ライフサイエンスコーパス: reducing agent

1 he conventional method (trisodium citrate as reducing agent).

2 sing tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) as reducing agent).

3 , temperature, deactivator, added salts, and reducing agents).

4 i, the latter of which acts as a sacrificial reducing agent.

5 ethylene glycol), is validated as the actual reducing agent.

6 presence of glutathione as a stoichiometric reducing agent.

7 of viral particles with membrane-impermeable reducing agent.

8 nitroepoxides with primary amines and then a reducing agent.

9 200 muM) of inhibitory activity with another reducing agent.

10 th introduced cysteines and was sensitive to reducing agent.

11 ll molecule mycothiol (MSH) as their primary reducing agent.

12 ls, and this effect was recapitulated with a reducing agent.

13 form stable oligomers that are resistant to reducing agent.

14 e, forms a stable dimer that is sensitive to reducing agent.

15 y is controlled effectively by the choice of reducing agent.

16 and triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial reducing agent.

17 acetoxy)borohydride anion (16) as the active reducing agent.

18 ty of recombinant enzyme in the absence of a reducing agent.

19 eavage as a function of the potential of the reducing agent.

20 a-Mn nanoparticles using n-butyllithium as a reducing agent.

21 of the aminophosphine as both precursor and reducing agent.

22 operoxides and were diminished by ebselen, a reducing agent.

23 this reaction is chemically mediated by the reducing agent.

24 , Au3Co, and Au3Ni using n-butyllithium as a reducing agent.

25 arsenic precursor and aminophosphine as the reducing agent.

26 zed dichlorosilylene to be the most probable reducing agent.

27 alkaline-ethanol solution in the presence of reducing agent.

28 d surface attached redox-active polymer as a reducing agent.

29 pes were still somewhat sensitive to heat or reducing agent.

30 ncentrated NaOH solution with NaBH4 added as reducing agent.

31 icles (AuNPs), without the use of additional reducing agent.

32 either methane or methanol, depending on the reducing agent.

33 silylium ion (R3Si(+)) and a hydride (H(-)) reducing agent.

34 using a binuclear copper complex and a mild reducing agent.

35 vely, in the presence of Cys, with AB as the reducing agent.

36 cross-linked mutant was treated with a thiol-reducing agent.

37 gain can be eliminated by adding appropriate reducing agents.

38 concentration of guanidine hydrochloride and reducing agents.

39 e complexes might be accessible using strong reducing agents.

40 d inter-disulphide bond by using appropriate reducing agents.

41 amenable to therapeutic intervention by GSL reducing agents.

42 ffect was fully reversible by treatment with reducing agents.

43 -5-MTHF can be controlled by the presence of reducing agents.

44 uman topoisomerase IIalpha in the absence of reducing agents.

45 uced blocking was reversed by disulfide bond-reducing agents.

46 ns in samples containing both detergents and reducing agents.

47 tent superoxide anion radical scavengers and reducing agents.

48 ny potassium tartrate are added and serve as reducing agents.

49 e channels with thiol-oxidizing or disulfide-reducing agents.

50 support the formation of a second, stronger reducing agent: a hydrogen-bonded complex between BH* an

51 d IkappaBalpha kinase (IKK) activation and a reducing agent abolished this inhibition, indicating the

52 Denaturants, reducing agents, acidic buffers, and thermal processing

53 Unlike other reducing agents, addition of SO2 to must/wine upon heati

54 ct advantages over the use of excess soluble reducing agent alone.

55 More importantly, we found that various reducing agents altered inhibitor potency (IC(50)) from

56 seeking to eliminate the use of an external reducing agent altogether, our alternative strategy make

57 synthesis of silver nanoparticles employs a reducing agent and a capping agent.

58 features the use of 2-picoline borane as the reducing agent and a protic solvent for the reaction med

59 solated protein to an iron salt, a disulfide reducing agent and air.

60 Using a moderate reducing agent and an epoxide substrate analogue, we wer

61 disassembles when membranes are treated with reducing agent and ATP.

