ライフサイエンスコーパス: reinforcing

1 mediated place preference and was positively reinforcing.

2 and that AgRP neuron activity is positively reinforcing.

3 he HLA complex MS-associated DRB1*15 allele, reinforcing a potential role for ANO2 autoreactivity in

4 reinforcing memory, we tested the impact of reinforcing a skill memory trace with monetary reward fo

5 Rather than reinforcing a specific program of macrophage polarizatio

6 cation of druggable targets that mediate the reinforcing action of this stimulant class.

7 molecular events; and this range of mutually reinforcing actions was predictive of a positive tissue

8 nucleus (CeA) is critical in acute alcohol's reinforcing actions, and its dysregulation in human alco

9 emented as part of a combination of mutually reinforcing actions.

10 oth respiratory depression and morphine-like reinforcing activity in mice at equi-analgesic doses.

11 mpts to reinforce soft matrices by nanoscale reinforcing agents at commercially deployable scales hav

12 We also examined the effects of reinforcing ALG with polyethylene glycol (PEG).

13 TAT3 confers Dox resistance in ABC-DLBCLs by reinforcing an antioxidant program featuring upregulatio

14 o set the stage for subsequent work aimed at reinforcing and accelerating investments toward providin

15 tegmental area (VTA) plays a key role in the reinforcing and addictive properties of opioids.

16 tegmental area (VTA) plays a key role in the reinforcing and addictive properties of opioids.

17 characteristics that are ideally suited for reinforcing and enhancing the wear resistance of carbide

18 may be an important neurochemical mechanism reinforcing and maintaining social bonds between humans.

19 This role of Hcrtr-1 in the reinforcing and motivational properties of WIN55,212-2 w

20 This attenuation of reinforcing and positive subjective effects also influen

21 smokers, are likely to increase the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of low d

22 the impact of MAO inhibition on the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of nicot

23 The reinforcing and rewarding properties of cocaine are attr

24 vestigate the dose-response function for the reinforcing and subjective effects of intravenous nicoti

25 ing subfornical organ neurons are negatively reinforcing and that this negative-valence signal is tra

26 ry determines which behaviors are positively reinforcing and therefore should be encoded in the memor

27 ry determines which behaviors are positively reinforcing and therefore should be encoded in the memor

28 last on subjective (including drug craving), reinforcing, and analgesic effects of oxycodone in human

29 ation and a model of bidirectional, mutually reinforcing, and interdependent crosstalk between histon

30 show that LDT-VTA optogenetic stimulation is reinforcing, and that iuGC animals are more susceptible

31 on of the mouse CT equivalent has positively reinforcing, anxiolytic effects, suggesting a role in gr

32 in using predictive navigation are mutually reinforcing aspects of a composite perceptual system tha

33 ling participates in associative learning by reinforcing associations between outcomes (unconditioned

34 tly high internal pH to passivate mild steel reinforcing bars.

35 e brain reward circuit has a central role in reinforcing behaviors that are rewarding and preventing

36 determining the sensitivity of rewarding and reinforcing behaviors to morphine without affecting anal

37 as heroin are considered very rewarding and reinforcing, but direct and systematic comparisons of co

38 lts support projections of a long-term, self-reinforcing carbon feedback from mid-latitude forests to

39 from initially isotropic matrix via locally reinforcing cell-matrix interactions.

40 edback manner, demonstrating the unique self-reinforcing characteristic of PLT-PTT in cancer therapy.

41 ncluding a previously unappreciated top-down reinforcing circuit from anterior cortex to lateral nucl

42 s, which in turn activates a Myc-driven self-reinforcing circuit.

43 The hybrid approach allows for a reinforcing combination of properties of dissimilar comp

44 d sensing are coupled together in a mutually reinforcing cycle.

45 esponse and the target tissues in a mutually reinforcing cycle: Immune effector pathways generate add

46 ctory memories relies on a common negatively reinforcing dopaminergic mechanism.

47 In Drosophila, negatively reinforcing dopaminergic neurons also provide the inhibi

48 rk in Drosophila has demonstrated that water-reinforcing dopaminergic neurons are different to those

49 This pathway recruits negatively reinforcing dopaminergic neurons innervating the same co

50 of the mushroom body, which drive negatively reinforcing dopaminergic neurons that innervate neighbou

51 e same compartment and re-engages positively reinforcing dopaminergic neurons to reconsolidate the or

52 body output network and distinct subsets of reinforcing dopaminergic neurons.

