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1 n (eGFP) across generations (termed here GFP quail).
2  brain in parakeets but only 52% in bobwhite quail.
3 (YF), and old senescent female (OF) Japanese quail.
4  which used a more homogeneous population of quail.
5 s and included a taxidermic head of a female quail.
6 te efficient replication and transmission in quail.
7 everal 1970s duck H9 viruses in chickens and quail.
8 ep, goat, human, hamster, mouse, monkey, and quail.
9 rogens on sexual motivation in male Japanese quail.
10 the duck mandibular arch relative to that of quail.
11  but not sexual performance in male Japanese quail.
12 llus gallus domesticus) with that of the GFP quail.
13  mandibular adductor enthesis of duck versus quail.
14 rodialysis procedure in the mPOA of Japanese quail.
15 more potent than TCDD at activating Japanese quail (13- to 26-fold) and common tern (23- to 30-fold)
16 ms through which two avian species, duck and quail, achieve their remarkably different jaw size.
17 japonica; Val324_Ala380), and three Japanese quail AHR1 mutants.
18          Hu li tai shao (Hts-RC) and Villin (Quail), an actin bundler, localize to all early actin st
19 thotopic transplantation experiments between quail and chick embryos revealed specific vascular areas
20                        Using chimeras of the quail and chicken TVA receptors, we have identified new
21 tudy provides experimental data to show that quail and chickens are susceptible to infection, shed la
22 us shedding was much higher and prolonged in quail and chickens than in the other species.
23 ilage size and shape, we made chimeras using quail and duck embryos, which differ markedly in their c
24 lopment and evolution, we made chimeras from quail and duck embryos, which differ markedly in their c
25                                              Quail and duck have distinct feather patterns and diverg
26 get compounds in various types of eggs (hen, quail and duck) and honey samples (flower, forest, acaci
27  the divergent embryonic maturation rates of quail and duck.
28                                              Quail and frog appear to possess the appropriate enzymes
29                   The carotenoid profiles in quail and frog ocular tissues were somewhat similar to t
30 ndietary by-products in pooled extracts from quail and frog plasma, liver, retina, RPE-choroid, iris,
31 , caused systemic infections in chickens and quail and killed all of the birds within 2 and 4 days of
32  study, the amino acid sequences of Japanese quail and northern bobwhite myoglobin were deduced by cD
33 enes and species, but especially in Japanese quail and pearl guinea fowl and in internal proteins PB1
34  interaction was assessed in brain slices of quail and rat based on autoradiographic methods.
35 lants between two bird species, the Japanese quail and the domestic chicken, to demonstrate that an i
36 position of retina, serum, liver, and fat in quail and to determine whether dietary enrichment with z
37 rest cells in the developing beaks of ducks, quails and chickens.
38 les in the eye tissues, plasma, and liver of quails and frogs to determine whether these can serve as
39                             Turkey, chicken, quail, and curassow breast muscle TnT's contain nine, se
40 inding specificity of S1 proteins of turkey, quail, and guineafowl CoVs was limited to intestinal tis
41 ry hormone (GnIH) was recently discovered in quail, and orthologous neuropeptides known as RFamide-re
42                                The chick and quail animal models have yielded most of the information
43           In addition, the results show that quail are able to delay the performance of a response ac
44 th xanthophylls in the human eye, use of the quail as a model organism for studying human retinal car
45 to zeaxanthin supplementation identifies the quail as an animal model for exploration of factors regu
46  These similarities demonstrate that the GFP quail, as well as other transgenic quail lines, can serv
47 l properties of NM and NL neurons in the GFP quail, as well as their dynamic properties in response t
48  tectum is much smaller in parakeets than in quail at all developmental stages examined, suggesting t
49 ajor brain regions in parakeets and bobwhite quail at several stages of embryogenesis, at hatching an
50 ds on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation of the demonstrated beh
51            Quail neural crest cells produced quail beaks in duck hosts and duck neural crest produced
52 proportionally smaller in zebra finches than quail before neurogenesis begins, this difference in tec
53 cial industries are small), namely, Japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partrid
54 ebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons in quail brain that mediate the seasonal reproductive respo
55 findings, it does not make good sense to ban quail but not pheasants from the live markets.
