ライフサイエンスコーパス: red blood cell

1 s, whose diameter is comparable to that of a red blood cell.

2 e concentrations of other metabolites in the red blood cell.

3 beling and metabolic flux analysis in stored red blood cells.

4 arities to a protein crucial for invasion of red blood cells.

5 new routes for purification of manufactured red blood cells.

6 to good selectivity with respect to lysis of red blood cells.

7 ssing wild-type or K8R Fpn, and mature human red blood cells.

8 t to the plasma to support production of new red blood cells.

9 genes important for parasite development in red blood cells.

10 general lysing of membranes, HPs do not lyse red blood cells.

11 ite lines, this was not the case for macaque red blood cells.

12 ly invades reticulocytes, which are immature red blood cells.

13 K-ATPase in mouse skeletal muscles and human red blood cells.

14 ells/red blood cells; and rodent fibroblasts/red blood cells.

15 of hemolysis markers and percentage of dense red blood cells.

16 rogression of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells.

17 tween the stiff particles and the deformable red blood cells.

18 loading into membrane vesicles derived from red blood cells.

19 r 87% and greater than five-log depletion of red blood cells.

20 new platform for probing the biomechanics of red blood cells.

21 rucial for terminal maturation of definitive red blood cells.

22 elped detect only scattered extravasation of red blood cells.

23 s that are present at high concentrations in red blood cells.

24 pairs, patients exposed to TXA received less red blood cell (3 [0, 6] vs 4 [1, 7] P = 0.003) and froz

25 and through subsequent separation (plasma + red blood cells), a 3 muL plasma sample was imaged by a

26 loped an immunopurification method to enrich red blood cell AChE (RBC AChE) as a biomarker of exposur

27 scle, and that age-associated impairments in red blood cell adenosine triphosphate release and stimul

28 Red blood cell Ae1-mediated anion-exchange activity and

29 lization of Hb functions as a substitute for red blood cells after hemolysis and preserves NO signali

30 work reports on the spatial distribution of red blood cell aggregates in a T-shaped bifurcation on t

31 lar flows are often considered to be free of red blood cell aggregates, however, recent studies have

32 itant loss of Ezh2 significantly reduced the red blood cell and hematocrit parameters but increased t

33 nt formula, dissolved in a mixture of bovine red blood cells and Aedes physiological saline, with ATP

34 lution for both the storage and transport of red blood cells and also a convenient matrix for subsequ

35 travascular accumulation of both parasitized red blood cells and CD8(+) T cells to the brain, and an

36 ility due to reduced membrane deformation of red blood cells and decreased level of reactive oxygen s

37 tration and that hemoglobin diffusion in the red blood cells and in solutions at similar concentratio

38 To do so, 5-HT was added to red blood cells and lipid membranes bearing different de

39 ormal hematopoietic cells in mice as well as red blood cells and mononucleocytes from healthy human d

40 (12 microm-50 microm) used to first deplete red blood cells and platelets.

41 tion of CD47 in normal phagocytosis of aging red blood cells and results reported in the original stu

42 g models of acquired (iron-dextran or stored red blood cells) and primary (Hfe(-/-)) iron overload.

43 facilitates this reversible reaction inside red blood cells, and band 3 [anion exchanger 1 (AE1)] pr

44 rved in the laying female's tissues (muscle, red blood cells, and liver).

45 al investigation by imaging live HeLa cells, red blood cells, and neurons.

46 ons: live and dead yeast; human cancer cells/red blood cells; and rodent fibroblasts/red blood cells.

47 Red blood cells are a special case of cells filled quasi

48 ds, and (ii) that high glutathione levels in red blood cells are associated with the emergence of vis

49 conditions with diverse etiologies in which red blood cells are destroyed and large amounts of hemep

50 cts injected into a blood vessel filled with red blood cells are known to marginate toward the vessel

51 ds on the status of a patient's blood (e.g., red blood cells are more fragile in patients undergoing

52 Mice transfused with these red blood cells are resistant to highly lethal doses of

53 to genetically engineered and to unmodified red blood cells as a means of inducing antigen-specific

54 ttle hemolysis at 32 mug/mL and lysed 11% of red blood cells at 64 mug/mL.