62 Simultaneous activation of both the reducing agent and carbon dioxide is the key to efficien

63 cleavage of disulfide bonds mediated by the reducing agent and denaturant, leading to an instant and

64 esonance appears only in the presence of the reducing agent and disappears readily upon exposure to a

65 ll molecule mycothiol (MSH) as their primary reducing agent and for the detoxification of xenobiotics

66 py using sodium napthalenide (NaNpth) as the reducing agent and found that Mo-bpy undergoes anionic p

67 -kDa moiety was detected in SDS-PAGE without reducing agent and heat inactivation.

68 es were characterized after treatment with a reducing agent and heavy ion probes to reveal the occurr

69 The amine ligand serves as a strong reducing agent and is likely the main participant in the

70 detergents and detergent concentration, and reducing agent and its concentrations were evaluated for

71 vities of the metMb(III)s with cysteine as a reducing agent and of the (ferrous) Mb(II)s with nitrite

72 n-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was used as the reducing agent and protective group to generate DD-immob

73 borohydride (MEt3BH, M = Na, K) as both the reducing agent and reaction medium.

74 al reduction of Ag or Au ions using PVA as a reducing agent and stabilizer.

75 osphorus atom depending on the nature of the reducing agent and the presence of additives.

76 io- and stereoselective transformations with reducing agents and carbon nucleophiles demonstrated the

77 -nitrosocyclohexyl acetate are reversible by reducing agents and distinct from those of another HNO d

78 is a pore-forming toxin that is activated by reducing agents and inhibited by excess cholesterol.

79 reaction occurred in the absence of O(2) and reducing agents and was not inhibited by superoxide dism

80 to dissociation by boiling, denaturants, or reducing agents and was not observed in vitro unless bot

81 lyst, no dependence upon the amount of zinc (reducing agent), and an inverse dependence upon aryl hal

82 al 10-hydroxylase that requires SAM, a thiol reducing agent, and molecular oxygen for activity.

83 Combinations of ligand, reducing agent, and reaction conditions have been identi

84 ide-out membrane patches, reversed by strong reducing agents, and blocked by pretreatment with maleim

85 tion and is compatible with most detergents, reducing agents, and other commonly used reagents.

86 yde reductive coupling reactions with silane reducing agents are investigated using density functiona

87 ll as the use of reactive trihydrosilanes as reducing agents are keys to success.

88 The reducing agents are reviewed under two major categories:

89 Li is a very strong reducing agent as its nitrides have the highest atomizat

90 ing electrochemical exfoliation, a series of reducing agents as additives (e.g., (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl

91 rbic acid and antimony potassium tartrate as reducing agents (as used in the colorimetric method).

92 t CH4 was a highly efficient and a versatile reducing agent, as the total reducing power of CH4 origi

93 h of incubation after addition of biological reducing agent ascorbate at the physiological concentrat

94 fection by treatment with the small-molecule reducing agent ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

95 The addition of a reducing agent (ascorbic acid) plays a key role in this

96 fect on the degradation in the presence of a reducing agent (ascorbic acid), while in the mere presen

97 silver nitrate solution in the presence of a reducing agent, ascorbic acid, using in situ liquid-cell

98 ith nanowire morphology using a nonhazardous reducing agent, ascorbic acid.

99 nd AgNPs were synthesized using quercetin as reducing agent at room temperature.

100 f the complex reactivity of PAHs with strong reducing agents at high temperature.

101 rum adiponectin octadecamer was treated with reducing agents at pH 5 to obtain trimers.

102 mediated ATRP and supplemental activator and reducing agent ATRP up to high conversion (>90%), in t <

103 anoparticles synthesized using amino acid as reducing agent (average diameter-20 nm), incorporate the

104 For the irradiation of CO(2) using H(2)O as reducing agent, basic solids (K(+)-exchanged Y zeolite o

105 Metallic aluminum (Al) is of interest as a reducing agent because of its low standard reduction pot

106 The reducing agent beta-ME had little effect on zein's abili

107 The reducing agent beta-mercaptoethanol (betaME) reversibly

108 potassium-competitive acid blockers, reflux-reducing agents, bile acid binders, injection of inert s

109 requires slow reduction effected by a weaker reducing agent, borane-tert-butylamine complex.

