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1 re, a reduction in the value of a particular reinforcer).
2 as the rat ceases to respond for the omitted reinforcer.
3 rained to poke into a hole for a food-pellet reinforcer.
4 onsible for encoding features of the primary reinforcer.
5 by the delivery and removal of a conditioned reinforcer.
6 ces after devaluation of the associated food reinforcer.
7 vantage of being an objectively quantifiable reinforcer.
8 cohol-associated cue to act as a conditioned reinforcer.
9 effort allocation relative to an anticipated reinforcer.
10 g format transferred to an operant secondary reinforcer.
11 sociations between whisker stimulation and a reinforcer.
12 adjust their CRs to the current value of the reinforcer.
13 sponse for an alcohol-associated conditioned reinforcer.
14 lcohol-associated CS acting as a conditioned reinforcer.
15 the current value of the aversive, negative reinforcer.
16 timuli that were separately paired with that reinforcer.
17 ent incentive value of the aversive negative reinforcer.
18 e monkeys in which CP 55 940 functioned as a reinforcer.
19 pitch of that syllable to avoid the aversive reinforcer.
20 ects on reward learning using a natural food reinforcer.
21 nitially homogenously represent value of the reinforcer.
22 lf-stimulation (ICSS) serves as the positive reinforcer.
23 sentation of a reward-associated conditioned reinforcer.
24 ved pairings of a noise stimulus with a food reinforcer.
25 riginal and new cues is paired with the same reinforcer.
26 rent cohort by using vegetable pieces as the reinforcer.
27 h consummatory and appetitive responding for reinforcers.
28 ted selectively with highly salient positive reinforcers.
29 scriminate the types and magnitudes of fluid reinforcers.
30 reinforcers, such as money, than by primary reinforcers.
31 hat link cues to the incentive properties of reinforcers.
32 n drug-associated cues acting as conditioned reinforcers.
33 along with reduced responsivity to positive reinforcers.
34 ehavior can do so by acting as incentives or reinforcers.
35 aluation involving its transfer to secondary reinforcers.
36 r the control of drug-associated conditioned reinforcers.
37 cocaine as opposed to palatable conventional reinforcers.
38 sented contingently, that is, as conditioned reinforcers.
39 terior VTA in the rewarding effects of other reinforcers.
40 asure how hard an animal would work for food reinforcers.
41 to the incentive-motivation to acquire food reinforcers.
42 wn to subserve behaviors governed by natural reinforcers.
43 ed the efficiency by which subjects obtained reinforcers.
44 tive during operant responding for different reinforcers.
45 ich responding was maintained by conditioned reinforcers.
46 ated cues and hyposensitivity to alternative reinforcers.
47 of contemporary life that involve secondary reinforcers.
48 control subjects correlated highly for both reinforcers.
49 cies conditioned with salt or electric shock reinforcers [4-7], learned avoidances of odors paired wi
50 tive association between sensory stimuli and reinforcers accompanies adult experience-dependent corti
52 learning involved, the authors devalued the reinforcer after training by inducing a taste aversion t
53 tioned place paradigm using amphetamine as a reinforcer and in an operant conditioning paradigm using
54 " reinforcers (food and water), or a natural reinforcer and intravenous self-administration of cocain
55 mine levels is believed to act as a positive reinforcer and to mediate some of the acute responses to
56 f, and potentially in conflict with, primary reinforcers and as such may play a fundamental role in c
57 as maintained by drug-associated conditioned reinforcers and assessed using a second-order schedule o
58 1 signaling in motivation for highly salient reinforcers and may represent a unique opportunity to de
59 d ("surprising") outcomes are more effective reinforcers and produce a greater dopamine response than
61 re we address whether the OT encodes natural reinforcers and serves as a substrate for motivational i
64 e choice and toward choice of an alternative reinforcer) and 20 h/day cocaine access (to allow high-c
65 onses: those whose form is determined by the reinforcer, and those whose form is determined by charac
66 t training contingencies, single or multiple reinforcers, and associative or motivational devaluation
67 reinforcers, the undervaluing of alternative reinforcers, and deficits in inhibitory control for drug
68 ess to exert high levels of effort to obtain reinforcers, and have important implications for underst
69 d differentially by CSs and that conditioned reinforcers are especially important for maintaining pro
71 rack, update, and modulate the salience of a reinforcer as a function of context and expectation and
72 s to provide the affective value of specific reinforcers as accessed by associated conditioned stimul
73 s sensitive to the relative value of sucrose reinforcers, as assessed by a behavioral contrast paradi
79 ith multiple instrumental responses and food reinforcers but before devaluation of one reinforcer by
82 correlated with the palatability of sucrose reinforcers; changes in neural activity in this class co
83 reviously associated with or without (S+/S-) reinforcer (cocaine/sucrose) availability while undergoi
86 to increases in conditioning to the original reinforcer, consistent with the Pearce-Hall (1980) and o
87 king due to direct conditioning by the added reinforcer, consistent with the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) m
88 ral processing immediately before and during reinforcer consumption: inhibitions related to initiatio
91 responding for a food-associated conditioned reinforcer (CR), nor was d-amphetamine potentiation of C
93 ntiate responding for appetitive conditioned reinforcers (CRfs), also regulate avoidance responding f
95 the control over drug seeking by conditioned reinforcers depends on D3 receptor-dependent dopamine tr
96 that lesions of the BLA will interfere with reinforcer devaluation after appetitive Pavlovian or ins
97 ibution of rat BLA to specific components of reinforcer devaluation and are the first to show impairm
98 we assessed the effects of sensory-specific reinforcer devaluation as a way to probe each monkey's u
99 othesis that BLA is critical for conditioned reinforcer devaluation during the period when the primar
100 xcitotoxic lesions of the amygdala attenuate reinforcer devaluation effects in monkeys and rats.