56 e concrete examples of how Tg(PGK1:H2B-chFP) quail can be used to dynamically image and analyze key m
57 s upon the species of bird; adult transgenic quails can be generated in approximately 5 months.
58 of endocardial cells, derived from explanted quail cardiac cushions, undergoes an epithelial-to-mesen
59   Japanese quail myoglobin was isolated from quail cardiac muscles, purified using ammonium sulphate
60 on of D17 canine osteosarcoma cells and MEQC quail cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.
61 as monitored by staining with antibodies for quail cell nuclear antigen and SMC marker proteins.
62 sing QCPN and QH1 antibodies to identify all quail cells and quail endothelial cells, respectively.
63                                Subsequently, quail cells expressing neuronal markers were found in th
64                                         Then quail cells were transplanted into transgenic-GFP chick
65 iated transactivation of the CTE function in quail cells, in which the function of CTE is dependent o
66  that is, the CTE functions in human but not quail cells.
67                                           In quail chick chimeras, transplanted epicardial cells infe
68                                              Quail-chick chimeras and species-specific antibodies all
69 cept is primarily based on investigations in quail-chick chimeras involving fate mapping of neural cr
70 ral plate mesoderm to the avian scapula from quail-chick chimeras.
71              This, and data from heterotopic quail-chick grafting studies, suggests that vagal and sa
72         We have tested this hypothesis using quail-chick interspecies grafting to selectively label t
73  involved in this patterning process and the quail-chick transplantation experiments that have provid
74                                 We have used quail-chick transplantation to investigate the mechanist
75  using replication-defective retroviruses or quail/chick chimeras, and mouse cells were labeled by cr
76                   Furthermore, a novel chick-quail chimera model of gut morphogenesis reveals these m
77                                  Using chick-quail chimeras and in vitro tissue recombination, we stu
78                                        Mouse-quail chimeras stained with both the quail vascular mark
79                                     In mouse-quail chimeras with the graft separated from the neural
80                            Here, using chick/quail chimeric grafting and subsequent identification of
81 nduced neovascularization in an experimental quail chorioallantoic membrane system and Matrigel plug
82 ver higher endogenous expression of Runx2 in quail coincident with their smaller craniofacial skeleto
83  elevating physiological arousal in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos during exposure to a
84 effects into postnatal development, bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos received no suppleme
85 ostnatal auditory responsiveness in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).
86  (TCoV), guineafowl coronavirus (GfCoV), and quail coronavirus (QCoV), which are evolutionarily dista
87                   In turkey, guineafowl, and quail, coronaviruses have been reported to be the major
88 antial amounts in the retina of the Japanese quail Coturnix japonica.
89 genic birds, including a transgenic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) line showing neuronal
90 amine whether imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational st
91 nsistent with the interpretation that female quail (Coturnix japonica) regulate male copulatory behav
92 oduction of male sexual behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), a species that exhibits a muc
93 carotenoid content in the retina of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), for comparison with carotenoi
94 tion of conditioned sexual responses in male quail (Coturnix japonica).
95 ianus colchicus; Ile324_Ala380) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica; Val324_Ala380), and three Japa
96 selection in a ground-nesting bird (Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica).
97 eceptor densities in regions of the Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, brain that regulates reproduct
98 s performed several decades ago in chick and quail defined the timing of hepatogenic induction in bir
99  species-specific antibodies allowed tracing quail-derived neural crest or placode cells during trige
100 tinoid receptor gene expression during early quail development are comparable to those of the mammali
101                                       During quail development, pericyte recruitment along microvascu
102 ession of Bmp4 correlated with an ability of quail donor cells to form bone precociously without duck
103                                  Grafts from quail donor embryos were placed in mesodermal pockets ad
104                       In resulting chimeras, quail donor mesenchyme established significantly faster
105  designed by identifying silent mutations in quail, duck, chicken, mouse and human ribosomal protein
106 19 strategy, we measured Runx2 expression in quail-duck chimeras.