110 m carbonyl complex and a simple alcohol as a reducing agent, both terminal and internal vicinal diols

111 by a combination of nonionic detergents with reducing agents but not by the presence of either alone.

112 is study reports a new, green, and efficient reducing agent (caffeic acid/CA) for GO reduction.

113 presence of UV light, alpha-CD, or disulfide reducing agent can effectively open the polymeric networ

114 The presence of disulfide reducing agent can effectively open the polymeric networ

115 hloride, 0.2% nondenaturing detergent, and a reducing agent can rapidly strip off tightly bound antib

116 actions, involving molecular hydrogen as the reducing agent, can be promoted by heterogeneous and hom

117 es and aminoborohydrides are mild, selective reducing agents complementary to the commonly utilized a

118 , treatment of whole S63C(-/-) nerves with a reducing agent completely reverted swollen arrays to nat

119 hlights the importance of testing a range of reducing agent concentrations when trying to eliminate a

120 er with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine as the reducing agent, conditions under which palmitoylation wa

121 When L-ascorbic acid was used as the reducing agent, conformal overgrowth of Au on the Pd nan

122 The addition of a reducing agent converts them to the reduced, free thiol

123 and 1.3(0.5) x 10(20) cm(-3) for the weaker reducing agent, CrCp*2.

124 evels of silencing by addition of a chemical reducing agent, demonstrating a basis for external contr

125 fer additives, including dimethyl sulfoxide, reducing agents, detergents, and bovine serum albumin.

126 sic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); reducing agents dissociate NS into monomers and dimers.

127 iated channel inhibition was reversed by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) and the specific deg

128 Deoxygenation of Hb was initiated using the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) in an assay that all

129 Conversely, the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) selectively enhanced

130 Preincubation with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT, 1 mM) prevented drug

131 ontracted airways were mimicked by the thiol-reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT, 10 mm) and inhibited

132 tion, current inhibition was reversed by the reducing agent dithiothreitol and unaffected by 1H-[1,2,

133 Furthermore, bath application of the reducing agent dithiothreitol increased the NMDAR compon

134 Addition of the reducing agent dithiothreitol to wild-type cells had a s

135 al that was sensitive to inhibition with the reducing agent dithiothreitol, suggesting that oxidative

136 mycin A-induced TRPA1 activation, as did the reducing agent dithiothreitol.

137 ld not be reversed by the application of the reducing agent dithiothreitol.

138 tered redox state as bath application of the reducing agent, dithiothreitol, increased the NMDAR comp

139 G but was prevented by antioxidants and the reducing agent, dithiothreitol.

140 Here, we compared the effects of three reducing agents-dithiothreitol (DTT), beta-mercaptoethan

141 Weak reducing agents do not facilitate defect formation by ou

142 of neurons responding to OA-NO2; however, a reducing agent DTT (50 mm) or La(3+) (50 mum) completely

143 Reducing agent DTT and reactive oxygen species (ROS) sca

144 he exogenous application of GSH or the thiol-reducing agent DTT can rescue the root phenotype of miao

145 en identified; these states are sensitive to reducing agents due to the formation of nonnative disulf

146 er amino acid-depleted conditions and that a reducing agent effectively suppresses amino acid-induced

147 The reducing agents employed include organozincs, organobora

148 sing 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) as a reducing agent enabled a time-dependent investigation ba

149 graphene oxide were reduced together with a reducing agent, ethylene glycol.

150 r redox potential with a cysteine oxidant or reducing agent failed to alter mTORC1 activity in TSC1(-

151 Human NFU is a functionally competent reducing agent for cysteinyl persulfide bond cleavage, r

152 l conversion with this extremely inexpensive reducing agent for the first time.

153 here for the first time to activate Al as a reducing agent for wet-chemical synthesis of a diverse a

154 alytic metal and are dependent on oxygen and reducing agents for activity.

155 atform to understand the efficiency of these reducing agents for the reduction of graphene oxide.

156 Aminoborohydrides are powerful and selective reducing agents for the reduction of tertiary amides.

157 reoslectivity (1:99) by simply switching the reducing agent from LiBHEt(3) to DIBAL-H/LiHMDS.

158 rization via initial reduction by biological reducing agent glutathione (GSH), followed by binding of

159 ally relevant concentrations of the cellular reducing agent glutathione.