53 which repress miR-200 expression via a self-reinforcing double negative feedback loop to promote the

54 he established notion that men smoke for the reinforcing drug effect of cigarettes whereas women smok

55 it elevates dopamine levels in the striatum, reinforcing drug-seeking habits.

56 attern of behavior following repeated use of reinforcing drugs in predisposed individuals, leading to

57 effect of cocaine while also modulating the reinforcing effect of cocaine in an operant-based self-a

58 ght envisions dopamine neurons conveying the reinforcing effect of the unconditioned stimulus during

59 release, which is critically involved in the reinforcing effect of tobacco smoking.

60 ry DA D2-like receptor subtype mediating the reinforcing effectiveness of food.

61 a progressive ratio schedule to quantify the reinforcing effectiveness of MDPV, methylone, and caffei

62 e behavioral paradigms, we failed to observe reinforcing effects after stimulation of these fibers.

63 Drugs of abuse exert their initial reinforcing effects by triggering supraphysiologic surge

64 s, whereas THC (0.01-10 mug/kg) did not have reinforcing effects in any subject.

65 shell--consistent with their lack of robust reinforcing effects in monkeys.

66 e ventromedial striatum (VMS) mediates acute reinforcing effects of abused drugs, but with protracted

67 binol (THC) in adolescent rats might enhance reinforcing effects of cannabinoids in adulthood.

68 Parkinsonian rodent models show enhanced reinforcing effects of chronic dopaminergic medication,

69 In monkeys, social status influences the reinforcing effects of cocaine and the effects of some d

70 determined by in vivo microdialysis, on the reinforcing effects of cocaine and the opioid agonist, r

71 For subordinate monkeys, sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine increased while sensitivi

72 nsporter (DAT) plays a prominent role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine that can lead to addictio

73 e the effects of social confrontation on the reinforcing effects of cocaine using a food-drug choice

74 ave been shown to regulate the rewarding and reinforcing effects of cocaine, but the underlying mecha

75 the dopamine system is known to mediate the reinforcing effects of cocaine, the dopaminergic variati

76 Reinforcing effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (TH

77 dum (VP) is a well-established locus for the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse and reinstatement

78 A) are well known for mediating the positive reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse.

79 ine (DA) D2-like receptor involvement in the reinforcing effects of food.

80 clear, although self-selection and mutually reinforcing effects of HIV treatment and prevention mess

81 that varenicline selectively attenuates the reinforcing effects of nicotine alone but not cocaine al

82 We first investigated the reinforcing effects of nicotine in drug-naive alpha5(-/-

83 ibitor, increases sensitivity to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine, shifting the dose-respo

84 al tegmental area (VTA) mediate the positive reinforcing effects of nicotine.

85 tio choice procedure was used to measure the reinforcing effects of oxycodone.

86 content of cigarettes decreased the relative reinforcing effects of smoking in all 3 populations.

87 om those that are critical for conveying the reinforcing effects of sugar.

88 eptor [6] specifically convey the short-term reinforcing effects of sweet taste [4].

89 Many of the reinforcing effects of THC are mediated by the dopamine

90 he left, consistent with potentiation of the reinforcing effects of THC.

91 se curves, consistent with antagonism of the reinforcing effects of THC.

92 s in the amygdala that regulate the positive reinforcing effects of the drug.

93 e anthropogenic environmental stressors with reinforcing effects to the deterioration of ecosystem st

94 Sugar exerts its potent reinforcing effects via both gustatory and post-ingestiv

95 to inform us about mechanisms related to its reinforcing effects, less is known about clinically rele

96 rs where stimulation has both drive-like and reinforcing effects.

97 on of the DA system resulted in an increased reinforcing efficacy of cocaine, an effect that was augm

98 hat cocaine effects at the DAT determine the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine, and perseverative respo

99 onse to cocaine taking, thereby reducing the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine.

100 al differences in cocaine consumption or the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine.

101 iatum plays a critical role in the increased reinforcing efficacy of ethanol following ethanol vapor

102 caine potency at the DAT was correlated with reinforcing efficacy, but was not related to cocaine con

103 eaks across the entire continuum of care and reinforcing efforts to prevention new HIV infections wit

104 nd provide a memory of these events via self-reinforcing epigenetic loops.

