ライフサイエンスコーパス: reinforcement

1 ion of traits that allow assortative mating (reinforcement).

2 ek and take alcohol on a chained schedule of reinforcement.

3 king, cardiovascular responses, and negative reinforcement.

4 plicated in the mediation of both reward and reinforcement.

5 ot affect expression of positive or negative reinforcement.

6 tal region that critically regulates sucrose reinforcement.

7 responding was assessed without cocaine/food reinforcement.

8 eking behavior in a second-order schedule of reinforcement.

9 oth fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement.

10 urons and is sufficient to induce behavioral reinforcement.

11 del of acute pain while lacking any positive reinforcement.

12 nt-centered counseling with audio counseling reinforcement.

13 contact zone, consistent with divergence by reinforcement.

14 m carbonate mineralization for bulk skeleton reinforcement.

15 ify clear trends in composite stiffness with reinforcement.

16 fer and leading to more efficient mechanical reinforcement.

17 ole for the glutamate neurons in behavioural reinforcement.

18 mulation of this circuit promotes behavioral reinforcement.

19 influence, which gradually weakened without reinforcement.

20 ion and persist after the discontinuation of reinforcement.

21 VTA dopamine neuron activity and behavioral reinforcement.

22 ents a novel approach for influencing opioid reinforcement.

23 connectivity and ascribe functional roles in reinforcement.

24 not convey metabolic (ie, nutrient-derived) reinforcement.

25 as it did not impair responding for sucrose reinforcement.

26 ral applications, for example, as mechanical reinforcements.

27 on, i.v.) under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of reinforcement (60-min sessions once a day, 5 days per we

28 onditioned cues supported robust conditioned reinforcement, a preconditioned cue did not.

29 short-term nonoperative management, and mesh reinforcement, among experts; there was limited evidence

30 raphe serotonergic activity during aversive reinforcement and amygdala serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2C

31 hanisms and circuitry underlying conditioned reinforcement and cocaine, heroin, and alcohol seeking.

32 (H3K9me2), increases sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement and enhances motivation for cocaine in sel

33 Reinforcement and error-based processes are essential fo

34 of these systems as it relates to reward and reinforcement and examines current literature regarding

35 actions between brain circuits that regulate reinforcement and homeostatic signals that control metab

36 l area (VTA) activity is critical for reward/reinforcement and is tightly modulated by the laterodors

37 nent of the LH-VTA pathway supports positive reinforcement and place preference, while the glutamater

38 a causal role of GABAB receptors in alcohol reinforcement and relapse to alcohol seeking.

39 wall, namely anisotropy in the form of hoop reinforcement and strain stiffening.

40 us accumbens (nAc), facilitating behavioural reinforcement and substance abuse.

41 metabolic energy source, underlies sustained reinforcement, and activates striatal circuitry.

42 netheless, in uses that do not require steel reinforcement, and in locations where the MgO can be sou

43 hemical pathway that supports the formation, reinforcement, and maintenance of human social bonds.SIG

44 rain bundle fibers, induces both feeding and reinforcement, and suggests the possibility of a subset

45 ss of TiBw/Ti6Al4V composites with a network reinforcement architecture that exhibits a significant c

46 l circuits and mechanisms that underlie this reinforcement are still not well understood.

47 Deficits in reinforcement-based decision making have been reported i

48 generalized anxiety disorder showed impaired reinforcement-based decision making.

49 Further research on reinforcement-based motor learning regimes is warranted

50 ose pellets under a second-order schedule of reinforcement before, but not after, the delivery and in

51 rong genotype-dose association with positive reinforcement behavior in control subjects, which differ

52 The finding that positive reinforcement buffered heritable risk for callous-unemot

53 High levels of adoptive mother positive reinforcement buffered the effects of heritable risk for

54 Fructose conveys orosensory (ie, taste) reinforcement but does not convey metabolic (ie, nutrien

55 Glucose however conveys orosensory reinforcement but unlike fructose, it is a major metabol

56 ation of motor space that, when coupled with reinforcement, can drive motor learning.