55 i, during their differentiation process into red blood cells at days 11, 14, 18 and 21, using Real-Ti

56 Targeting thrombomodulin to circulating red blood cells augments its protective effects in model

57 ent 60 min of EVNP with an oxygenated packed red blood cell-based solution warmed to 35.2 degrees C.

58 (+MC and -MC), and binding of the tracer to red blood cells (+BB and -BB) was evaluated.

59 ect on the ability of the parasite to invade red blood cells, binding of DBLMSP and DBLMSP2 to IgM in

60 parasite Plasmodium falciparum invades human red blood cells by a series of interactions between host

61 inum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on the surface of red blood cells by expressing chimeric proteins of VHHs

62 In the US, red blood cells can be stored for up to 6 weeks, but ran

63 question on how hemoglobin diffusion in the red blood cells can help the oxygen capture at the cell

64 Red blood cells can synthesize H2S but, lacking organell

65 Mice whose red blood cells carry the chimeric proteins exhibit resi

66 coat (96.6% white blood cell yield, 0.0059% red blood cell carryover) by processing whole blood at 3

67 An asymmetric distribution of the red blood cells, caused by geometric focusing in stenose

68 The pabA growth defect was specific to the red blood cell component of human blood, showing no diff

69 this was inversely correlated with thrombus red blood cell content.

70 t to reduce splenic erythroblasts and mature red blood cells correlated with elevated bacterial burde

71 rsity of response to pneumolysin in diabetic red blood cells correlates with levels of glycated hemog

72 inhibition of mTORC1 significantly increased red blood cell counts and hemoglobin content in the bloo

73 asitized erythrocytes and reduced uninfected red blood cell deformability (RCD) compromise microcircu

74 question of microvascular function: how are red blood cells delivered at the same rate to each micro

75 asite products such as hemozoin and infected red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (iRBC-deri

76 Thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of red blood cell disorders, considered a major cause of mo

77 Vitamin B12 is necessary for formation of red blood cells, DNA synthesis, neural myelination, brai

78 s suggest that the damage and replacement of red blood cells during infection could be important cost

79 We show that pressure feedbacks created when red blood cells enter the finest vessels of the trunk ac

80 ained throughout parasite development within red blood cells, even during a period coincident with ex

81 tomic approach, we demonstrate that red drum red blood cells express 7 and 5 Hbalpha and Hbbeta isofo

82 Transfusion of red blood cells expressing self-antigen epitopes can all

83 We demonstrate that engineered red blood cells expressing VHHs can provide prolonged pr

84 cal sections of treated tumors have detected red blood cell extravasation within tumors treated with

85 infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils, red blood cell extravasation, and plumping endothelium w

86 < 0.001), doubling fetal hemoglobin-enriched red blood cells (F-cells) up to approximately 80% of tot

87 deformation and dynamics of each individual red blood cell flowing through the networks with high fi

88 (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12-1.52; P < .001) and red blood cell folate (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10-1.49; P =

89 No longitudinal associations were found for red blood cell folate and other sulfur amino acids.

90 (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.10-1.47; P = .001), and red blood cell folate levels (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.08-1.4

91 Serum and red blood cell folate levels are independent predictors

92 as observed regarding cobalamin, folate, and red blood cell folate.

93 cular mechanism by which TH functions during red blood cell formation, results that are potentially u

94 t hemoglobin concentration observed in human red blood cells ([Formula: see text]330 g.L (-1)) corres

95 Transfusion of red blood cells from female donors has been associated w

96 gnificantly reduced GLUT1 expression only on red blood cells from patients with GLUT1-DS (23 patients

97 concentration, a process critical for normal red blood cell function and survival.

98 To this end, red-blood-cell ghosts were made by hypotonic hemolysis a

99 Margination of stiffened red blood cells has been implicated in many vascular dis

100 re of cultured macrophages to hemolytic aged red blood cells, heme, or iron causes their functional p

101 op from precursors, how progenitors generate red blood cells, how hemoglobin synthesis is regulated,

102 aracterized by anemia and lack of enucleated red blood cells in blood circulation.

