanical continuity with the superior rectus pulley.

9 in and smooth muscle, and united with the IR pulley.

10 rbit were near the medial and lateral rectus pulleys.

11 les in stiffening as well as shifting rectus pulleys.

12 lar to those described as human recti muscle pulleys.

13 tinguish EOM fiber layers in relationship to pulleys.

14 uscular connective tissue suspensions of the pulleys.

15 ion of smooth muscles (SMs) supporting these pulleys.

16 mine the location and sideslip of rectus EOM pulleys.

17 aths in primary gaze, suggesting heterotopic pulleys.

18 us EOMs to clarify the relationship to their pulleys.

19 scles and their associated connective tissue pulleys.

20 serts on and presumably shifts the IR and LR pulleys.

21 Paths of EOMs ran toward the pulleys.

22 e findings do not exclude a possible role of pulley abnormalities in disorders such as cyclovertical

23 y to abnormal innervation and minimal rectus pulley abnormality secondary to reduced EOM forces.

24 e similar in bilateral SO palsy, with the SR pulley additionally displaced 0.9 mm superiorly.

25 that this displacement of the medial rectus pulley alone does not account for the pattern of strabis

26 ralyzed LR inflection was consistent with LR pulley anatomy.

27 the orbital suspension of the medial rectus pulley and in a band from it to the inferior rectus pull

28 th the orbital layer inserting on the muscle pulley and the global layer attaching to the sclera.

29 dary gaze positions confirm the existence of pulleys and define their locations in 3-D.

30 tionship of orbital and global EOM layers to pulleys and kinematic implications of this anatomy.

31 peripheral displacement of all other rectus pulleys and lateral displacement of the inferior rectus

32 rior oblique palsy can cause displacement of pulleys and muscle paths.

33 rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs), acting as pulleys and serving as functional EOM origins.

34 designed to quantify the composition of EOM pulleys and suspensory tissues.

35 Translational instability of pulleys and the globe could produce abnormalities in act

36 The quantitative structural features of pulleys and their intercouplings and orbital suspensions

37 analysis of structure and composition of EOM pulleys and their suspensions is consistent with in vivo

38 erted on its pulley, the lateral rectus (LR) pulley, and associated connective tissues.

39 EOM pulleys appear to retain their functional role in enucle

40 ities of extraocular muscles (EOMs) or their pulleys are associated with some forms of human strabism

41 Extraocular rectus muscle (EOM) pulleys are important determinants of orbital biomechani

42 maging (MRI), we investigated whether rectus pulleys are significantly displaced in superior oblique

43 The SM suspensions of human and monkey EOM pulleys are similar and receive rich innervation involvi

44 ies of horizontal rectus EOMs and associated pulleys are unrelated to natural or artificial horizonta

45 and histology has suggested that the rectus pulley array constitutes an inner mechanism, analogous t

46 sted to be alternatives to connective tissue pulleys as determinants of pulling direction.

47 ic pulley rings were coupled to adjacent EOM pulleys by bands containing collagen and elastin.

48 These data extend the rectus muscle pulley concept to rodents and may provide insight into p

49 xtraocular muscles (EOMs) are constrained by pulleys, connective tissue sleeves mechanically coupled

50 O path corresponded to its encirclement by a pulley consisting of a dense ring of collagen, stiffened

51 Pulleys, consisting of collagen and elastin sleeves supp

52 investigate evidence for a connective tissue pulley constraining the path of the inferior oblique (IO

53 Normal pulley coordinates were highly uniform.

54 finger persisted in 10 cases, and one thumb pulley could not be released.

55 Widespread rectus pulley displacement and EOM elongation, associated with

56 Significant inferolateral LR pulley displacement was confirmed in SES, but the spectr

57 Simulations predicted that the observed pulley displacements alone could cause patterns of incom

58 Rectus pulley displacements alone, without abnormal oblique mus

59 t correlate with and thus cannot account for pulley displacements in SO palsy.