57 d but synaptically interconnected network of reinforcement circuitry is emerging: it includes afferen

58 ratio 1 and a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement compared with wild-type (Wt) controls.

59 ding in a progressive ratio schedule of food reinforcement, depression-like behaviors, or energy bala

60 Song reinforcement diminished when dopamine receptors were bl

61 uts to the basal ganglia selectively mediate reinforcement-driven vocal plasticity.

62 Prophylactic mesh-augmented reinforcement during laparotomy closure has been propose

63 sts between the individual nanotubes, a high reinforcement effect in compression and tensile characte

64 rther addition of MMT (to 8 wt%) reduced the reinforcement effect, probably because of dispersion pro

65 ses the threshold nicotine dose required for reinforcement enhancement.

66 AO inhibition on the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine in rats.

67 ogram lasting approximately 30 minutes, with reinforcement every 4 months by the study dermatologist.

68 In females, we observed song reinforcement exclusively to the mate's song, although t

69 R as an indispensable element of normal food reinforcement, food intake and body weight regulation.

70 The Staple-line Reinforcement for Prevention of Pulmonary Air Leakage st

71 The Staple-line Reinforcement for Prevention of Pulmonary Air Leakage st

72 ction with a smaller subordinate intruder as reinforcement for the development of conditioned place p

73 brids also exhibit a great potential as nano-reinforcements for fabricating high-strength polymer-bas

74 uncertainty, a desire to obtain conditioned reinforcement from positive cues, and individual variati

75 omized trial evaluating alginate staple-line reinforcement has been performed to date.

76 Studies using positive reinforcement have shown that adolescent intermittent et

77 a cost of mental effort when controlling for reinforcement history: participants preferred stimuli th

78 r2 exhibit increased sensitivity to morphine reinforcement; however, whether beta-arr2 and/or c-Src p

79 Although the reinforcement (i.e., the increase in the linear elastici

80 iduals whose drinking was driven by negative reinforcement (ie, relief drinkers) would have a better

81 iduals whose drinking was driven by positive reinforcement (ie, reward drinkers) would have a better

82 f millimeter-long MWCNTs that can be used as reinforcement in a composite system.

83 Although CNT shows the promise to be used as reinforcement in a high modulus/strength composite mater

84 ement in males and as ultra-selective sexual reinforcement in females.

85 Recent findings highlight the role of polar reinforcement in guard cell function, which simultaneous

86 in social songbirds: as low-threshold social reinforcement in males and as ultra-selective sexual rei

87 preconditioned cue will support conditioned reinforcement in rats.

88 and serious adverse effects of mesh or graft reinforcement in vaginal prolapse surgery.

89 1) the regions in the vicinity of the matrix/reinforcement interface, defined as "matrix plastic zone

90 er, and (2) the regions away from the matrix/reinforcement interface, simply defined as matrix hereaf

91 arning, learned effects show extinction when reinforcement is discontinued.

92 ssociating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a complete

93 the difference between received and expected reinforcement) is disrupted in generalized anxiety disor

94 inergic terminals in the VTA caused positive reinforcement, LDT-to-vSNc modulation did not alter loco

95 hrough a process described using model-based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms.

96 Models of reinforcement learning (RL) are prevalent in the decisio

97 Reinforcement learning (RL) in simple instrumental tasks

98 Reinforcement learning (RL) is the behavioral process of

99 ed fMRI analysis revealed a fractionation of reinforcement learning (RL) signals in the ventral stria

100 g a novel oculomotor paradigm, combined with reinforcement learning (RL) simulations, we show that mo

101 eract during learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reinforcement learning (RL) theory has been remarkably p

102 ble systems, such as working memory (WM) and reinforcement learning (RL), contribute simultaneously t

103 We review the psychology and neuroscience of reinforcement learning (RL), which has experienced signi

104 ed blocks of stimulus-based and action-based reinforcement learning (RL).

