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1 GCs persisted in the community unchanged by reassortment.
2 mmunity, there was no evidence of interclade reassortment.
3 enes from other strains via a process called reassortment.
4 responsible for the lack of intertypic viral reassortment.
5 1-PA-NP cosegregation during avian influenza reassortment.
6 ial periodically emerge due to viral genomic reassortment.
7 tematically characterized the process of BTV reassortment.
8 rogate animal model to study influenza virus reassortment.
9 A viruses (IAVs) can exchange genes through reassortment.
10 ll-length form of PB1-F2 through mutation or reassortment.
11 s of IAV assembly is necessary to understand reassortment.
12 ated with relatively few documented cases of reassortment.
13 on could occur following genetic mutation or reassortment.
14 on of all human virus internal genes through reassortment.
15 acquire the full-length form by mutation or reassortment.
16 fect a cell, they can exchange genes through reassortment.
17 lature is essential to describe gene segment reassortment.
18 erent viruses via a process known as genetic reassortment.
19 rains of public health interest will undergo reassortment.
20 ses, possibly due to selective advantages of reassortment.
21 ghlighting the environment for potential IAV reassortment.
22 sequently produce new viruses through genome reassortment.
23 ut not the NA or NS segments, restricted IAV reassortment.
24 through transmission supports high levels of reassortment.
25 hin the target tissue could limit subsequent reassortment.
26 y comparison with previously reported strain reassortments.
27 by both individual gene mutations and genome reassortments.
28 phylogenetic heuristic approach to show that reassortment, a reticulate evolutionary mechanism, predo
29 o interspecific transmission that along with reassortment, allows IAV to achieve viral flow across su
30 ated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV
31 to emerge due to mutation, recombination, or reassortment among genomic segments among individual vir
34 The recovery of H3N1 is further evidence of reassortment among SIVs and justifies continuous surveil
37 ics, possibly due to a very low frequency of reassortment and a lower evolutionary rate than that of
39 lls, suggesting the potential capability for reassortment and contributions to new pandemic or panzoo
41 stem is a fast and efficient method to model reassortment and highlight the risk of reassortment betw
43 ce what we currently know about the roles of reassortment and mutations in virus fitness and have imp
46 ne cells, recombination is required for gene reassortment and proper chromosome segregation at meiosi
49 d human species suggest criteria for segment reassortment and strains that might be ideal candidates
50 which is generated by high levels of genetic reassortment and strong positive selection in the mening
51 at packaging signals are crucial for genetic reassortment and that suboptimal compatibility between t
52 quisition of swine-origin internal genes via reassortment and the adaptation of human influenza virus
53 is important to understand the efficiency of reassortment and the factors that limit its potential.
54 ing the significance of the region for viral reassortment and the potential emergence of novel avian
55 erstood though it is generally accepted that reassortment and/or genetic complementation among the th
57 we infer evolutionary structures, including reassortment, and demonstrate some of the difficulties o
59 ion of multiple virus lineages, gene segment reassortment, and the common ancestry of the 2006/2007 o
61 Specialized bioinformatic tools to analyze reassortment are not available, which hampers progress i
62 in the Nile Delta create conditions favoring reassortment, as evident from the gene constellations id
63 and sca1 along with the comparative genomic reassortments associated with ISRpe1 in the non-virulent
65 enza A virus (IAV) genome enables rapid gene reassortment at the cost of complicating the task of ass
66 ntly emerged novel influenza strains through reassortment, avian influenza subtypes such as H5N1, H7N
68 f novel pandemic influenza A viruses through reassortment because of their susceptibility to both avi
69 in the creation of pandemic viruses through reassortment because of their susceptibility to infectio
73 d H1N1 reassortant viruses have emerged from reassortment between classical H1N1 and H3N2 viruses.
78 rains and suggest the possibility of genetic reassortment between different RVA genotypes within thes
79 segmented nature of their genome that allows reassortment between different species to generate novel
82 uggest that a recombination hierarchy limits reassortment between groups and may explain why some var
88 n together, we show here that the absence of reassortment between influenza viruses belonging to diff
89 N9 outbreak lineage is confounded by ongoing reassortment between outbreak viruses and diverse H9N2 v
90 s indicate that strong intrinsic barriers to reassortment between seasonal H3N2 and pH1N1 viruses are
94 se, 4 contained a vdG1P[8] strain derived by reassortment between the G1P[5] and G6P[8] parental vacc
95 safety concerns regarding the possibility of reassortment between the H5 gene segment and circulating
97 Using clinical specimen material, we show reassortment between the two coinfecting viruses occurre
98 1N1 and 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) H1N1 viruses, reassortment between them is highly plausible but largel
99 ccurred readily in vivo and furthermore that reassortment between these two viral subtypes is likely
100 described here offers new tools for studying reassortment between two strains of interest and applies
101 use they highlight an example of how genetic reassortment between virus strains could produce phenoty
103 10N8 viruses were generated through multiple reassortments between H10 and N8 viruses from domestic d
104 ional influenza vaccine strains because gene reassortment by more traditional methods is cumbersome.