60 Expected effects of pulley displacements were modeled using Orbit 1.8 (Eidac

61 Because the pulley does not shift appreciably despite large alterati

62 Anterior to these pulleys, EOM paths shift with gaze to follow the scleral

63 ormal subjects and subjects with strabismus, pulleys exhibit small shifts with eccentric gaze that ar

64 ons, rectus muscle paths at the level of the pulleys exhibited small but consistent shifts, relative

65 el activation, and that it acts as a 'gating pulley' for lipid-dependent TRPML gating.

66 Here, we describe a 'DNA pulley' for position-resolved nano-mechanical measuremen

67 ssue and smooth muscle bundles suspended the pulley from the periorbita.

68 Fibroelastic pulleys function like the trochlea to fix the position a

69 Rectus and inferior oblique pulleys had uniform structural features in all specimens

70 adaptation (for horizontal misalignment) and pulley heterotopy or static torsion (for "A" patterns) l

71 The active-pulley hypothesis (APH) proposes that a condensation of

72 s the orbital layer insertion for the active pulley hypothesis (APH).

73 of connective tissues proposed in the active pulley hypothesis and substantial mechanical independenc

74 Recently, the active pulley hypothesis correlated the anatomic properties of

75 part of muscles, a finding supportive of the pulley hypothesis, the conclusions should not be taken a

76 lar muscle layers, as proposed in the active pulley hypothesis.

77 The authors propose the active-pulley hypothesis: By dual insertions the global layer o

78 US showed the A2 pulley in all cases and the A4 pulley in eight (67%).

79 showed the A2 pulley in all cases and the A4 pulley in eight (67%).

80 ontribute to positioning the superior rectus pulley in the coronal plane.

81 rphalangeal) and A5 (distal interphalangeal) pulleys in 10 (83%) and nine (75%) cases, respectively.

82 2 (proximal phalanx) and A4 (middle phalanx) pulleys in 12 (100%) of 12 cases, without and with tenog

83 ing (MRI), the location and stability of EOM pulleys in normal subjects and those with strabismus.

84 ees physiologic extorsion of all four rectus pulleys in the orbit up-versus-down roll positions, corr

85 be used to define the functional location of pulleys in three dimensions (3-D).

86 y, specifically characterizing rectus muscle pulleys, in the rat, a species with laterally placed eye

87 Connective tissue pulleys inflect the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and recei

88 jersey finger, and boxer's knuckle), flexor pulley injuries, and skier's thumb, should also be detec

89 GL) and orbital (OL) layers with scleral and pulley insertions, respectively.

90 Pulley instability was associated with significantly inc

91 ismus may depend on static pulley positions, pulley instability, and coexisting globe translation tha

92 Pulley instability, resulting in EOM sideslip during duc

93 EOM pulleys, interconnections, suspensory tissues, and enthe

94 Structural features of pulleys, intercouplings, and entheses were similar among

95 e and detect any collateral damage to the A2 pulley, interdigital nerves, or underlying flexor tendon

96 The position of the IO pulley is influenced by its coupling to the actively mov

97 Horizontal and vertical coordinates of the pulleys, known histologically to lie just posterior to t

98 No significant differences in pulley lengths were measured at MR, US, or pathologic ex

99 Pulley lengths were measured, and anatomic correlation w

100 systems were assessed for the presence of a pulley lesion by three radiologists who were blinded to

101 There were 28 pulley lesions noted at arthroscopy.

102 Pulley lesions were created and studied at flexion, exte

103 ity of 96%, 98%, and 87% in the detection of pulley lesions.

104 most accurate criteria for the detection of pulley lesions.

105 arthrography is accurate in the detection of pulley lesions; the displacement sign, nonvisibility or

106 muscles also go through a connective tissue pulley-like structure that holds them steady during eye

107 Computer simulations of these heterotopic pulley locations accounted for the observed patterns of

108 Path inflections were identified to define pulley locations in 3-D.

109 Pulley locations in oculocentric coordinates in the foll

110 path inflections in secondary gaze indicated pulley locations in three dimensions.

