ライフサイエンスコーパス: reciprocity

1 rong reciprocity) to the other extreme (weak reciprocity).

2 r (in particular, dominance, communality, or reciprocity).

3 rather selection by a human agent was key to reciprocity.

4 hich further enriches the content of spatial reciprocity.

5 owever, this is not the only option to break reciprocity.

6 eration is the use of sophisticated indirect reciprocity.

7 The first is strong reciprocity.

8 level of HES1, strengthening that notion of reciprocity.

9 ion" as assumed in models of weak and strong reciprocity.

10 rchers should focus on natural data and weak reciprocity.

11 havior, including trust, empathy, and social reciprocity.

12 ociality, resulting in so-called attitudinal reciprocity.

13 cluding social gaze, exploration, and social reciprocity.

14 ect to various types of perturbations of the reciprocity.

15 l in sustaining cooperation through indirect reciprocity.

16 ender, a feature of social exchange known as reciprocity.

17 bsent for partners who lack a reputation for reciprocity.

18 rvices and that cooperation is maintained by reciprocity.

19 ary similarity, function plurality and match reciprocity.

20 g punishment, policing, and various forms of reciprocity.

21 ss-free, compact and extremely broadband non-reciprocity.

22 essential for establishing their topographic reciprocity.

23 tely fundamental, arising from basic Fourier reciprocity.

24 and the evolution of coordinated alternating reciprocity.

25 urated before 10(2) micromol m(-2) and obeys reciprocity.

26 y shed light on the evolvability of indirect reciprocity.

27 tions have led to the concept of hepatorenal reciprocity.

28 public resources for private wealth-require reciprocity.

29 knowledge of conditions that favour indirect reciprocity.

30 requiring group selection, kin selection, or reciprocity.

31 networks display exceedingly high levels of reciprocity.

32 ich are one-shot and others of which involve reciprocity.

33 y behavioral games that provide a measure of reciprocity.

34 lled the upstream or pay-it-forward indirect reciprocity.

35 ng office increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity.

36 s such as kin selection, direct and indirect reciprocity.

37 quential transmission of information and non-reciprocity.

38 he evolution of cooperation through indirect reciprocity.

39 favor those who already adhere to a norm of reciprocity?

40 We found no evidence for generalized reciprocity - a tendency to "pay forward" assists - and

41 and only very limited evidence for indirect reciprocity - a tendency to reward players who had sent

42 Strong reciprocity, a predisposition to participate in costly c

43 l-oxide-semiconductor technology.Optical non-reciprocity achieved through refractive index modulation

44 This "dose-duration reciprocity" allows encoding of both the intensity and p

45 Surprisingly, we find that direct reciprocity alone does not lead to high levels of cooper

46 chanisms that support decisions about trust, reciprocity, altruism, fairness, revenge, social punishm

47 sic and most widely cited examples of social reciprocity among animals.

48 nly sustained by mechanisms of selection and reciprocity among peers, but also by the legitimacy that

49 lta, zeta, and lambda isoforms, suggesting a reciprocity among these PKC isoforms.

50 We find that, depending on the level of reciprocity and assortment, selection favors one of two

51 y the synergistic interaction between direct reciprocity and assortment.

52 Direct reciprocity and conditional cooperation are important me

53 r engages brain areas that facilitate social reciprocity and emotional resonance, consistent with its

54 Reciprocity and feelings of obligation did not appear to

55 ese methods we study the evolution of trust, reciprocity and forgiveness as a function of several str

56 design features reflects underlying norms of reciprocity and individuals' beliefs about the potential

57 In addition to extending non-reciprocity and isolation to statics, our work sheds lig

58 mipramine-mediated regulation of IL-10/IL-12 reciprocity and its impact on Sb(R)LD clearance from inf

59 ults provide further support for hepatorenal reciprocity and may explain at least in part the relativ

60 lf as a critical regulator of CD40 signaling reciprocity and mechanistically re-emphasizing its role

61 of cooperation based on genetic relatedness, reciprocity and partner choice falter as people increasi

62 The response obeys reciprocity and persists in the absence of known photose

63 Reciprocity and repeated games have been at the center o

64 esent a general analytical model of indirect reciprocity and show that the class of assessment rules

65 e the synergistic interaction between direct reciprocity and spatial selection.

66 h and, hence, subjects resort to behavioural reciprocity and switch their behaviour to defection.

67 the emergence of genes coding for symmetric reciprocity and the evolution of mutual cooperation, whe

68 itably designed structures may largely break reciprocity and time-reversal symmetry.