101 removals showed a significant attenuation of reinforcer devaluation effects on each of two separate a
104 tion and are the first to show impairment in reinforcer devaluation following transient inactivation
105 ficant detrimental effects of BLA lesions on reinforcer devaluation in a Pavlovian autoshaping proced
110 duce their conditioned responding after such reinforcer devaluation procedures, animals with BLA lesi
113 lso tested the amygdalectomized monkeys on a reinforcer devaluation task and compared their performan
116 with BLA damage show impaired performance in reinforcer devaluation tasks, in which the value of the
118 erentially about outcome-specific cues after reinforcer devaluation that are related to behavioral pe
119 f predictive reward value in humans, we used reinforcer devaluation while measuring neural activity w
120 e outcome is predicted by affective signals (reinforcer devaluation) or by visual signals conveying r
121 x unoperated controls for their responses to reinforcer devaluation, a task that assesses the monkeys
122 od-specific satiety, Pavlovian conditioning, reinforcer devaluation, and simultaneous visual discrimi
123 -DREADDs increased behavioral sensitivity to reinforcer devaluation, whereas Bdnf knockdown blocked s
124 processes--for example, fear extinction and reinforcer devaluation--that involve updating representa
132 decreased pressing on the test day when the reinforcer earned during training was the sated flavor (
133 havioral economic model was used to quantify reinforcer effectiveness with food pellets obtained as a
136 ood, cocaine or a direct dopamine agonist as reinforcers, fixed ratio and progressive ratio schedules
137 valuation during the period when the primary reinforcer (food) is being devalued (by feeding it to sa
138 d ratio (FR)1, FR1] for either two "natural" reinforcers (food and water), or a natural reinforcer an
139 ns between objects and two different primary reinforcers (foods) were presented with choices of objec
140 signal classifier to serve successfully as a reinforcer for an adaptive controller performing a virtu
141 sured by examining its ability to serve as a reinforcer for second-order conditioning of a tone when
142 hrough observation) behavior that leads to a reinforcer for which they are unmotivated at the time of
144 ed to variations in processing of either the reinforcer, for example, the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) mode
147 s suggests that increased motivation for the reinforcer in PWS-IC mice may underlie their enhanced le
148 di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT) is a reinforcer in rhesus monkeys trained to self-administer
150 ight/tone stimulus to serve as a conditioned reinforcer in the acquisition of a new instrumental resp
154 CP 55 940 (0.001-3.0 mug/kg) functioned as a reinforcer in three monkeys, whereas THC (0.01-10 mug/kg
158 thetical monetary rewards are widely used as reinforcers in risk taking and decision making studies.
159 umental transfer, PIT), serve as conditioned reinforcers in the establishment of new learning, and be
160 to the formation and use of expectancies of reinforcers in the guidance of goal-directed behavior.
161 nist quinelorane both functioned as positive reinforcers in wild-type mice but not in D1 receptor mut
162 reover, by manipulating UCS aversiveness via reinforcer inflation, we showed that a CS+ retains acces
163 ined how the use of this palatable food as a reinforcer influences learning in PWS-IC mice performing
164 gs increased the number of choice trials and reinforcer intake, but effects on choice behavior did no
167 he stimulus-reinforcer association; when the reinforcer is devalued, the preference is also abolished
168 delaying gratification when a higher quality reinforcer is present and that tool experience can influ
169 uation tasks, in which the value of the food reinforcer is reduced by satiation or food-toxin pairing
170 sponse-contingent cocaine-paired conditioned reinforcers, is markedly attenuated by infusion of the d
173 in motivational state (food deprivation) and reinforcer magnitude (food presentation) on c-Fos immuno
176 suggests that strengthening the alternative reinforcers may have a protective effect against childho
178 show that anandamide serves as an effective reinforcer of drug-taking behavior when self-administere
181 roles in tobacco and marijuana dependence as reinforcers of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior.