106 The genetic diversity generated through reassortment can facilitate the emergence of novel outbr
107 been shown previously with H9N2 viruses that reassortment can generate novel viruses with increased t
110 study was designed to quantify the relative reassortment capacities of classical and TRIG swine viru
111 reassort, suggesting that factors other than reassortment capacity alone are responsible for the diff
113 the result of changes in herd immunity, with reassortment continuously generating novel genetic varia
114 solates, suggesting that genetic exchange by reassortment contributed to the evolution of the Califor
115 d in enhanced virulence while heterosubtypic reassortment contributed to the extinction of EIV H7N7.
119 olated from humans; however, intergroup gene reassortment does not occur for reasons that remain uncl
120 ion, more efficient selection resulting from reassortment during mixed infections, better regulation
121 potential for stochastic factors to restrict reassortment during natural infection, we sought to dete
123 ent RNA polymerase (RdRP) or through genetic reassortment enables perpetuation of IAV in humans throu
125 parts of the world, raising concerns that a reassortment event may lead to highly pathogenic influen
126 trains are the result of a relatively recent reassortment event of the G9 VP7 gene into a short-E-typ
128 logenetic analysis reveals the occurrence of reassortment events among the Victoria and Yamagata line
129 ene products, we have shown that single-gene reassortment events are sufficient to alter the virulenc
130 Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viru
131 e rH3N2p viruses were generated in swine via reassortment events between H3N2 viruses and the pM segm
132 iruses to adapt to various hosts and undergo reassortment events ensures constant generation of new s
134 ajor factor controlling host adaptation, and reassortment events involving polymerase gene segments o
135 ts of this strain will also help to identify reassortment events involving this and other virus linea
136 These data will help to identify further reassortment events involving this or other virus lineag
137 culated in some locations, and a sequence of reassortment events over time could not be established.
138 ypes of poultry has facilitated the frequent reassortment events that are mostly responsible for the
139 branching inconsistencies that suggest five reassortment events, all involving the M segment, and th
140 ed multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS
142 increases the risk of adaptive mutations and reassortment events, which may result in a novel virus w
149 nship between mutation accumulation and gene reassortment for rotaviruses and how it impacts viral ev
150 ens in China, which was responsible, through reassortment, for the emergence of H7N9 viruses that cau
151 m avian consensus sequences, consistent with reassortment from an avian source shortly before 1918.
155 ic threat owing to the risk of a mutation or reassortment generating a virus with increased transmiss
158 genetically characterized, were assigned to reassortment groups by pairwise crosses with the SA11 mu
159 RRVtsD(7), RRVtsJ(5), and RRVtsK(2), were in reassortment groups not previously mapped to genome segm
160 r SA11 mutants contained mutations in single reassortment groups, and four RRV mutants contained muta
161 these events and the constraints on genetic reassortment has implications for assessment of the pand
162 We show that both intra- and intersubtype reassortment have played a major role in the evolution o
163 ment level, which allows us to construct the reassortment history of individual segments within each
167 on within-host genomic variation, we tracked reassortment in coinfected guinea pigs over time and giv
169 nks this formula to a mechanistic account of reassortment in multipathogen systems in the form of sub
171 gs highlight the importance of monitoring PA reassortment in seasonal flu, and confirm the role of th
172 enza viruses, highlighting the importance of reassortment in the generation of viruses with pandemic
175 ints and drivers acting on influenza A virus reassortment, including the likelihood of coinfection at
178 stent with the evolutionary expectation that reassortment increases the efficiency of adaptation at t
179 provide a mixing vessel for influenza virus reassortment independent of differential sialic acid dis
180 rk raises important questions about mutation-reassortment interplay and its impact on human RV evolut
183 We found that intrahost diversity driven by reassortment is dynamic and dependent on the amount of e
187 he factors that can affect influenza A virus reassortment is needed for the establishment of disease
190 t the importance of packaging signals in IAV reassortment is segment dependent.IMPORTANCE Influenza A
191 very presented here suggests that continuing reassortment led to the emergence of the A/Guangdong/1/2
192 With a high dose of 2 x 10(6) PFU, however, reassortment levels were high (avg. 59%) at 1 dpi and re
194 viruses that acquire a long-stalk NA through reassortment might be more likely to support transmissio
195 five amino acid substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal t
197 udy provides direct evidence that continuing reassortment occurred and led to the emergence of a nove
199 st animals and in vitro; however, reports of reassortment occurring naturally in humans are rare.