69 nt factor underlying the evolution of strong reciprocity and, hence, cooperation in humans.

70 So far, devices that break reciprocity (and therefore show non-reciprocity) have be

71 estment to partners) yield positive returns (reciprocity) and how these brain responses are modulated

72 urned the investment (e.g., a reputation for reciprocity) and is absent for partners who lack a reput

73 ality, as assessed by their reproducibility, reciprocity, and agreement with previous observations.

74 t reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection.

75 ctive investigation of mechanisms that break reciprocity, and pose alternatives to magneto-optic effe

76 ditionally, we show that systems of indirect reciprocity are highly sensitive to the availability of

77 s in measuring whether positive and negative reciprocity are indeed costly.

78 human generosity--explanations beyond direct reciprocity--are necessary.

79 Using this fact in conjunction with Onsager reciprocity arguments, we make the surprising prediction

80 But how does reciprocity arise?

81 Guala contests the validity of strong reciprocity as a key element in shaping social behavior

82 Most approaches to indirect reciprocity assume obligatory interactions, but here we

83 ology, executive functions, and mother-child reciprocity at 10 years.

84 es a rare unequivocal example of conditional reciprocity averting a 'tragedy of the commons' in biolo

85 re, Dinc et al. introduce the concept of non-reciprocity based on synchronized spatio-temporal modula

86 demonstrate magnetic-free linear passive non-reciprocity based on the concept of staggered commutatio

87 We propose a new measure of reciprocity based on theory that relates floral morpholo

88 trial, including the limits of researchers' reciprocity-based obligations to study participants, pos

89 no)photonics, achieving chip-based light non-reciprocity becomes increasingly urgent in signal proces

90 hree-dimensional lrECM, indicating a dynamic reciprocity between architectural integrity and the leve

91 While the reciprocity between bioceramics and living cells is comp

92 Functional reciprocity between Cx40 and Cx43 gap junctions involves

93 These findings revealed novel reciprocity between epigenetic markers at CGI shores cor

94 Electron microscopy confirms the reciprocity between gland cells and globose basal cells.

95 pithelial regeneration, its absence suggests reciprocity between neurogenesis and the differentiation

96 s, as predicted for an allosteric mechanism (reciprocity between protein activation and ligand occupa

97 dentify a dynamic IL-10-dependent functional reciprocity between regulatory T cell subsets that maint

98 This raised the possibility of homeostatic reciprocity between T cells and pDCs.

99 ngs underscore the importance of the dynamic reciprocity between the extracellular matrix integrity,

100 rin-based adhesions establishes a mechanical reciprocity between the viscoelasticity of the ECM and t

101 Reciprocity between these chromatin marks was apparent,

102 he faithful signaling of, and the "embodied" reciprocity between, viscerosensory brain and peripheral

103 at punishment aims to restore justice (i.e., reciprocity) between the criminal and his victim.

104 tion in groups remains a key problem because reciprocity breaks down between more than two.

105 l ecological relationship to the analysis of reciprocity brings theory and observation closer togethe

106 nd understand the mechanisms underlying such reciprocity, but our results contribute to the body of w

107 new framework for the evolution of indirect reciprocity by social information: information selective

108 esearch by scientifically demonstrating that reciprocity can be facilitated by information storage ex

109 In sum, we show how indirect reciprocity can be harnessed to increase cooperation in

110 theoretical analysis indicates that indirect reciprocity can evolve if individuals use an image-scori

111 comparison as a means through which indirect reciprocity can evolve.

112 Here we demonstrate a method by which reciprocity can maintain cooperation in a large-scale pu

113 The threat of exclusion from indirect reciprocity can sustain collective action in the laborat

114 e show that, when errors are added, indirect reciprocity cannot be based on an image-scoring strategy

115 the repeated game, cooperators using direct reciprocity cannot be exploited by defectors, but it is

116 Because much work on "strong reciprocity" commits this error, I clarify the differenc

117 ationship characteristics including kinship, reciprocity, complexity, and similarity between friends

118 Given that reciprocity correlations persisted after controlling for

119 We investigated whether direct reciprocity could promote prosocial behavior in brown ca

120 we know relatively little of when, and how, reciprocity develops.