105 otoxin signal within the intestinal niche in reinforcing epithelial innate inflammatory RelA/NF-kappa

106 n of dopamine reuptake, but cocaine is still reinforcing even in the absence of the dopamine transpor

107 ng, to avoidance, and has suggested that the reinforcing event underlying the instrumental phase shou

108 microbiota, respectively, in a chain of self-reinforcing events.

109 immune-related genes such as CCR7 and FCRL3, reinforcing evidence for a role of immune components in

110 The model describes reinforcing feedback between an ATRA-inducible signalsom

111 th other literature evidence, suggested that reinforcing feedback is central to hyperactive signaling

112 Thus a mutually reinforcing feedback loop exists between telomere cappin

113 fs (where W is A or T), and discuss how self-reinforcing feedback loops between DNA methyltransferase

114 PolIV-RdDM involves a self-reinforcing feedback mechanism that maintains TE silenci

115 -braiding CNT-enabled fiber sensors into the reinforcing fiber fabrics.

116 e filament to three adjacent actin subunits, reinforcing filament stability by hydrophobic interactio

117 translational control, suggesting a means of reinforcing global translational regulation.

118 oxidation to CO2 in surface waters, thereby reinforcing global warming.

119 inant change to H3K27me3 at this time point, reinforcing high expression of target genes.

120 xiety-associated abnormalities, are mutually reinforcing; however, the neuronal circuits and mechanis

121 enetically older subcortical reward systems, reinforcing human motivation to learn a new language.

122 The current approach of reinforcing hydrogels with 3D-printed microfibres offers

123 d disperse set of sites where stimulation is reinforcing, increasing the frequency of the responses i

124 pment time and lowered adult body size, with reinforcing interactions.

125 h pomalidomide reactivates fetal hemoglobin, reinforcing its potential as a treatment for patients wi

126 xpression to be highest in glycolytic tumors reinforcing its role as an indicator of aggressive disea

127 ibitor of the classical mevalonate pathway), reinforcing its selectivity for monophosphorylated ligan

128 cronym for Teaching Engine for Genomics) for reinforcing key concepts in sequence alignment and phylo

129 identified a mechanism that may underlie the reinforcing learning associated with the initial alcohol

130 transcription factors are only executing and reinforcing lineage choice once made.

131 rengthening program management systems or by reinforcing local immunization managers' abilities, amon

132 by the H3K9 methylation mark through a self-reinforcing loop between DNA methyltransferase CHROMOMET

133 tivation of the EGFR and the downstream self-reinforcing loop decreases invasiveness of ovarian cance

134 activation stimulates the TRPML1-BK positive reinforcing loop to correct abnormal lysosomal storage i

135 is then amplified by translation, in a self-reinforcing loop, to provide the structure that ultimate

136 ression, thus constituting an AREG/YB-1 self-reinforcing loop.

137 f memory functions rests on the reciprocally reinforcing maintenance of an intact dendrite geometry a

138 We envision a self-reinforcing mechanism beginning with phosphomimetic R9C-

139 cking structure is considered as the primary reinforcing mechanism for such superior properties.

140 lpha/TBX3 and UCA1 constitute a coordinated, reinforcing mechanism to regulate both CDKN2A-p16INK tra

141 alpha-synuclein aggregation by two mutually reinforcing mechanisms.

142 rget genes are affected in the med18 mutant, reinforcing MED18 function in different mechanisms of tr

143 wealth of findings on the role of reward in reinforcing memory, we tested the impact of reinforcing

144 rely reversible geopolymerization method for reinforcing muskeg with wood fibers derived from native

145 This study demonstrates a sustainable reinforcing nano-material for use in cement-based formul

146 Such a unique combination of 1D and 2D reinforcing nanostructures results in layered nanomateri

147 Rather than reinforcing or replacing regulatory pathways that are co

148 ly persistent and effective cell motility by reinforcing otherwise transient polarization states and

149 ot affect the sensitivity to UV irradiation, reinforcing our previous findings that the recombination

150 Reinforcing our results, we found that pterostilbene, a

151 cipatory magnitude (small/medium/large), and reinforcing outcomes (successful/unsuccessful).