105 reased ventral striatal RPE signaling during reinforcement learning (session 2), though there was no

106 cent evidence indicates that, beyond classic reinforcement learning adaptations, individuals may also

107 s' behaviour was better explained by a basic reinforcement learning algorithm, adults' behaviour inte

108 bine them with model-free, experience-based, reinforcement learning algorithms to train the gliders.

109 l prediction errors as defined in model-free reinforcement learning algorithms.

110 In inverse reinforcement learning an observer infers the reward dis

111 MRI, we found that adolescents showed better reinforcement learning and a stronger link between reinf

112 Theories of reinforcement learning and approach behavior suggest tha

113 triatal DA D2 receptors (D2Rs) also regulate reinforcement learning and are implicated in glucose-rel

114 This is true for reinforcement learning and decision making (where the la

115 the representation of "state," in studies of reinforcement learning and decision making, and also in

116 have important implications for theories of reinforcement learning and delay discounting.

117 rcement learning and a stronger link between reinforcement learning and episodic memory for rewarding

118 pamine is thought to play a critical role in reinforcement learning and goal-directed behavior, but i

119 ptive function in this context, and also how reinforcement learning and incentive salience models may

120 ion of corticostriatal circuitry involved in reinforcement learning and motivation, although the inte

121 des a neural basis for persisting effects in reinforcement learning and placebo hypoalgesia.

122 sms that underlie these processes, including reinforcement learning and spike-timing-dependent plasti

123 d role for D3 receptors in select aspects of reinforcement learning and suggest that individual varia

124 uences for brain and computational models of reinforcement learning are discussed.SIGNIFICANCE STATEM

125 theorists have recently proposed model-based reinforcement learning as a candidate framework.

126 We here propose a representation of reinforcement learning as a stochastic process in finite

127 ipheral glucose levels and glucose-dependent reinforcement learning behaviors and highlight the notio

128 In several reinforcement learning contexts, such as Pavlovian condi

129 These results demonstrate that reinforcement learning engages both attentional habits a

130 erent types of game and the possibility that reinforcement learning explains observed behavior.

131 odel that augments the standard reward-based reinforcement learning formulation by associating a valu

132 s formal description of avoidance within the reinforcement learning framework provides a new means of

133 We further describe a reinforcement learning framework through which the tutor

134 escribe inferences based on a combination of reinforcement learning from past feedback and participan

135 sed learning from human expert moves, and by reinforcement learning from self-play.

136 Computational modeling of trial-by-trial reinforcement learning further indicated that lower OFC

137 Although reinforcement learning has been central in explaining pl

138 ansformation, namely, its ability to enhance reinforcement learning in a dynamic environment.

139 eal an important role for the hippocampus in reinforcement learning in adolescence and suggest that r

140 l link between IL-6 and striatal RPEs during reinforcement learning in the context of acute psycholog

141 of these tasks ignores important aspects of reinforcement learning in the real world: (a) State spac

142 al studies, the present results suggest that reinforcement learning may be a major proximate mechanis

143 ing is not accounted for by varying a single reinforcement learning mechanism, but by changing the se

144 These associations can be attained with reinforcement learning mechanisms using a reward predict

145 iatal plasticity can be induced by classical reinforcement learning mechanisms, and might be central

146 in driving behavior on the basis of classic reinforcement learning mechanisms.

147 i delivered at random times and formulated a reinforcement learning model based on belief states.

148 s behavioral and neural data compared with a reinforcement learning model inspired by rating systems

149 mood and anxiety group on a parameter of our reinforcement learning model that characterizes a prepot

150 To cope with uncertainty, we extended a reinforcement learning model with a belief state about t

151 are better explained in a context-dependent reinforcement learning model.