103 By simulating red blood cells in flow with the immersed boundary metho

104 ncy is the most common enzymatic disorder of red blood cells in human subjects, causing hemolytic ane

105 study is presented on the flow of deformable red blood cells in stenosed microvessels.

106 We simulate deformable red blood cells in the microcirculation using the immers

107 blood, there is much interest in generating red blood cells in vitro as an alternative clinical prod

108 In response to infected red blood cells in vitro, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells upregul

109 tic significance of blasts, and of white and red blood cells, in CSF samples at diagnosis of acute ly

110 Anemia and red blood cell indices predict HAND in the HAART era and

111 whereas P cynomolgi merozoites invade monkey red blood cells indiscriminately in vitro, in humans, th

112 To avoid clearance by the spleen, red blood cells infected with the human malaria parasite

113 Reductions in red blood cell infusions (44.3% vs. 27.6%), plasma infus

114 e (LD50) of BoNT/A, and transfusion of these red blood cells into naive mice affords protection for u

115 These findings link structural variation of red blood cell invasion receptors with natural resistanc

116 As a key regulator of red blood cell invasion, PfAP2-I represents a potential

117 The adhesion of malaria infected red blood cells (iRBCs) to host endothelial receptors in

118 Transfusion of packed red blood cells is a lifesaving therapy for patients wit

119 AChE in red blood cells is a surrogate for AChE in the nervous s

120 to pneumolysin within a population of human red blood cells is influenced by the biophysical and bio

121 The elasticity of red blood cells is known to be supplied by both their li

122 We find that red blood cell jamming at vascular bifurcations results

123 teins that are not normally expressed in the red blood cell, leading to systemic effects that exacerb

124 llows for gravitational sedimentation of the red blood cells, leaving a layer of yellowish plasma at

125 clusion induced by integrin-dependent sickle-red blood cell-leukocyte adhesion.

126 ilico experiment-simulating an entire mammal red blood cell lipid bilayer and cytoskeleton as modeled

127 on leukocyte enrichment techniques including red blood cell lysis and immunomagnetic purification.

128 Furthermore, histone-induced increases in red blood cell lysis and splenic clearance may be a sign

129 MRSE and VRE biofilms while showing minimal red blood cell lysis or cytotoxicity against HeLa cells.

130 For instance, nonmammalian red blood cells, mammalian erythroblasts, and platelets

131 The increase in red blood cell mass (polycythemia) due to the reduced ox

132 ntify the heterogeneity in plasma volume and red blood cell mass that are features of volume overload

133 , administration of a large volume of packed red blood cells (median >10 units), inability to close t

134 drug delivery system that combines a robust red blood cell membrane-coated nanoparticle (RBCNP) with

135 ed associations of maternal second trimester red blood cell mercury (RBC-Hg) concentrations with glob

136 Notably, only uFBA predicts that stored red blood cells metabolize TCA intermediates to regenera

137 in reaction, although the specimen had >3000 red blood cells/microL.

138 Red blood cells must deform to squeeze through these nar

139 t MMB treatment can normalize hemoglobin and red blood cell numbers.

140 profiles and drag forces imposed to trapped red blood cells of living zebrafish embryos.

141 Vel blood group antigen is expressed on the red blood cells of most individuals.

142 s of nutrient starvation and that the mature Red Blood Cells of some RTT patients retain mitochondria

143 of 167 kHz can trap and separate either one red blood cell or one prostate cancer cell and facilitat

144 rarenes caused detectable membrane damage to red blood cells or toxicity to human cells in culture.

145 g to the prioritization of available iron to red blood cells over all other tissues during negative i

146 red cell transit was highly constrained, and red blood cell oxygen saturation was low and inappropria

147 from archived blood smears and corresponding red blood cell pellets collected from asymptomatic child

148 total of 367 blood smears and corresponding red blood cell pellets, including 185 smears (50.4%) tha

149 mately five times more oxygen gas than human red blood cells (per gram), and that they are safe and e

150 toadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) to endothelial cells in the b

151 rmination for Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs).