152 iorating dependence-related insensitivity to reinforcing outcomes/'liking', but having no discernible

153 Deposition of cell wall-reinforcing papillae is an integral component of the pla

154 f multiple repurposed drugs, blocking a self-reinforcing paracrine loop between breast cancer cells a

155 Apparently, such a reinforcing phase must possess larger porosity for ionic

156 use of crystalline nonsilicate ceramics as a reinforcing phase of polymeric composite biomaterials.

157 walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) serving as a reinforcing phase while being dispersed in a continuous

158 tron-hole pair formation, thus substantially reinforcing photocatalysis.

159 gs suggest that oral CBD does not reduce the reinforcing, physiological, or positive subjective effec

160 of EGF-mediated ERK1&2 kinase activity while reinforcing PKA activation.

161 are likely to find numerous applications in reinforcing polymers, adhesives, textiles, medical devic

162 The incorporation of self-reinforcing polyphenylene resin (Parmax) into a highly a

163 and the CRH/HPA axis participate in multiple reinforcing positive feedback loops.

164 These data reveal a self-reinforcing positive feedback mechanism that coordinates

165 reparations can have an impact on both their reinforcing potency and effectiveness, and suggest that

166 is accurately predicted by DFT calculations, reinforcing predictive capabilities in mechanochemical s

167 However, we also show that CeA laser had no reinforcing properties at all when given alone for the s

168 fects, minimizing respiratory depression and reinforcing properties generating significantly safer an

169 the NacS in the mediation of the conditioned reinforcing properties of a SS.

170 activity specifically inhibited the positive reinforcing properties of alcohol but not sucrose.

171 r novel molecular mechanisms of the positive reinforcing properties of alcohol that strongly influenc

172 rgic signaling is involved in modulating the reinforcing properties of alcohol, and GABAB receptors h

173 we have used self-administration to test the reinforcing properties of aqueous cigarette smoke extrac

174 icating these neurons are sufficient for the reinforcing properties of bitter tastant to the MBs.

175 dings demonstrate that Hcrtr-1 modulates the reinforcing properties of cannabinoids, which could have

176 SPS, further suggesting a difference in the reinforcing properties of cocaine following severe stres

177 SNs of NAcSh increase the sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of cocaine, particularly at low d

178 arning and memory, including the conditioned reinforcing properties of cues predicting reward or puni

179 The initial reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, such as cocain

180 be responsible for endogenous reward and the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, such as psycho

181 oidergic systems have been implicated in the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse.

182 hat iuGC animals are more susceptible to the reinforcing properties of LDT-VTA stimulation.

183 e and enhanced behavioral sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of self-administered cocaine.

184 participation of mu-opioid receptors in the reinforcing properties of sufentanil vapor.

185 capable of blocking the initial conditioned reinforcing properties of the cue and prevents the acqui

186 its conditioned appetitive behavior, but its reinforcing properties strongly depend on its temporal r

187 Ac may reflect a neural imprint of alcohol's reinforcing properties, which could promote subsequent a

188 ceptor mediates marijuana's psychoactive and reinforcing properties.

189 wards, especially for the dopamine-dependent reinforcing qualities of both drugs and natural rewards.

190 Food reinforcing ratio (FRR) was quantified by measuring the

191 Reinforcing reactivated memories did not strengthen the

192 rticular, Nr5a2 and Ptf1a establish mutually reinforcing regulatory interactions and collaborate to c

193 t functional modules, including instances of reinforcing selection acting at both levels of regulatio

194 Here, we quantify the strength of reinforcing selection in the Texas wildflower Phlox drum

195 host metabolism may be an effective means of reinforcing self-tolerance and attenuating autoimmunity.

196 Although both structures conveyed a reinforcing signal, they had opposite roles in locomotio

197 red NMDA receptors, but st-LTP also required reinforcing signals mediated by mGluRs and intracellular

198 ethylation in Arabidopsis and sets up a self-reinforcing silencing loop between DNA methylation and H

199 sy still exists concerning the role of DA in reinforcing smoking behavior and no study has explored w

200 motivation induced by rhythmically pairing 2 reinforcing stimuli [methamphetamine (Meth) and running

201 h even several weeks after withdrawal of the reinforcing stimuli.

202 More importantly, the reinforcing strength of BU08028 was significantly lower

203 ity for D3 and D4 receptors, on the relative reinforcing strength of cocaine in group-housed male cyn

204 and its variant CENP-A, hence, serving as a reinforcing structural element within the histone core.