160 which is abundant in reactions with a minor reducing agent, glutathione.

161 oyment of water-soluble ascorbic acid as the reducing agent has overcome the hurdles encountered by h

162 trong P horizontal lineO bond by BH3, a mild reducing agent, has been achieved through an intramolecu

163 on to functioning as enzyme cofactors, these reducing agents have a critical role in dealing with rea

164 fication of drug leads, and nonphysiological reducing agents have been widely used for HTS.

165 nical trials for symptomatic AD with amyloid-reducing agents have succeeded at target engagement but

166 ersensitive to iron depletion and the Tyr(*)-reducing agent hydroxyurea.

167 ies showed that the addition of detergent or reducing agent improved extraction efficiency of peanut

168 gestion protocol using dithiothreitol as the reducing agent in ammonium bicarbonate buffer could resu

169 Therefore, the choice of reducing agent in an HTS is critical because this may le

170 d) icosahedral nanocrystals based on the gas reducing agent in liquid solution method.

171 carbon organic radicals have been used as a reducing agent in metal nanowire synthesis.

172 using inexpensive polymethylhydrosiloxane as reducing agent in methanol.

173 ay have therapeutic potential as an arginine-reducing agent in patients with arginase deficiency.

174 It is also shown to act as a two-electron reducing agent in reactions with unsaturated substrates.

175 s N-acetylcysteine as a stoichiometric thiol reducing agent in the aqueous phase.

176 hase system containing N-acetylcysteine as a reducing agent in the aqueous phase.

177 Elemental silver was used as a reducing agent in the atom transfer radical polymerizati

178 Using tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) as a mild reducing agent in the presence of copper complexes, PO b

179 film, which prevents its effective use as a reducing agent in wet-chemical synthesis.

180 active and potentially useful stoichiometric reducing agents in nonpolar, nonprotonated solvents.

181 iodide (SmI(2)) is one of the most important reducing agents in organic synthesis.

182 can bind to tcpP promoters in the absence of reducing agents in vitro.

183 tes, and in the presence of growth media and reducing agents, in addition to preserving their optical

184 and is stimulated by ferrous/ferric ion and reducing agents including L-ascorbate.

185 zing the concentrations of key intracellular reducing agents, including GSH.

186 as reversed upon exposure to the thiol-based reducing agents, including physiologically relevant conc

187 discovered that macromolecular crowding and reducing agents increase overall iSAT protein synthesis;

188 e iSAT yields by enhancing translation while reducing agents increase rRNA transcription and ribosome

189 32Ser mutation or by treatment of cells with reducing agents increases Z AAT secretion.

190 is altered by changing redox balance using a reducing agent-indicating gap junction nexus stability i

191 ably detected in plasma after treatment with reducing agent, ionizing linearly from 150 to 1200 fmol

192 t temperature and pressure in the absence of reducing agent is exploited which resulted good-to-high

193 ATRP of alkyne-terminated polymers because a reducing agent is present during polymerization, however

194 es an inexpensive iron catalyst and a silane reducing agent is reported.

195 % of Cu(OAc)(2) in the absence of any added reducing agent is sufficient to enable the reaction.

196 ) spectroscopic studies show that the active reducing agent is the free radicals produced by benzoins

197 talyzed by Ni(COD)(2)/PCy(3) with silanes as reducing agents is reported herein.

198 , ascorbic acid (vitamin C, a potent natural reducing agent) is a common additive to cell culture med

199 to the general understanding of NaBH(4) as a reducing agent, it has also been found to act as a cappi

200 ntal Mn using the most common solution-phase reducing agents, it has been challenging to synthesize a

201 (water), (ii) SiGe alloy composition, (iii) reducing agent, (iv) metal redox potential, and (v) addi

202 ular application of the membrane-impermeable reducing agent, L-glutathione (L-GSH), through the intra

203 f [Rh2(OAc)4] as catalyst and formic acid as reducing agent, leading to the high yield synthesis of c

204 tivity of NP in the presence of oxygen and a reducing agent like DTT.