107         In the present study, we exploit the quail-duck chimeric system to test the extent to which t
108 ive-poultry markets (mostly chicken, pigeon, quail, ducks, geese, and a wide range of exotic wild-cau
109 gation of Pax3 expression in recombinants of quail ectoderm with chick neural tube that recapitulate
110                                              Quail effectively transmitted the virus to direct contac
111 ith the native antigen HEL and with Japanese quail egg white lysozyme (JQL), a naturally occurring av
112                Recoveries were calculated in quail eggs and a commercial pasteurized egg white produc
113 f hen eggs bought at supermarkets and one of quail eggs were found to contain florfenicol, pyrimetham
114 steroid-sensitive brain regions by injecting quail eggs with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) at various
115 ression of all retinoid receptors in the VAD quail embryo becomes independent of vitamin A status and
116  anchorage-independent growth of chicken and quail embryo fibroblasts when overexpressed.
117                The vitamin A-deficient (VAD) quail embryo provides an effective ligand "knockout" mod
118 ed in the ventricular myocardial wall in the quail embryo via retroviral infection from E2-2.5, thus
119 with wide-field time-lapse microscopy in the quail embryo, a warm-blooded vertebrate (HH Stages 4 thr
120                                   In the VAD quail embryo, the general pattern of retinoid receptor t
121 pus, and corroborating experiments using the quail embryo, we conclude that endoderm is not required
122 at they fully rescue the vitamin A-deficient quail embryo.
123 nd intraembryonic blood vessels in the early quail embryo.
124  in the normal and vitamin A-deficient (VAD) quail embryo.
125 dial progenitors in time-lapse recordings of quail embryonic development, we demonstrate that the tra
126 g-Myc fusion protein, is not transforming in quail embryonic fibroblasts, but a late variant of FH3 t
127 lity to induce transformation of chicken and quail embryonic fibroblasts.
128  this issue by exposing 3 groups of bobwhite quail embryos (Colinus virginianus) to (a) no supplement
129 rmal explants were isolated from H-H stage 5 quail embryos and cultured on the surface of collagen ge
130 c hedgehog in myogenic somite progenitors in quail embryos and is required for the activation of MyoD
131 e fragments from various mesoderm regions of quail embryos and their capacity to form myotomal tissue
132 g of germ-line transformed Tie1-YFP reporter quail embryos combined with the endothelial marker antib
133 ) 7 to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of quail embryos cultured in petri dishes and incubated for
134 sed high-resolution 4D imaging of transgenic quail embryos expressing fluorescent proteins.
135 n of PDGF-BB and HB-EGF-induced signaling in quail embryos leads to reduced pericyte recruitment to E
136 blockade of developmental vascularization in quail embryos manifested by vascular hemorrhage and disr
137                        Notochord ablation in quail embryos results in vascular plexus formation at mi
138 ated in explants of precardiac mesoderm from quail embryos to address a controversy about different m
139                                 Here, we use quail embryos to quantify cell behavior and tissue movem
140                             Chimeric chicken/quail embryos were constructed by reciprocal transplanta
141                                              Quail embryos were injected with soluble vascular endoth
142 and replaced with the equivalent tissue from quail embryos, thus enabling us to document, using cell-
143 ly the somitic mesoderm and the endoderm, in quail embryos.
144 1 antibodies to identify all quail cells and quail endothelial cells, respectively.
145                    The latter antibody marks quail endothelial cells.
146 3 (3 ng/ml each), explants formed QH-1 (anti-quail endothelial marker)-positive mesenchymal cells, wh
147  to gallinaceous species (chickens, turkeys, quail, etc.) and less likely to infect and transmit in w
148                                        Chick-quail fate-mapping demonstrates that the lymph heart ori
149               Retinal damage was assessed in quail fed a carotenoid-deficient (C-) diet for 6 months.
150 yT1), and characterized its activity using a quail fibroblast cell line (QT6).
151                   Inoculation of susceptible quail fibroblasts with CEF culture supernatants from bot
152 terns seen in a variety of species including quail, finch and mouse, illuminating how the simple macr
153 ess, the sequence of projections in the male quail from POM to cloacal motor neurons strongly resembl
154 re both delayed in zebra finches relative to quail (Galliformes).