121 Claims regarding negative strong reciprocity do indeed rest on experiments lacking establ

122 eriments supporting the existence of "strong reciprocity" do not represent many cooperative situation

123 ighly structured group environments in which reciprocity does not clearly serve individual or group i

124 Most studies of reciprocity dynamics have focused on trading among indiv

125 Our analysis found evidence for a direct reciprocity effect in which players who had "received" a

126 re powerful, then we should observe forms of reciprocity even in highly structured group environments

127 lemma can promote cooperation through direct reciprocity, even if it is common knowledge that all pla

128 This observation indicated that reciprocity exists between IL-10 and IL-12 and that imip

129 se ligand also influences G-protein binding, reciprocity exists between these two binding processes.

130 preferences for granted in his discussion of reciprocity experiments.

131 General systems for reciprocity explain the same phenomena as the target art

132 onomic exchange (trust game), we report that reciprocity expressed by one player strongly predicts fu

133 Reciprocity failure of the diffraction efficiency accord

134 ed egalitarianism to complex intention-based reciprocity from early childhood to young adulthood.

135 wave-based phenomena, but their geometry and reciprocity fundamentally limit the integration of optic

136 ory experiments of a pay-it-forward indirect reciprocity game (i.e., chained gift-giving game) on a l

137 hains of cooperation in a different indirect reciprocity game in which participants earned reputation

138 rness evolved and that showing this requires reciprocity games with choice of partner.

139 ibution, degree assortativity, transitivity, reciprocity, geographic decay and homophily.

140 itutions that would not have emerged if weak reciprocity had been enough.

141 en proposed, and a rich analysis of indirect reciprocity has recently emerged: I help you and somebod

142 at break reciprocity (and therefore show non-reciprocity) have been mostly considered in dynamic syst

143 That reciprocity held is consistent with a photochemical orig

144 mulations show that in the context of direct reciprocity, (i) natural selection prefers generous tit-

145 these polypeptides also exhibited functional reciprocity: (i) they exerted highly similar antimicrobi

146 sychiatric disorders characterized by social reciprocity impairments such as autism spectrum disorder

147 ldren (M = 74 months) would engage in direct reciprocity in a 'prosocial choice test' where a donor c

148 ptomechanical interactions to strongly break reciprocity in a compact system.

149 modulation of permittivity to break Lorentz reciprocity in a manner compatible with integrated-circu

150 However, dynamic reciprocity in a recent theoretical analysis has pinned

151 Firm evidence of reciprocity in animal societies is rare and many example

152 severity of symptoms in language and social reciprocity in childhood.

153 ship in voluntary associations, and norms of reciprocity in enhancing political participation and dem

154 he "wild." However, there may be more strong reciprocity in real-world communities than he allows for

155 ion patterns cannot be explained by inherent reciprocity in social networks, and are universal across

156 Here we show that it is possible to break reciprocity in static systems, realizing mechanical meta

157 mplex isolation and utilizing high levels of reciprocity in the large dataset, we identified many unr

158 Moreover, this signal of reciprocity in the ventral striatum appears selectively

159 s been initially formed, and fail to produce reciprocity in their interactions, displaying more trans

160 ence of their natural DNA target and with no reciprocity in their recruitment.

161 gs demonstrate that pure similarity promotes reciprocity in ways known to encourage cooperation.

162 experiments found evidence of pay-it-forward reciprocity in which chains of cooperative acts persist

163 nathan and Boyd describe a model of indirect reciprocity in which mutual aid among cooperators can pr

164 We consider a form of indirect reciprocity in which the contribution of an individual d

165 The reciprocity index applied to heterostylous flowers is me

166 lution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity,

167 n prosociality, with an emphasis on kinship, reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, punishment, and moral

168 users are predominantly responsible for such reciprocity-induced bias, and that this fact can be expl

169 Impairment of this reciprocity is a cardinal symptom of autism.

170 Lorentz reciprocity is a fundamental characteristic of the vast

171 Reciprocity is a general, fundamental principle governin

172 Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperat

173 Direct reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperat

174 Indirect reciprocity is a particular case in point, where one-sho

175 Indirect reciprocity is associated with the evolution of social i

176 Indirect reciprocity is based on reputation, which spreads by com

177 mit can be overcome in systems where Lorentz reciprocity is broken.

178 Reciprocity is central to our understanding of politics.

179 Direct reciprocity is considered to be a powerful mechanism for

180 strategy, then cooperation through indirect reciprocity is evolutionarily stable.

181 sts that in lab experiments, strong negative reciprocity is limited when uncertainty exists regarding

182 However, strong reciprocity is necessary to support cooperation in publi

183 cannot invade a population in which indirect reciprocity is not linked to collective action, thus lea

184 Reciprocity is not necessary for this type of cooperatio

185 however, cooperation based on pay-it-forward reciprocity is not sustainable.