111 Pulley locations may also be altered in convergence.

112 and coexisting globe translation that alters pulley locations relative to the globe.

113 Rectus pulley locations were generally normal.

114 Pulley locations were inferred from EOM paths.

115 N) cross sections were subnormal, but rectus pulley locations were normal.

116 econdary and tertiary gaze positions defined pulley locations which were then correlated with gaze di

117 signed to measure gaze-related shifts in EOM pulley locations.

118 onal origin of the rectus EOM, and that this pulley makes coordinated, gaze-related translations alon

119 The EOM pulleys may simplify neural control of eye movements by

120 restrained shortest-path model than with the pulley model and have further implications for basic and

121 than the translation predicted by a passive pulley model.

122 Human rectus pulleys move to shift the ocular rotational axis to atta

123 discovery of vergence hysteresis may reflect pulley movement and might allow higher acuity, if a near

124 The presence of pulleys must be considered in models of the oculomotor p

125 of the extensor hood (n = 5), first annular pulley (n = 16), deep transverse metacarpal ligament (DT

126 al inferior shift of the lateral rectus (LR) pulley of up to 1 mm during vertical gaze shifts in pati

127 e palsy does not systematically displace the pulleys of all the rectus muscles.

128 y, the lateral (LR) and inferior rectus (IR) pulleys paradoxically intorted by approximately 2 degree

129 with one output path adapted to determining pulley position and the other to movement of the eye.

130 Heterotopic pulley position is a potential cause of incomitant strab

131 Pulley position is highly uniform across normal subjects

132 cular statics showed that, in each case, the pulley position shifts alone were insufficient to reprod

133 em to the orbit supports the notion that the pulley position, and thus the vector force of the eye mu

134 Pulley positions did not differ between isotropic and an

135 ght extends the concept of active control of pulley positions to include a contribution from the SO m

136 Rectus pulley positions were consistent with a central primary

137 patterns of strabismus may depend on static pulley positions, pulley instability, and coexisting glo

138 s have minimal effect on anteroposterior EOM pulley positions.

139 each rectus EOM inserts on its corresponding pulley, rather than on the globe.

140 s extraocular muscles have connective tissue pulleys, recent functional imaging and histology has sug

141 ction to analyze the effectiveness of the A1 pulley release and detect any collateral damage to the A

142 n the orbit with lateral gaze, whereas other pulleys remained stable relative to the orbit.

143 The fibroelastic pulley rings were coupled to adjacent EOM pulleys by ban

144 Connective tissue pulleys serve as functional mechanical origins of the ex

145 Connective tissue pulleys serve as the functional mechanical origins of th

146 human and monkey IO has a connective tissue pulley serving as its functional origin.

147 tion of this connective tissue constitutes a pulley serving as the functional origin of the rectus EO

148 ) paths are constrained by connective tissue pulleys serving as functional origins.

149 There was substantial LR pulley shift opposite the direction of vertical gaze in

150 he medial, superior, and LR pulleys, whereas pulley shift was normal in nonhypertropic fellow orbits

151 The ipsilesional IR and LR pulleys shift abnormally during head tilt in HTDHT with

152 SO atrophy, the ipsilesional MR, SO, and LR pulleys shift abnormally, and the IO relaxes paradoxical

153 The medial rectus (MR) pulley shifted inferiorly with gaze elevation in Marfan

154 posterior positions of the horizontal rectus pulleys shifted by less than 2 mm after surgery, indisti

155 methyltransferase, indicating innervation of pulley SM from the superior cervical ganglion by project

156 suggesting that nitroxidergic innervation to pulley SM is mainly from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

157 est excitatory and inhibitory control of EOM pulley SM, and support their dynamic role in ocular moti

158 e staining to human SM alpha-actin confirmed pulley SM.

159 This study evaluated pulley stability in incomitant strabismus.

160 Soft pulleys stabilize paths and determine pulling directions

161 Pulley structure were located within posterior Tenon's f

162 cept to rodents and may provide insight into pulley structure-function relationships.