184 ate the impact of revaluation of an aversive reinforcer on avoidance behavior using pharmacological a
185 scrimination, the surprising omission of the reinforcer on compound trials would enhance the associab
186 cell bodies could serve as a direct positive reinforcer on intracranial self-photostimulation assays.
188 However, the effect of removing conditioned reinforcers on choices has not been explored in animals,
190 encies (Pavlovian or operant), the number of reinforcers (one vs. two), and the order of experiments
191 array of eight boxes, each containing a food reinforcer; one box may be opened per trial, with trials
193 rmation about the current incentive value of reinforcers or the use of that information to guide beha
195 vior, the representation of the value of the reinforcer, or the capacity to use reward associated cue
196 ecreased likelihood to select an alternative reinforcer over aggression, heightened relapse vulnerabi
199 dominantly inhibitions, was not sensitive to reinforcer palatability; rather, these inhibitions were
206 d seeking in rats and that these effects are reinforcer selective and not due to adverse malaise symp
207 learning task in which an auditory secondary reinforcer signals which of 2 stimuli will be reinforced
208 rtheless, the gain and loss of a conditioned reinforcer significantly increased and decreased, respec
210 VP infusions showed both neuroanatomical and reinforcer specificity because no effects were seen in s
212 gh which neutral stimuli, once paired with a reinforcer such as a drug, have the capacity to motivate
213 mbic system mediates procurement of positive reinforcers such as food and sex; however, drugs of abus
215 states produced by presentation of negative reinforcers, such as electric shock, and the omission of
218 be more powerfully influenced by conditioned reinforcers, such as money, than by primary reinforcers.
220 rences in progressive ratio response for the reinforcer suggesting that AIE did not alter reinforcer
221 ng a motivated reward-seeking state, or as a reinforcer, supporting continued instrumental responding
223 ith greater vigor when cocaine served as the reinforcer than did Lewis rats; for food, this relation
224 Nicotine is less effective as a positive reinforcer than other drugs of abuse in non-dependent an
226 choices were guided by an auditory secondary reinforcer that had been previously associated with food
228 ve devaluation of natural or socially-valued reinforcers that are unable to divert addicts from seeki
229 But whereas this can be useful for primary reinforcers that can impact survival, it can also underl
230 ignals, including responses to other primary reinforcers that govern nicotine dependence in smokers.
231 of nonresponse-contingent deliveries of the reinforcer (that theoretically reduced the role of gener
232 ses, which result in the overvaluing of drug reinforcers, the undervaluing of alternative reinforcers
233 ng based on the value of a given reward, or "reinforcer." The medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), a s
234 behavioural assessment of the ability of the reinforcer to activate amygdala neurons in the presence
235 rared spectroscopy (NIRS), can be applied as reinforcers to an adaptable artificial learning agent in
238 sensitive to the omission of the conditioned reinforcer, unlike that of control animals, for which re
239 rogressively harder to obtain a food reward (reinforcer) until they stopped clicking (ie, the breakpo
241 ppropriate registration of the change in the reinforcer value but not for the subsequent expression o
242 ithout effect on postconditioning changes in reinforcer value if initial learning is only about the s
243 maintaining or using sensory associations of reinforcer value when multiple outcomes must be coded bu
246 istering or updating cues to reflect updated reinforcer values, but not for guiding choices once the
247 high effort options leading to highly valued reinforcers vs low effort/low reward options, and such t
249 reased discounting; preference for the large reinforcer was enhanced 30-45% at the most uncertain pro
250 n the occurrence of unblocking when the food reinforcer was increased in quantity at the time of intr
251 he active lever during signaled periods when reinforcer was not available; in contrast, tPA-/- mice d
252 evalued) compared with the test day when the reinforcer was not the sated flavor (nondevalued), demon
255 effects of gaining and losing a conditioned reinforcer, we trained rhesus monkeys for a matching pen
256 between two odors associated with different reinforcers, we examined MC responses following alternat
258 tion problems based on an auditory secondary reinforcer, were given lesions of the rhinal cortex or t
259 n of increased instrumental responding for a reinforcer when in the presence of Pavlovian conditioned
261 of stimulus valence when cocaine is used as reinforcer, whereas early visual cortex is involved in r
262 postconditioning changes in the value of the reinforcer, whereas rats with CN lesions, like normal ra
263 l responses in pursuit of beer and chocolate reinforcers while their EEG reactivity to beer, chocolat
264 nstatement and responding with a conditioned reinforcer, while having no effect on cocaine-induced re
266 task, devaluation caused rats to reject the reinforcer, yet they continued to accurately win-shift,
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