152 responses to Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (PfRBCs) and mitogen, with the largest e

153 y numbers of the pyruvate kinase, liver, and red blood cell (PKLR) gene as well as of the Fcgamma rec

154 in and that the mechanical properties of the red blood cell plasma membrane are altered in diabetes.

155 predicting dynamic metabolic flux states for red blood cells, platelets, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

156 d in Plasmodium falciparum invasion into the red blood cell play an important role in clinical immuni

157 Common red blood cell polymorphisms (ie, hemoglobin S, glucose-

158 mpare the prevalence of 3 malaria-protective red blood cell polymorphisms in BWF cases vs both trial

159 To evaluate the impact of transfused packed red blood cell (PRBC) age on perioperative morbidity amo

160 Time of transfusion for each packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfused was recorded, in minute

161 the proportion of patients receiving packed red blood cell (PRBC) using a liberal trigger hemoglobin

162 ANKA- or Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL-parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) after transfusion into naive or

163 inase in the aging of stored units of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and subsequent lung inflammation

164 inase in the aging of stored units of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and subsequent lung inflammation

165 A compartmental model of the dynamics of red blood cell production and destruction was designed t

166 oundation of indices that accurately measure red blood cell production and destruction.

167 d haemoglobin and haematocrit, and decreased red blood cell production rates.

168 sensitive glycoprotein that is essential for red blood cell production.

169 poietin (EPO) is the cytokine that regulates red blood cell production.

170 in vivo RNAi screen, we identified liver and red blood cell pyruvate kinase (PKLR) as a driver of met

171 Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization is a serious compl

172 Invasion of the red blood cell (RBC) by the Plasmodium parasite defines

173 loss, which itself causes reduced peripheral red blood cell (RBC) counts without altering relative ab

174 cidate the functions of LPA receptors during red blood cell (RBC) differentiation.

175 d then compared these intakes with serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate among 4878 men and nonpregna

176 In the cross-sectional NHANES, serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate were first measured with the

177 ubsequent interaction with the membrane of a red blood cell (RBC) is important to predict the altered

178 rize the temperature dependence of the human red blood cell (RBC) metabolic network between 4 and 37

179 In this study, by using a two-component red blood cell (RBC) model and systematic parameter vari

180 ct its activity to EPO receptors (EPO-Rs) on red blood cell (RBC) precursors and prevent interaction

181 Plasmodium parasites bind to red blood cell (RBC) surface receptors, many of which ar

182 y by differences between donor and recipient red blood cell (RBC) survival times.

183 Red blood cell (RBC) traits are important heritable clin

184 Data regarding the contribution of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and anemia to necrotizi

185 worldwide each year, yet the indication for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and the optimal length

186 Exposures: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion given as 10 mL/kg over

187 Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion poses significant risks

188 estinal bleeding is a leading indication for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion worldwide, although opt

189 Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are of vital importanc

190 tiplied over the number of Hb molecules in a red blood cell (RBC), the effect is detectable through m

191 The mechanisms underlying red blood cell (RBC)-mediated hypoxic vasodilation remai

192 to determine the degree of agglutination of red blood cell (RBC).

193 udy was conducted to investigate the role of red blood cells (RBC) deformability in type 2 diabetes m

194 ghly complex genetic blood disorder in which red blood cells (RBC) exhibit heterogeneous morphology c

195 nt pairs, we measured lead concentrations in red blood cells (RBC) from prenatal maternal blood sampl

196 issue by comparing human antibody binding to red blood cells (RBC) isolated from knockout swine and t

197 vivax: P. chabaudi and P. falciparum infect red blood cells (RBC) of all ages (RBC generalist); P. y

198 low area of capillary beds by co-circulating red blood cells (RBC).

199 oxygen supply, typically delivered by packed red blood cells (RBC).

200 re differentiated by perfusate: (1) isolated red blood cells (RBCs) (current clinical standard for OC

201 Red blood cells (RBCs) and neutrophils were stained to e

202 tivity is essential for redox equilibrium of red blood cells (RBCs) and, when compromised, the RBCs a

203 For example, stem cell-derived red blood cells (RBCs) are a potential alternative to do

204 erical simulations with discrete tracking of red blood cells (RBCs) are performed in three realistic

205 200 billion red blood cells (RBCs) are produced every day, requiring

206 ns using high-resolution microscopy of human red blood cells (RBCs) as a case study.