155 vivo, purified nonneuronal cells from St. 29 quail ganglia were transplanted into chick embryos at St
156                                  Using chick-quail graft chimeras, we find that a graft of the non-AE
157                                          The quail grafts develop two ganglionated plexuses of differ
158                                           In quail H9 viruses, the pattern of amino acids at these se
159         Our previous study demonstrated that quail harbor increasingly diverse novel H9N2 reassortant
160                                          The quail has a cone-dominant retina that accumulates carote
161 ic medial preoptic nucleus (POM) in Japanese quail has for many years been the focus of intensive inv
162                          Vitamin A-deficient quail have a high incidence of situs inversus hearts and
163 inal chimeras by transplanting preganglionic quail hindguts into the coelomic cavity of chick embryos
164 eijing/1/1994 (BJ/94)-like M gene with the A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997 (G1)-like M gene of quail origin
165 ing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997 (H9N2) in the A/California/04/20
166  both Chicken/Beijing/1/94 (Ck/Bei-like) and Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1-like) viruses.
167  nucleotide divergence of 1.1% between the A/Quail/HongKong/G1/97 and A/HongKong/1073/99 amplicons.
168 nd to be most closely related to the avian A/Quail/HongKong/G1/97 H9N2 reference PCR product.
169 and duck neural crest produced duck bills in quail hosts.
170  or a signal (VEGF-A(-/-)) were grafted into quail hosts.
171 utsui and colleagues discovered a peptide in quail hypothalamus that is capable of inhibiting gonadot
172  of the N-glycan structures with chicken and quail IgG indicated that the presence of high mannose-ty
173 are similar to an H9N2 virus isolated from a quail in Hong Kong in late 1997.
174                       Results indicated that quail in the hungry groups imitated, whereas those in th
175 vivo system, the hindbrain of the developing quail, in which neural crest cells are directed in strea
176 "quck" with a jaw complex resembling that of quail, including an absence of enthesis secondary cartil
177    To answer this question, we created chick-quail intestinal chimeras by transplanting preganglionic
178 nsplanted neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) from quail into duck, which produced chimeric "quck" with a j
179                        Our results show that quail "know" their individual egg patterning and seek ou
180 ce of retinoids in vitamin-A-deficient (VAD) quails, leads to abnormal morphogenesis of various foreb
181                                      Primary quail lens cell cultures were treated at different stage
182 le G1-like viruses were commonly detected in quail, less frequently detected in other minor poultry s
183 t the GFP quail, as well as other transgenic quail lines, can serve as an attractive avian model syst
184 the marker genes was detected in vivo when a quail liver bud was implanted in the posterior-lateral r
185                                        Chick-quail marking experiments show that new myotome cells in
186            The results suggest that observer quail may not learn (through observation) behavior that
187                      To test whether the GFP quail may serve as a viable alternative to the popular c
188                 Here, we show that migrating quail mesencephalic neural crest cells grafted into the
189               Furthermore, the proportion of quail mesencephalic neural crest cells that is TH+ in th
190                      Xanthophyll profiles in quail mimic those in primates.
191 f all-trans-RA using the vitamin A-deficient quail model system and the application of excess retinoi
192  study, we use the vitamin A-deficient (VAD) quail model to further investigate the role of retinoids
193 uestions using the vitamin-A-deficient (VAD) quail model, in which VAD embryos lack the posterior hal
194  found that in the vitamin A-deficient (VAD) quail model, which lacks biologically active RA from the
195                                Using the VAD quail model, which survives longer than the Raldh-defici
196 e- and/or post-natal stress in both Japanese quail mothers and offspring and examined the consequence
197 of ColQ protein and ColQ mRNA during primary quail muscle cell development and differentiation in cul
198 of the steady state ColQ molecules in mature quail muscle cultures are not assembled into ColQ-AChE,
199 tic collagen-tailed AChE form (ColQ-AChE) in quail muscle cultures can be regulated by muscle activit
200                   Muscle fibers derived from quail myogenic precursors that had migrated into chicken
201                                     Japanese quail myoglobin was isolated from quail cardiac muscles,
202                            Likewise, primary quail myotubes transfected with protein disulfide isomer
203 ells contributed to the progenitor pool, the quail NCC from different axial levels retained their int
204                                 We show that quail NCM, when transplanted into duck, maintains its fa
205 stal part of the trigeminal ganglion, but no quail nerves in the cornea or in the pericorneal nerve r
206 roximal part of the trigeminal ganglion, and quail nerves in the pericorneal nerve ring and in the co
207                                              Quail neural crest cells produced quail beaks in duck ho
208 lly increases the number of pigment cells in quail neural crest cultures while decreasing the number
209  back-transplanted various somite lengths of quail neural tube into the ablated region to determine t
210 al region of the dorsal horn, and peripheral quail neurites are seen in the dermis, suggesting that t
211   In sharp contrast, placode chimeras showed quail nuclei in the distal part of the trigeminal gangli
212                 Neural crest chimeras showed quail nuclei in the proximal part of the trigeminal gang
213 ly by fecal contact, whereas transmission to quail occurred by either aerosol or fecal spread.