205 have suggested that ivabradine, a heart-rate-reducing agent, may improve outcomes in patients with st

206 The reducing agent, mercaptopropionylglycine, or the CaMKII

207 o-occlusion was blocked by the methemoglobin reducing agent methylene blue, haptoglobin, or the heme-

208 The reducing agent N-acetylcysteine eliminated the effects o

209 line Pd nanoparticles synthesized by another reducing agent (N2H4) and commercial Pt-loaded carbon (P

210 A combination of the Cu(2+) reducing agent Na ascorbate (100 microM) and CuSO(4) (0.

211 n be controlled by varying the amount of the reducing agent NaBH4 in the synthesis, and the prepared

212 Two different reducing agents, namely, L-ascorbic acid and citric acid

213 Trxs act as potential reducing agents of disulfide bonds and contain two vicin

214 agents such as Trolox, a combined oxidizing-reducing agent often used in single-molecule studies for

215 ulfide bond is demonstrated by the effect of reducing agents on the precursor, mutagenesis, and liqui

216 molecular electron transfer from an external reducing agent or mediated intramolecularly by internal

217 d to the monovalent cation PQ(+) by either a reducing agent or NADPH oxidase on microglia, it becomes

218 its pores without the need for any external reducing agent or photochemical reactions, and the resul

219 pecies scavenger N-acetylcysteine but not by reducing agents or NO pathway inhibitors.

220 olerance to oxygen, and no need to introduce reducing agents or radical initiators.

221 oscopy after mild treatment in detergent and reducing agent permitted the visualization of projection

222 emoval of copper catalyst; (2) adding excess reducing agents post-ATRP which prevent the oxidation of

223 LsAA9A activity is less sensitive to the reducing agent potential when cleaving xylan, suggesting

224 roups of cellulose nanofibers, acting as the reducing agent producing a bionanocomposite "embedded si

225 as observed when citric acid was used as the reducing agent, producing Pd-Au bimetallic dimers.

226 nthesis through the addition of crowding and reducing agents, provides a thorough understanding of th

227 sulfonium salts by a variety of one-electron reducing agents ranging in potential from -0.77 to +2.5

228 d the effects of variables such as solvents, reducing agents, reaction temperature, and capping ligan

229 together, our alternative strategy makes the reducing agent recyclable.

230 ors has not been done with the physiological reducing agent reduced glutathione (GSH).

231 Treatment of the disulfidic forms with reducing agent regenerates the monomeric species that wa

232 taining DNA 6-TG induces extensive heat- and reducing agent-resistant covalent DNA-protein crosslinks

233 cellular uptake and were less susceptible to reducing agents, resulting in greater transfection effic

234 ge of the aromatic disulfide cross-link by a reducing agent results in the acquisition of a nativelik

235 Reducing agent reversed the action of the limonoid, sugg

236 A reducing agent reversed the inhibitory effect, and mutat

237 directly inhibited binding of p65 to DNA, a reducing agent reversed this effect, and mutation of cys

238 o inhibited IKK activation directly, and the reducing agent reversed this inhibition.

239 ertiary amine to produce the single-electron reducing agent Ru(bpy)(3)(+).

240 ion without the need for ionic surfactant or reducing agents, simplifying device design and operation

241 Rather, we confirm that it is the reducing agent sodium dithionite that facilitates releas

242 ed for 10 s into two separate solutions of a reducing agent (sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2)) and Pd i

243 rons, plates, or cubes) together with a weak reducing agent such as citric acid (CA).

244 HO in the presence of oxygen and biological reducing agents such as ascorbate.

245 growth media, and in the presence of natural reducing agents such as glutathione.

246 yet most synthesis recipes require hazardous reducing agents such as hydrazine or sodium borohydride.

247 ein splicing, and splicing can be induced by reducing agents such as tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (T

248 Other reducing agents such as tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine an

249 adation can be enhanced by the presence of a reducing agent, such as ascorbic acid.