207 finding that dying mice trace a large arc in red blood cells (RBCs) by reticulocyte space as compared

208 Human red blood cells (RBCs) deformability in vitro was assess

209 Red blood cells (RBCs) demonstrate procoagulant properti

210 ts at a physiologic ratio of 1 platelet to 9 red blood cells (RBCs) did not inhibit the in vitro deve

211 Vertebrate red blood cells (RBCs) display a range of sizes, spannin

212 (wild-type (WT)) and homozygous sickle (SS) red blood cells (RBCs) express a large number of surface

213 a) inhibits phagocytic activity and protects red blood cells (RBCs) from erythrophagocytosis.

214 fusion ratio of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) to red blood cells (RBCs) has spread to other surgical and

215 Red blood cells (RBCs) have historically been considered

216 mortality, among persons who receive stored red blood cells (RBCs) have recently garnered considerab

217 mortality, among persons who receive stored red blood cells (RBCs) have recently garnered considerab

218 Healthy red blood cells (RBCs) have remarkable deformability, sq

219 A simple method to convert red blood cells (RBCs) into efficient microreactors is r

220 site Plasmodium falciparum, invasion of host red blood cells (RBCs) is essential.

221 This perspective predicts that red blood cells (RBCs) may play an important but previou

222 During capillary transit, red blood cells (RBCs) must exchange large quantities of

223 Red blood cells (RBCs) of SCD patients have diverse shap

224 Transfusion of either platelets or red blood cells (RBCs) on days with bleeding was often n

225 ed trials have addressed whether exposure to red blood cells (RBCs) stored longer than 35 days is ass

226 Ex vivo experiments revealed that red blood cells (RBCs) themselves act as O2 sensors that

227 ble fragment antibody (scFv)/TM] targeted to red blood cells (RBCs) to improve pharmacokinetics and a

228 ined development of metabolic decay in human red blood cells (RBCs) under cold storage conditions.

229 xin or bee venom, were investigated on human red blood cells (RBCs) using quantitative phase imaging

230 meter sized particles, either latex beads or red blood cells (RBCs), create aggregates that are easil

231 brane coatings, including those derived from red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, white blood cells, ca

232 thms are also observed in isolated mammalian red blood cells (RBCs), which lack nuclei, suggesting th

233 , to measure accessible cholesterol in human red blood cells (RBCs).

234 a host requires mechanisms to spread between red blood cells (RBCs).

235 zation of mutated sickle hemoglobin (HbS) in red blood cells (RBCs).

236 and glucose transporters on erythrocytes (or red blood cells, RBCs) membrane.

237 hout a history of pregnancy and mortality of red blood cell recipients.

238 reased migration, tumorigenesis, metastasis, red blood cell recruitment to tumors, and induced hepato

239 Stem cell products, including manufactured red blood cells, require efficient sorting and purificat

240 Biogenesis of mammalian red blood cells requires nuclear expulsion by orthochrom

241 mpanied with a reduced survival of Sox6(-/-) red blood cells, resulting in a compensated anemia.

242 Examination of peripheral red blood cells revealed an increase of reactive oxygen

243 Dynamic imaging of red blood cells revealed the regeneration of an extensiv

244 erythrocytes during deoxygenation, altering red blood cell rheology and causing haemolysis.

245 ith the smooth muscle, endothelial cells, or red blood cells serving as the O2 sensor.

246 Abnormal sickle red blood cell (sRBC) biomechanics, including pathologic

247 ion of erythropoietin by the kidney; reduced red blood cell survival and iron deficiency; and mineral

248 Non-aggregating and aggregating human red blood cell suspensions were studied for a range of f

249 roved CD34+ culture system to engineer human red blood cells that express these chimeric proteins.

250 hanges during storage, transfusion of packed red blood cells that have been stored for prolonged inte

251 id membranes and, on the other hand, protect red blood cells through a mechanism independent of its s

252 re also capable of immobilizing non-adherent red blood cells through charge-based interactions.