186 Strong reciprocity is not the only account that can explain cos

187 However, reciprocity is not the only way to promote cooperation.

188 A crucial aspect of indirect reciprocity is observability: reputation effects can sup

189 ss without kin selection, indirect or direct reciprocity is possible.

190 Reciprocity is predicted for the fluxes, as decreases in

191 As hyper-reciprocity is restricted to local clusters, it might be

192 ons repeatedly, whereas the reputation-based reciprocity is stable in the same situation.

193 The standard model for direct reciprocity is the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, where in

194 Although the evolution of indirect reciprocity is theoretically plausible, there is no cons

195 rimental results suggest that pay-it-forward reciprocity is transient and disappears when a person ma

196 s has convinced many investigators that such reciprocity is unimportant, stimulating consideration of

197 etween cells and surroundings (i.e., dynamic reciprocity) is crucial for regulating ECM architecture.

198 rangers and, in line with models of indirect reciprocity, is crowded out by indirect punishment oppor

199 ons and models for cooperation and altruism--reciprocity, kin and group selection, and punishment--ar

200 extensions of more general processes such as reciprocity, kin selection, and multi-level selection ac

201 ht modules by generalized Verma modules with reciprocity laws from the theory of dual pairs in classi

202 The evolution of cooperation by indirect reciprocity leads to reputation building, morality judge

203 erve that people engage in "local-to-global" reciprocity, leveraging local interactions to enforce gl

204 l known mechanisms such as kin interactions, reciprocity, local dispersal or conditional strategies t

205 Reciprocity may be key to understanding promiscuity and

206 An appreciation and understanding of this reciprocity may be required to crack open problems in bi

207 Indirect reciprocity means that my behavior towards you also depe

208 is difficult to achieve because the standard reciprocity mechanisms weaken in large groups.

209 Previous reciprocity metrics fall short of this goal on both empi

210 his end, we investigated whether patterns of reciprocity might emerge among teammates in professional

211 equilibrium points, coordinated alternating reciprocity might evolve without insight or communicatio

212 Indirect reciprocity models are meant to correspond to simple mor

213 To capture the emergence of reciprocity, most previous models consider subjects who

214 stence (and theoretical relevance) of strong reciprocity motives, I argue in this response that their

215 ns to participate, which are based on strong reciprocity motives.

216 In evolutionary models of indirect reciprocity, natural selection favors cooperation when o

217 kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection.

218 shment is a result of the ubiquity of strong reciprocity, not its absence.

219 Given the substantial reciprocity observed among many brain regions, it is ess

220 nts to a discrepancy between strong negative reciprocity observed in the lab and the way cooperation

221 t cooperation consistent with pay-it-forward reciprocity occurred only in a first few decisions per p

222 Indirect reciprocity occurs when the cooperative behavior between

223 'Indirect reciprocity' occurs when individuals help others in orde

224 In addition, we found that hyper-reciprocity of connections in prefrontal cortex that was

225 rk properties included (1) a decrease in the reciprocity of connections with distance; (2) major proj

226 and ECoG that were partially related to the reciprocity of connections.

227 umed cortical functions, but also a possible reciprocity of corticofugal speech and music tuning, pro

228 Reciprocity of exposure power and duration held for the

229 We propose reciprocity of function between beta1 and Na(v)1.6 such

230 Reciprocity of inflammation, oxidative stress and neovas

231 nd, it shows how the vulnerability of simple reciprocity of misunderstanding or misimplementation can

232 or any location was observed, supporting the reciprocity of PMv intracortical connections.

233 rs present the first group-level analysis of reciprocity of social interactions in a social carnivore

234 tients with dup(17)(p11.2p11.2), documenting reciprocity of the positional preference for strand exch

235 The non reciprocity of the pumping process makes the system a go

236 ot provide evidence for the impact of strong reciprocity on cooperation in contemporary real-life sit

237 peer influences, where anonymity is assured, reciprocity or retribution are impossible, intoxication

238 Direct reciprocity, or repeated interaction, is a main mechanis

239 However, despite the important role that reciprocity plays in maintaining co-operative exchange w

240 sus the trustworthiness - dimension of human reciprocity potential.

241 g fairness (equal access to transplantation, reciprocity, prevent prejudice, donor safety net), decis

242 opted to ensure consistency with the Onsager reciprocity principle and the Gibbs-Duhem thermodynamic

243 peratures and makes it possible to observe a reciprocity principle of the RDNMR response.

244 ptions." Guala's review should prompt strong reciprocity proponents to extend the real-world validity

245 n emphasis on kinship, reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, punishment, and morality.