214                                        Pax3+ quail opV ectoderm cells associate with host neural cres
215 /3 and r7 expressing the sulfatase QSulf1 in quail, or the orthologue CSulf1 in chick.
216 /quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997 (G1)-like M gene of quail origin.
217 notype G57 H9N2 virus is the presence of the quail-origin G1-like M gene, which had replaced the earl
218 ypes of poultry in southern China, including quail, partridges, chukar, pheasant, guinea fowl, and do
219 at had migrated into chicken stroma showed a quail pattern of mixed fast- and slow-contracting muscle
220 are small), namely, Japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partridges, and ring-ne
221  fiber-type pattern found within chicken and quail pectoral muscles was exploited to investigate the
222 Intranasal inoculation of chickens, Japanese quail, pigeons, Pekin ducks, Mallard ducks, Muscovy duck
223 nhibiting gonadotropin secretion in cultured quail pituitary cells.
224 tide that inhibits gonadotropin release from quail pituitary was recently identified and named gonado
225                                              Quail placode-derived nerves were present, however, in t
226 signaling for CoSMC differentiation in vivo, quail proepicardial organs (PEOs) were pretreated with R
227                    Our findings suggest that quail provide an environment in which the adaptation of
228 in human 293 and monkey COS cells but not in quail QT-6 cells and does not require any viral protein.
229     Capsids did not detectably bind or enter quail QT35 cells or a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-d
230 uced into nonpermissive human 293T cells and quail QT6 cells, chNHE1 conferred susceptibility to EnvJ
231  TVA receptor, which is 65% identical to the quail receptor overall but identical in the region thoug
232 inguish it from the more permissive duck and quail receptors.
233 latory mounting (male mice and male Japanese quail), reproductive clasping (pre-copulatory mounting i
234                               This makes the quail retina an excellent nonprimate small animal model
235          Because the dominant carotenoids in quail retina are absent in human retina, and because of
236 fied the array of carotenoids present in the quail retina using C30 HPLC coupled with in-line mass sp
237 re the dominant carotenoids recovered in the quail retina, along with smaller amounts of five other c
238 ation conditions on carotenoid recovery from quail retina, we varied base concentration and the total
239 n--should be used for maximizing recovery of quail retinal carotenoids.
240 saponification procedures on the recovery of quail retinal carotenoids.
241 or time series of visually isolated Japanese quails sampled every 0.5 s during 6.5 days (>10(6) data
242 ification was based on two lines of Japanese quail selected for 6-week weight; one line was selected
243 en compared with chicken myoglobin, Japanese quail showed 98% sequence identity, and northern bobwhit
244                 A new study of camouflage in quail shows that individual birds know the appearance of
245 opment, inhibits AMHC1, the chick homolog of quail slow MyHC3, gene expression within developing vent
246 icrofilaments, chickadee, diaphanous, Cdc42, quail, spaghetti-squash, zipper, and scrambled.
247  survival and space use for a ground-nesting quail species (Colinus virginianus; northern bobwhite).