253 for venous thromboembolism when transfusing red blood cells through multi-lumen PICCs seems necessar

254 d by the rapid influx of Cl(-) ions into the red blood cells through SLS-mediated disruption of the m

255 he trunk act together to uniformly partition red blood cells through the microvasculature.

256 Here the authors engineer mouse and human red blood cells to express VHHs against botulinum neurot

257 We utilize red blood cells to prolong the circulatory half-life of

258 resented relies on the catalytic activity of red blood cells towards hydrogen peroxide and on surface

259 um with 75 sentinel variants associated with red blood cell traits.

260 intergenic region, which is associated with red-blood-cell traits, including fetal hemoglobin levels

261 The mean number of red blood cell transfused per patient was reduced from 1

262 t difference was noted in the rate of packed red blood cell transfusion (6.9% vs 12.7%, respectively;

263 In multivariable analyses, genetic score, red blood cell transfusion dependency, white blood cell

264 nsfusions, all-cause mortality rates after a red blood cell transfusion from an ever-pregnant female

265 To quantify the association between red blood cell transfusion from female donors with and w

266 nsfusion burden patients, and a reduction in red blood cell transfusion of 4 or more red blood cell u

267 TXA appears effective in reducing red blood cell transfusion requirements without increasi

268 13 000/muL), and had anaemia with or without red blood cell transfusion support.

269 The exposure of interest was route of red blood cell transfusion.

270 A patient with asplenia and multiple red blood cell transfusions acquired babesiosis infectio

271 f Blood, Bernaudin et al report that chronic red blood cell transfusions can be safely replaced with

272 42-77] years; 52% female) who received 59320 red blood cell transfusions exclusively from 1 of 3 type

273 the no-donor-mixture cohort (ie, either all red blood cell transfusions exclusively from male donors

274 Red blood cell transfusions from ever-pregnant or never-

275 never-pregnant female donors, compared with red blood cell transfusions from male donors.

276 ent for at least 28 days who either required red blood cell transfusions while on ruxolitinib or ruxo

277 For male recipients of red blood cell transfusions, all-cause mortality rates a

278 Among female recipients of red blood cell transfusions, mortality rates for an ever

279 Among patients who received red blood cell transfusions, receipt of a transfusion fr

280 op anemia and frequently become dependent on red blood cell transfusions.

281 Red blood cell transit analysis revealed slow and stalle

282 In mice resuscitated with fresh packed red blood cells, treatment with haptoglobin, hemopexin,

283 ion burden, defined as requiring less than 4 red blood cell units in the 8 weeks before treatment (an

284 usion burden, defined as requiring 4 or more red blood cell units in the 8 weeks before treatment.

285 n in red blood cell transfusion of 4 or more red blood cell units or a 50% or higher reduction in red

286 d cell units or a 50% or higher reduction in red blood cell units over 8 weeks versus pre-treatment t

287 ow transfusion burden, defined as >/=4 vs <4 red blood cell units per 8 weeks); pre-study serum eryth

288 Secondary endpoints included red blood cell utilization.

289 production account for <10% of platelet and red blood cell variability, and thrombopoietin/cellular

290 ce may be the result of hemodilution or true red blood cell volume (RBCV) deficit.

291 Whereas invasion of human red blood cells was dependent on the presence of the Duf

292 Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in red blood cells was used to categorize participants into

293 tated hemoglobin S results in deformation of red blood cells, which can cause endothelial cell injury

294 peptides that are anchored to the surface of red blood cells, which furnishes a protease-resistant en

295 een adipocytes, while Plasmodium spp. infect red blood cells, which may adhere to the blood vessels s

296 quires continuous asexual replication within red blood cells, while its mosquito-borne transmission d

297 as well as high abundance cell types such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

298 actors for nonfixed and fixed cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, DU-145 prostate canc

299 sion greater than or equal to 5 units packed red blood cells within 24 hours, and Denver multiple org

300 ure an established indicator of iron status, red blood cell zinc protoporphyrin, in the microcirculat