152 their inferences over time, we pitted simple reinforcement learning models against more specific "com

153 ic reinforcement learning task combined with reinforcement learning models and fMRI, we found that ad

154 stimuli, not actions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reinforcement learning models of the ventral striatum (V

155 Reinforcement learning models provide formal and testabl

156 We found that, across different conditions, reinforcement learning models were approximately as accu

157 Reinforcement learning models were used to explicate obs

158 iction errors underlie learning of values in reinforcement learning models, are represented by phasic

159 sk evaluating performance using Bayesian and Reinforcement learning models.

160 responding for sucrose pellets and sustained reinforcement learning of glucose-paired flavors.

161 ions may relate to abnormal decision making, reinforcement learning or somatic processing in TS.

162 Adolescents and adults carried out a novel reinforcement learning paradigm in which participants le

163 icated that in such an unstable environment, reinforcement learning parameters are downregulated depe

164 We approach this puzzle from a reinforcement learning perspective: what kind of spatial

165 ons can be regulated via striatally mediated reinforcement learning signals.

166 sing a combination of evolutionary analysis, reinforcement learning simulations, and behavioral exper

167 This is different from the Pavlov, a reinforcement learning strategy promoting mutual coopera

168 Using a probabilistic reinforcement learning task combined with reinforcement

169 n counterfactual learning, we administered a reinforcement learning task that involves both direct le

170 retrospectively predicted performance on the reinforcement learning task, demonstrating that the bias

171 During a reinforcement learning task, the information content of

172 event-related potentials in humans during a reinforcement learning task, we show strong evidence in

173 of value representation following a standard reinforcement learning task.

174 performance of two groups of participants on reinforcement learning tasks using a computational model

175 Contrary to previous results in reinforcement learning tasks, individuals with moderate

176 Q-learning is a method of reinforcement learning that employs backwards stagewise

177 Does learning in human observers comply with reinforcement learning theories, which describe how subj

178 Reinforcement learning theory powerfully characterizes h

179 This view, rooted in reinforcement learning theory, equates motor variability

180 ncode reward prediction errors and can drive reinforcement learning through their projections to stri

181 ate their expectations after playing a DG by reinforcement learning to construct a model that explain

182 the DG and also to the wide applicability of reinforcement learning to explain many strategic interac

183 or signals consistent with formal models of "reinforcement learning" (RL) have repeatedly been found

184 at sensory processing, sequence learning and reinforcement learning, but are limited in their ability

185 the relative influence of the two systems in reinforcement learning, but few studies have manipulated

186 error signal proposed to support model-free reinforcement learning, cached-value errors are typicall

187 showing that individuals adopting a type of reinforcement learning, called aspiration learning, phen

188 FICANCE STATEMENT In aversive and appetitive reinforcement learning, learned effects show extinction

189 ional mechanisms, model-based and model-free reinforcement learning, neuronally implemented in fronto

190 mechanism between model-based and model-free reinforcement learning, placing such a mechanism within

191 ipiprazole on more cognitive facets of human reinforcement learning, such as learning from the forgon

192 re we introduce an algorithm based solely on reinforcement learning, without human data, guidance or

193 roduce effects of dopaminergic medication on reinforcement learning.

194 CC behavioral patterns could be explained by reinforcement learning.

195 mine (DA) and regulates appetitive drive and reinforcement learning.

196 r to deviate sharply from the predictions of reinforcement learning.

197 udy failed to replicate previous findings on reinforcement learning.

198 ntial hypothesis posits that dopamine biases reinforcement learning.

199 sure may be a critical cellular component of reinforcement learning.

200 licit influence of movement error signals on reinforcement learning.

201 "model-free" and "model-based" strategies in reinforcement learning.

202 ant consequences for computational models of reinforcement learning.

203 arallel contribution of MB and MF systems in reinforcement learning.