163 The cytoarchitecture and placement of pulleys suggest that they are internally rigid structure

164 maging and US provide means of direct finger pulley system evaluation.

165 the existence and substantial structure of a pulley system in association with the medial rectus extr

166 e tissue-smooth muscle struts suspending the pulley system to the orbit supports the notion that the

167 The normal anatomy of the pulley system was studied at extension and flexion witho

168 e morphologic equivalent of the human rectus pulley system.

169 no differences in connective tissues in the pulley system.

170 with arthroscopically proved intact or torn pulley systems were assessed for the presence of a pulle

171 MR OL fascicle demonstrated terminations on pulley tendons without myomyous junctions.

172 iews some of the newer candidates, including pulleys that affect extraocular-muscle action and the ro

173 pass through fibromuscular connective tissue pulleys that stabilize muscle paths and control the dire

174 bital layer fibers of the IO inserted on its pulley, the lateral rectus (LR) pulley, and associated c

175 ions, as well as shifts in components of the pulleys themselves.

176 r GL junctions, but nearly all insert on the pulley through a broad distribution of short tendons and

177 Most OL fascicles were inserted into the pulley through short tendons.

178 Human medial rectus muscle pulley tissue was dissected at autopsy, immersed in alde

179 iris, crystalline lens, kidney fat, orbital pulley tissue, and orbital fatty tissue; normal human or

180 eate the orbital layer relationship with the pulley tissue.

181 crete bundles attached deeply into the dense pulley tissue.

182 Fibers in the GL generally do not insert on pulley tissues and are associated with less collagen.

183 Pulley tissues were examined at cadaveric dissections an

184 globe while the orbital layer inserts on its pulley to position it linearly and thus influence the EO

185 The coupling of pulleys to the orbital walls was significantly less than

186 The globe and lateral rectus pulley translate systematically with gaze position.

187 The globe center and the lateral rectus pulley translated systematically in the orbit with later

188 iary gaze positions, each of the four rectus pulleys translated posteriorly with EOM contraction and

189 Rectus pulleys typically were displaced in SO palsy.

190 CT did not allow direct pulley visualization.

191 mm temporally, and the inferior rectus (IR) pulley was displaced 0.6 mm superiorly and 0.9 mm nasall

192 1.1 mm superiorly, the superior rectus (SR) pulley was displaced 0.8 mm temporally, and the inferior

193 SO palsy, on average the medial rectus (MR) pulley was displaced 1.1 mm superiorly, the superior rec

194 No other pulley was displaced significantly from normal.

195 However, the lateral rectus pulley was not displaced in either unilateral or bilater

196 main and accessory CLs and the first annular pulley was slightly higher than that for the detection o

197 Pulleys were comprised of a dense collagen matrix with a

198 Rectus pulleys were directly imaged with intravenous gadodiamid

199 n congenital SO palsy, whereas the IR and MR pulleys were displaced in acquired palsy.

200 The SR and MR pulleys were displaced in congenital SO palsy, whereas t

201 Although rodent and human pulleys were similar in many respects, there were specie

202 EOMs and pulleys were structurally normal in most subjects.

203 ed by its coupling to the actively moving IR pulley, whereas in turn the IO orbital layer inserts on

204 ed extorsion of the medial, superior, and LR pulleys, whereas pulley shift was normal in nonhypertrop

205 hibit the influence of the connective tissue pulleys, which retained motility, as appropriate to EOM

206 nt of the trigger finger by releasing the A1 pulley with a 21-gauge needle.

207 coordinated anteroposterior shifting of EOM pulleys with gaze is quantitatively supported by changes

208 lateral displacement of the inferior rectus pulley, with elongation of rectus EOMs (P < .001).

209 Most GL fascicles bypassed the pulley without insertion.

210 tion, the proximity of a recessed EOM to its pulley would be expected to introduce torsional and vert