250 A reducing agent, such as dithionite, which can quench the

251 . coli SufS that is partially protected from reducing agents, such as dithiothreitol and glutathione,

252 Of note, exposure to gastric acid-reducing agents, such as H2 blockers and proton pump inh

253 complementary to the commonly utilized amide reducing agents, such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH

254 NA, which was reversed by the treatment with reducing agents, suggesting a role for a cysteine residu

255 ies that could be released by treatment with reducing agents, suggesting non-Sec utilization of Se in

256 of (CYGAK)(2) and inhibition was reversed by reducing agents, suggesting that CYGAK forms a disulfide

257 by treatment of the channels with sulfhydryl reducing agents, suggesting that it was mostly regulated

258 ing compounds (~560 compounds) with the four reducing agents surprisingly produced many nonoverlappin

259 y more resistant to chemical denaturants and reducing agents than nepenthesin I, and it possesses a s

260 ganic radical great potential as a versatile reducing agent that can be generalized in other metallic

261 owever, the effect of CORM-2 was reversed by reducing agents that act extracellularly.

262 doing so, the reaction avoids stoichiometric reducing agents that are typically associated with reduc

263 e inhibitors such as statins are cholesterol-reducing agents that may provide a new therapeutic optio

264 At the same time, water-soluble reducing agents that regenerate alphatoc can access the

265 For strong reducing agents the initial outer-sphere electron transf

266 By employing a trialkylamine as a reducing agent, the active Pd(0) species is generated in

267 In the absence of an external reducing agent, the in-situ-generated oxidative addition

268 disulfide bonds were reduced with a chemical reducing agent, the ligand binding activity decreased by

269 recursor and potassium graphite (KC(8)) as a reducing agent, the naphthalene and anthracene complexes

270 At pH 7, in the absence of reducing agents, these Ap-containing duplexes also produ

271 5 to DNA, and this binding was reversed by a reducing agent, thus suggesting a role for the cysteine

272 uses potassium hydride as a redox-controlled reducing agent to access the PAH dianions, and so enable

273 ccess relies on the introduction of a strong reducing agent to compete with and thereby block the gal

274 (IC(50)) from approximately 10 muM with one reducing agent to complete loss (IC(50)>200 muM) of inhi

275 ontaining active site and use dioxygen and a reducing agent to oxidatively cleave glycosidic linkages

276 from Tagetespatula was used as a capping and reducing agent to synthesize in one pot gold nanoparticl

277 onds are reduced chemically by addition of a reducing agent to the quench solution (e.g., tris(2-carb

278 acceptor, we used iron(II) and glucose as co-reducing agents to reduce GO under mild reaction conditi

279 f applying Mannose-6-Phosphate (M6P), a scar reducing agent, to a site of sciatic nerve repair.

280 k reaction, now performed in the presence of reducing agent, to generate cross-linked DNA or a pyrene

281 luoride anion does not act as a one-electron reducing agent toward the NDI investigated in this work.

282 high concentration (>200 mM) of the chemical reducing agent Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) as i

283 gent concentrations, including the disulfide reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), pH,

284 The use of a stronger reducing agent [tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochlor

285 Using H(2) gas as reducing agent, up to 40% conversion was achieved with a

286 ce in the HTS results based on the choice of reducing agent used and potency comparisons of selected

287 A low volume of concentrated reducing agent, viz. dithiothreitol (DTT) or tris(2-carb

288 nanoparticles mediated by stainless steel as reducing agent was monitored via infrared attenuated tot

289 d that a sufficient concentration of the TEA reducing agent was present in solution.

290 sphate buffer containing both surfactant and reducing agent was used as the extraction buffer.

291 lipophilic naphthyridinol with water-soluble reducing agents was also studied in liposomes using H(2)

292 of iron(III) to iron(II), using a variety of reducing agents, was investigated.

293 out in the presence of significant levels of reducing agents (which should reduce etoposide quinone t

294 Oxidizing and reducing agents, which are currently involved in cell me

295 This modification is reversible by reducing agents, which restore APE1 incision function.

296 odilation that is restored by thiol-specific reducing agents, which reverse this S-glutathionylation.

297 ewis basic fragment allows activation of the reducing agent while moderate Lewis acidity/basicity at

298 duction, consisting of more than 50 types of reducing agent, will be reviewed from a synthetic chemis

299 eaction of the electrogenerated Pt phases as reducing agent with phenyl diazonium salts was performed

300 ylmetal reagent is needed, only nickel and a reducing agent (Zn).