204 yield choice patterns similar to model-free reinforcement learning; however, samples can vary from t

205 We review the evidence from reinforcement-learning and habit-learning studies in TS,

206 egulation as resulting from a self-adjusting reinforcement-learning mechanism that infers latent stat

207 engagement are captured by a self-adjusting reinforcement-learning mechanism that tracks changing en

208 Using insights from computational reinforcement-learning models and basic-science studies

209 To identify the reinforcement-learning processes that are affected by ch

210 d drug use, may be because of disruptions in reinforcement-learning processes that enable behavior to

211 A reinforcement-learning scheme we demonstrate is capable

212 the allostasis model and show that negative-reinforcement may begin working after a single exposure/

213 rinsic-and microenvironment-independent-self-reinforcement mechanism that drives tumor initiation and

214 ethod will provide a better understanding of reinforcement mechanisms and effect on performance of la

215 This result can be explained by a reinforcement model wherein movement errors influence de

216 Stress bolsters the consequences of aversive reinforcement, not by simply enhancing the neurobiologic

217 Prophylactic retromuscular mesh-augmented reinforcement of a midline laparotomy in patients with a

218 tially high-tension actin stress fibers, and reinforcement of an initially low-tension actin cytoskel

219 levels at junctions without a corresponding reinforcement of cell-cell contacts.

220 or membrane ordering, may contribute to the reinforcement of cell-cell contacts.

221 termine the efficacy of alginate staple-line reinforcement of fissure openings as compared with stapl

222 termine the efficacy of alginate staple-line reinforcement of fissure openings as compared with stapl

223 lux, thickening of F-actin stress fibers and reinforcement of focal adhesion contacts.

224 tions seems to be most successful, including reinforcement of general infection control measures, alo

225 This process may lead to the reinforcement of leaves against mechanical stress.

226 and female C57BL/6 mice in the differential reinforcement of low response rate (DRL) task.

227 ong been the gold standard for retention and reinforcement of low- to medium-strength silica-based ce

228 iomarkers (such as CLN5 and AK2), as well as reinforcement of ours and others previous findings in th

229 Site-selective isotopic reinforcement of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at

230 and model-based learning; the former is mere reinforcement of previously rewarded actions and the lat

231 cal-metamaterial applications, including the reinforcement of self-healing composites.

232 equilibrated pharmacodynamic properties, the reinforcement of some of these properties, which has bee

233 A is enhanced by surface crack minimization, reinforcement of the BNTA-Ti metal interface, and stabil

234 ion of the two effects results in continuous reinforcement of the substrate/catalyst interaction alon

235 Structural reinforcement of the wall by stiff cellulose microfibril

236 mples and addiction treatment attendance, or reinforcement only for study participation.

237 timing-dependent eligibility trace on which reinforcement operates.

238 on of BLA neurons around moments of aversive reinforcement or nonreinforcement causes reductions in t

239 inhibition of BLA neurons around moments of reinforcement or nonreinforcement disrupts maintenance o

240 red the role of NF-kappaB in alcohol reward, reinforcement, or consumption.

241 rsus 0% (95% CI, 0%-6%) after mesh-augmented reinforcement (P < 0.0001; Fisher exact test).

242 ism are thought to be the primary drivers of reinforcement potency of energy sources.

243 etween caloric load, metabolic response, and reinforcement potency, which is driven in part by the ex

244 it is unclear whether the representation of reinforcement prediction error (PE) (the difference betw

245 anagement included the variable magnitude of reinforcement "prize draw" procedure contingent on EtG-n

246 dogenous N/OFQ in the modulation of nicotine reinforcement processes.

247 ated increases in extracellular dopamine and reinforcement-related behavior.

248 ogs in reducing AMPH effects on dopamine and reinforcement-related behaviors and suggest a new avenue

249 protect motivational function by preserving reinforcement-related signals used to sustain reward-max

250 isplay an abrogated stretch-stimulated actin reinforcement response and increased cell migration.

251 lic stretch results in an actin stress fiber reinforcement response that stabilizes the actin cytoske

252 g the performance of polymer matrices, their reinforcement role still needs to be further improved.