248                        The myoglobin in both quail species contained eight histidine residues instead
249  challenge model and ascertain the S. Typhi (Quailes strain) inoculum required for an attack rate of
250 n myogenic precursors that had migrated into quail stroma showed a chicken pattern of nearly exclusiv
251 of the subgroup A envelope glycoproteins for quail sTva-mIgG (32-, 324-, and 4,739-fold, respectively
252 ptor linked to a mouse immunoglobulin G tag (quail sTva-mIgG), can select different populations of es
253         Virus propagation in the presence of quail sTva-mIgG, the quail Tva extracellular region fuse
254                         Here, we report that quail Sulf1 (QSulf1) is an asparagine-linked glycosylate
255 nued circulation of H6N1 and H9N2 viruses in quail support the hypothesis that quail were the host of
256 like viruses to land-based birds, especially quail, supports the wisdom of separating aquatic and lan
257                    Here, we demonstrate that quail Tap fails to support CTE function because it canno
258        However, changing a single residue in quail Tap, glutamine 246, to arginine, the residue found
259                              Furthermore, in quail that copulated, dopamine release did not change in
260                                     However, quail that failed to copulate did not display this incre
261  shortcoming, we produced a novel transgenic quail that ubiquitously expresses nuclear localized mono
262 l fate in vivo, using arteries isolated from quails that are grafted into the coelom of chick embryos
263 sed lentiviral vectors to produce transgenic quails that express GFP driven by the human synapsin gen
264  expression of sexual behavior, including in quail the medial preoptic nucleus (POM).
265 ponding tissues of ducks than in chicken and quail tissues, and the histological lesions were restric
266        Transplanting neural crest cells from quail to duck demonstrates that mesenchyme imparts both
267  this fact may explain the susceptibility of quail to duck H9 viruses.
268 m bone in the mandible was transplanted from quail to duck.
269         The high degree of susceptibility of quail to Go/Gd (H5N1)-like viruses and the continued cir
270 ly explained by the higher susceptibility of quail to Go/Gd-like virus.
271 s study was performed in normal avian and in quail-to-chick chimeric embryos.
272  DiI labeling of the neural crest as well as quail-to-chick neural crest chimeras showed that neural
273  or TH is significantly smaller than that of quail trunk neural crest cells under the same conditions
274 eases with time, while the proportion of TH+ quail trunk neural crest-derived cells increases.
275 tion in the presence of quail sTva-mIgG, the quail Tva extracellular region fused to the constant reg
276  shown that soluble forms of the chicken and quail Tva receptor (sTva), expressed from genes delivere
277 by lowering their binding affinities for the quail Tva receptor competitive inhibitor while retaining
278 icken TVA receptor homolog but not using the quail TVA receptor homolog, with the infectivity of one
279                                          The quail TVA receptor required changes at residues 10, 14,
280  TVA receptor have been cloned: the original quail TVA receptor, which has been the basis for most of
281 e mutant virus being >500-fold less with the quail TVA receptor.
282  efficient at infecting cells expressing the quail Tva receptor.
283 by others which can use chicken Tva, but not quail Tva, for efficient entry.
284                                           In quail, variation in appearance is particularly obvious i
285 raft-derived mouse cells interdigitated with quail vascular cells in most vascular beds colonized by
286   Mouse-quail chimeras stained with both the quail vascular marker QH1 and the mouse vascular marker
287 or type 4 from either human ECs or embryonic quail vessel explants.
288 e, unlike the A/chicken/Vietnam/C58/04 and A/quail/Vietnam/36/04 viruses.
289 tional hours in the dark, one retina of each quail was collected for HPLC analysis, and the contralat
290  the mPOA of adult sexually experienced male quail were collected every 6 min before, during, and aft
291  the mPOA of adult sexually experienced male quail were collected every 6 min before, while viewing,
292  no difference in DA during periods when the quail were copulating as compared to when the female was
293                                              Quail were fed for 6 months with a commercial turkey die
294                                              Quail were more susceptible than chickens to these virus
295                                              Quail were tested either immediately following observati
296 viruses in quail support the hypothesis that quail were the host of origin of the H5N1/97 virus.
297                                 Chickens and quail were uniformly seronegative and not susceptible to
298 arches and to the forelimb of the developing quail, where presumptive limb myoblasts emigrate from th
299         An equivalent cartilage is absent in quail, which peck at their food.
300 (2)-adrenergic receptors was investigated in quail, zebra finches, and rats.

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