202 /88-like NA gene, which likely resulted from reassortment of B/Hong Kong/330/01 and B/Hong Kong/1351/
205 osaic nature of the capsule loci, suggesting reassortment of genes by horizontal transfer, and demons
207 c recombination, required for the beneficial reassortment of genetic information and for DNA double-s
209 ossible mechanisms inhibiting the intertypic reassortment of genetic segments could be due to incompa
210 These results highlight the potential for reassortment of H1N1 viruses with avian influenza virus
212 han two parental strains, such as the triple reassortment of H7N9 avian influenza and the formation o
215 tential for coinfection of dogs and possible reassortment of human and other animal influenza A virus
216 V adaptation to new hosts typically involves reassortment of IAV gene segments from coinfecting virus
219 have developed a method to prevent the free reassortment of influenza A virus RNAs by rewiring their
222 eks postinfection, raising the potential for reassortment of influenza genes in a host infected with
224 her in some parts of the world and favor the reassortment of influenza through simultaneous multiple
226 etic diversification of influenza A virus is reassortment of intact gene segments between coinfecting
227 pandemics of 1957 and 1968 resulted from the reassortment of low pathogenic avian viruses and human s
232 ptation of the 1918-like avian virus through reassortment of the 1918 PB2 led to increased lethality.
233 ese results show the potential for continued reassortment of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus with endemi
234 and light chains is greatly increased by the reassortment of the antibody Fv domains themselves insid
235 cted cells with WT LCMV (LCMVwt) resulted in reassortment of the L segment of LCMVwt with the Sr at l
241 enetic analysis reveals that H5N6 arose from reassortments of H5 and H6N6 viruses, with the hemagglut
242 multiple influenza pandemics were caused by reassortments of viruses typically found in separate hos
243 sis of LD between segments supports frequent reassortment, on a time scale similar to the genomic mut
244 IAV can overcome host restriction through reassortment or adaptive evolution, and these are mechan
245 However, the mechanism preventing intertypic reassortment or gene exchange between influenza A and B
246 hat can adapt to its new host through either reassortment or point mutations and transmit by aerosoli
249 d as such, they have the potential to impact reassortment outcomes between different IAV strains.
251 with genotypes A2 and B were common, and the reassortment pattern of different subtypes of A2 isolate
252 r approach to a new experiment that examines reassortment patterns between the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and
254 ned to independent and reliable estimates of reassortment, perhaps obtained through molecular surveil
255 ments do not support the hypothesis that the reassortment process is driven by selection for function
258 s/02860/09) virus (swH1N2) resulted in a 23% reassortment rate that was independent of alpha2,3- or a
261 tely 10-fold discordant doses did not reduce reassortment relative to equivalent inputs but markedly
265 ion of EIV, and we suggest that intrasubtype reassortment resulted in enhanced virulence while hetero
267 ferent P and G serotype combinations through reassortment suggests that it will be important to deter
268 ression predicting the rate of viral subtype reassortment to be proportional to both prevalence and S
270 Influenza A viruses can change rapidly via reassortment to create a novel virus, and reassortment c
272 esults demonstrate the immense potential for reassortment to generate viral diversity in nature.
273 ibodies are assembled by random gene segment reassortment to produce a vast number of specificities.
275 ere we investigate the ability of polymerase reassortment to restore the activity of an avian influen
276 e impact of packaging signal mismatch on IAV reassortment using the human seasonal influenza A/Panama
277 t both that subtype diversity (and therefore reassortment) varies from year to year and that several
283 f genotype patterns revealed that homologous reassortment was random while heterologous reassortment
284 hen such exposure led to coinfection, robust reassortment was typically seen, with 50 to 100% of isol
285 o assess phenotypic variation as a result of reassortment, we examined viral growth kinetics and plaq
287 uses (RVs) can evolve through the process of reassortment, whereby the 11 double-stranded RNA genome
288 f emerging strains is altered by patterns in reassortment, whether biases are consistent across multi
289 insight into the factors that influence IAV reassortment will inform and strengthen ongoing public h
290 Nor is it likely to have obtained its NP by reassortment with an avian strain similar to those now c
292 to pigs in the United States was followed by reassortment with endemic SIV, resulting in reassorted v
295 HP H5 clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 IAV and subsequent reassortment with low-pathogenic H?N2 and H?N1 North Ame
296 s in the virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein or reassortment with other pandemic viruses endow HPAI H5N1
297 d from the U.S. swine population by 2013 via reassortment with other swIAVs, these antigens reemerged
298 circulated in swine since being acquired by reassortment with seasonal human H3N2 viruses in 2001-20
299 ting in pig populations set the stage for PA reassortments with the potential to generate novel virus
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