253 ocaine as measured using a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule and to enhanced cocaine seeking m

254 ebellar patients, we developed a closed-loop reinforcement schedule in which task difficulty was cont

255 no effect on instrumental behavior under any reinforcement schedule tested.

256 ation was assessed using a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule.

257 search on alpha neurofeedback should explore reinforcement schedules based on detection of onsets and

258 exposed to a series of fixed-ratio (FR) food-reinforcement schedules in two contexts: an open economy

259 progressive ratio or seeking/taking chained reinforcement schedules, or during punishment-induced su

260 MAGEN study (a European multicenter study of reinforcement sensitivity in adolescents) was performed

261 to test predictions derived from the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST) of personality w

262 the arrival of a reward-conditioned sensory reinforcement signal within 2 s of the STDP pairing, thu

263 Aberrant reinforcement signals to the sensorimotor striatum may b

264 through modulation by behaviourally relevant reinforcement signals, mediated by dopamine and adenosin

265 ions, without consideration of physiological reinforcement signals.

266 al and optogenetic studies of core drive and reinforcement sites.

267 ctomy (LSG) including the use of staple line reinforcement (SLR), bougie size (BS), and distance from

268 ore restricted set of sites where-along with reinforcement-stimulation also has drive-like effects, i

269 eatment efficacy for approaches that rely on reinforcement strategies (eg, contingency management) an

270 statement testing, but had no effect on food reinforcement, suggesting that miR-495 selectively affec

271 Co-evolution of sexually dimorphic reinforcement systems can explain the coexistence of gre

272 We developed a mechanistic model of the reinforcement task and found that learning depended on a

273 knowledge scores increased with educational reinforcement (test 2) compared with control arm test 1

274 tes are developed using a less-studied fibre reinforcement, that of natural silk.

275 as examined under a second-order schedule of reinforcement; THC functioned as reinforcer in two monke

276 Negative reinforcement theories of drug addiction posit that addi

277 dministration for doses that are near to the reinforcement threshold, suggest that male and female sm

278 dict extinction after the discontinuation of reinforcement through prediction errors.

279 To apply reinforcement to cerebellar patients, we developed a clo

280 mponents of addiction, from the initial drug reinforcement to cue-associated relapse and continued dr

281 second-order schedule of intravenous cocaine reinforcement to investigate the neural basis of the pro

282 studied in the context of adherens junction reinforcement to stabilize adhesive cell-cell contacts,

283 ated in a few animal species after extensive reinforcement training, and it reveals the brain's abili

284 contributes to novelty seeking and positive reinforcement traits.

285 g per day, intramuscular) attenuated cocaine reinforcement under a concurrent 'choice' schedule of co

286 al learning with payoff-sensitive individual reinforcement (updating of experience), individuals and

287 ltered the ratio between the effort cost and reinforcement value.

288 owever, CeA ChR2 laser on its own lacked any reinforcement value: laser by itself was never self-stim

289 unced toughening effect and a lower critical reinforcement volume for the brittle-ductile transition.

290 Interestingly, increased food reinforcement was again found only in males.

291 Mesh reinforcement was recommended for repair of hernias >/=

292 social confrontation, sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement was significantly greater in subordinate m

293 erstanding of DATs and their role in cocaine reinforcement, we serendipitously identified a novel the

294 ents to a hidden target and receive positive reinforcement when successful.

295 pect graphene fillers to provide substantial reinforcement, which also is much greater than what coul

296 This contrasts with reinforcement, which depends on both volume fraction and

297 fects for epoxy composites from natural silk reinforcements, which presents opportunities for mechani

298 igated the role of PPTg glutamate neurons in reinforcement, with an emphasis on their projections to

299 and facilitated electrical brain stimulation reinforcement within 10 min in rats, providing in vivo e

300 ured on a progressive ratio schedule of food reinforcement, yet an attenuated locomotor response to a