246 We evaluate the reciprocity relation between electroluminescence and pho

247 prior assertions that complex and extensive reciprocity requires sophisticated memory to store infor

248 Direct reciprocity requires that individuals keep track of thei

249 Here we show that positive reciprocity robustly engages the ventral striatum and or

250 ernative hypotheses, including an underlying reciprocity rule, temperament, and proximity effects.

251 e, and choices occurred in rapid succession, reciprocity seemed of a relatively vague nature akin to

252 nclude that a psychology designed for direct reciprocity should defect in such situations, many have

253 tation complexity, very low loss, strong non-reciprocity, significantly enhanced linearity and real-t

254 While admirable, Guala's discussion of reciprocity suffers from a confusion between proximate c

255 By contrast, weak reciprocity suggests that punishment aims to restore jus

256 Populations self-organise in an indirect reciprocity system in which the norm that emerges is to

257 It is this reciprocity that has caused concern about whether KPD co

258 s to identify mechanisms, such as kinship or reciprocity, that enable altruism to evolve.

259 between two mechanisms--"strong" and "weak" reciprocity--that may explain the evolution of human soc

260 In a unified theory of human reciprocity, the strong and weak forms are similar becau

261 By applying the optical reciprocity theorem, we describe the signal collected by

262 Strong reciprocity theorists claim that punishment has evolved

263 Weak reciprocity theorists emphasize the benefits of long-ter

264 Strong reciprocity theorists, in contrast, claim that cooperati

265 It is argued that the generality of strong reciprocity theory (SRT) is limited by the existence of

266 scarcity "in the wild" does not belie strong reciprocity theory as Guala claims.

267 In deciding whether to engage in dyadic reciprocity, these systems must balance (i) the costs of

268 personal cost, whereas in models of indirect reciprocity, they punish indirectly by withholding rewar

269 ioning, kin provisioning, and risk reduction reciprocity, three levels of cooperation argued to be fu

270 Achieving non-reciprocity through unconventional methods without the u

271 We show that for indirect reciprocity to be evolutionarily stable, the differentia

272 For indirect reciprocity to rationalize cooperation among genetically

273 These findings highlight the power of reciprocity to shape human behavior, even in a setting c

274 the experimental evidence for weak or strong reciprocity to what is observed in the "wild." However,

275 udy from one extreme of the spectrum (strong reciprocity) to the other extreme (weak reciprocity).

276 on on decision systems for regulating dyadic reciprocity under conditions of uncertainty.

277 e evolutionary importance of how kinship and reciprocity underlie conflicts over who controls mate ch

278 fairness of intention (i.e., intention-based reciprocity) vs. outcome (i.e., egalitarianism) was quan

279 This uncoupling and reciprocity was recapitulated in a mouse model by alteri

280 child was fundamental to the development of reciprocity we included a novel yoked non-agent conditio

281 On the basis of reciprocity, we demonstrate the implementation of Zernik

282 To bypass such dynamic reciprocity, we here demonstrate an optical isolator on

283 rtners who acquire different reputations for reciprocity, we measured brain responses in 36 healthy a

284 Furthermore, as predicted by indirect reciprocity, we provide evidence that reputational conce

285 present a model which shows that if indirect reciprocity were to evolve, selection should also favor

286 lution of cooperation in a model of indirect reciprocity where people interact in public and private

287 ildren were engaging in a calculated form of reciprocity where the prior behavior of their child part

288 s; this behaviour can supplement behavioural reciprocity, whereby humans are influenced to cooperate

289 Reciprocity, whether direct or indirect, is thought to b

290 be explained by concerns for social image or reciprocity, which do not require a direct aversion towa

291 ehavior, it would have to depart from direct reciprocity, which requires dyads of individuals to inte

292 uced autism core symptoms specific to social reciprocity, which was clinically evaluated by Autism Di

293 Do government officials learn reciprocity while holding office, or do recruitment and

294 We anticipate that breaking reciprocity will open avenues for energy absorption, con

295 nic cell-like phenotype, engage in a dynamic reciprocity with a microenvironment that promotes plasti

296 In other words, we interpret its reciprocity with living cells in chemical terms.

297 In a second study, reciprocity with one adult led 1- and 2-y-olds to provid

298 velop peer relationships, and lack of social reciprocity with restricted, repetitive and stereotyped

299 e to neurotransmitter signaling, possibly in reciprocity with S-nitrosylation.

300 ne of the persuasive mechanisms is "indirect reciprocity," working through reputation: cooperative be