205 200, 400, 800 mg, p.o.) pretreatment on the reinforcing, subjective, cognitive, and physiological ef

206 the effects of naltrexone maintenance on the reinforcing, subjective, psychomotor, and cardiovascular

207 ole for PDE10A in the self-administration of reinforcing substances.

208 ing requires evaluating variable actions and reinforcing successful variants.

209 ein, catalyzes the formation of structurally reinforcing sulfilimine cross-links within the collagen

210 oster racial discrimination through mutually reinforcing systems of housing, education, employment, e

211 lean children find nonfood alternatives more reinforcing than do overweight/obese children.

212 lean infants find nonfood alternatives more reinforcing than do overweight/obese infants.

213 ividual CCR5 mutant cells over time in vivo, reinforcing that CCR5 gene-edited HSPCs are capable of l

214 itional value is gained from these programs, reinforcing that they are likely very cost-effective.

215 e dispensable for S. pneumoniae persistence, reinforcing that this enzyme deprives neutrophils of ess

216 oting that there are no counterions, further reinforcing the accuracy of the assigned composition.

217 and rupture of Ang II-induced AAA in mice by reinforcing the aortic wall.

218 Reinforcing the beam collimation and collection by incre

219 acids hold great promise for maintaining or reinforcing the biological activity of active compounds,

220 he cation relative to the anion is the same, reinforcing the conclusion that this structural motif is

221 that septins promote epithelial motility by reinforcing the cross-linking of lamellar stress fibers

222 ie after 3-4 weeks of claudin-5 suppression, reinforcing the crucial role of claudin-5 in normal neur

223 In addition to reinforcing the defense at mucosal surfaces, mucosal vac

224 thousand and 22 per thousand, respectively, reinforcing the difference between microbial sulfate red

225 ype and more drastic conventional mutations, reinforcing the evaluation of the electrostatic contribu

226 We suggest that, rather than reinforcing the existing memory trace, reward creates a

227 st with cognitive performance in later life, reinforcing the functional role of resting-state activit

228 the result of a binary neutron star merger, reinforcing the gravitational wave result.

229 regionalization, and hodology with amniotes, reinforcing the idea of a basic bauplan in the organizat

230 small proportion of the overall SCA burden, reinforcing the idea of the high-benefit, low-risk natur

231 potential to hESC-hematopoietic derivatives, reinforcing the idea that additional molecular regulator

232 n is conserved across the bacterial kingdom, reinforcing the idea that it could have been used in pri

233 fferentially on male and female wing shapes, reinforcing the idea that sex-specific flight behaviours

234 f smORFs are translated in metazoan genomes, reinforcing the idea that smORFs are an abundant and fun

235 of IL-6, MMP-1, and MMP-9 immunoexpression, reinforcing the idea that the beneficial effect of cimet

236 They can improve treatment outcomes by reinforcing the importance of medication adherence and p

237 ely affect patient care by synchronizing and reinforcing the importance of nutrition across all speci

238 cells restored tumor growth and metastasis, reinforcing the importance of PIPKIgamma in breast cance

239 fective without requiring new clinical data, reinforcing the importance of rigorous postapproval surv

240 even more dramatic than previously thought, reinforcing the importance of the GP gene editing site f

241 significant concentrations of Mo (~17 ppm), reinforcing the inference that these carbonatitic magmas

242 via the process of reconsolidation; and (3) reinforcing the integrated memory structure by practicin

243 electivities in the same order in each case, reinforcing the involvement of an oxocarbenium ion as th

244 ions may cause epilepsy associated with FCD, reinforcing the link between mTORC1 pathway and FCDs.

245 rated during DNA genome packaging by locally reinforcing the mechanical sturdiness of the vertices, t

246 ly support cooperative binding, thus further reinforcing the need for cooperation between calcium and

247 d associated with a high case fatality rate, reinforcing the need for strongly coordinated surveillan

248 A content alter microRNA targeting profiles, reinforcing the need to define microRNA targets in tissu

249 licitly aims to empower all women and girls, reinforcing the need to have a reliable indicator to tra

250 e FVO strain heterologous parasite, however, reinforcing the need to include multiallele AMA1 to cove

251 viruses into pigs, and possibly vice versa, reinforcing the need to monitor and prepare for potentia

252 ctions of human IAV into pigs or vice versa, reinforcing the need to monitor and prepare for potentia

253 n of known and novel biomarkers was evident, reinforcing the need to select several targets in order

254 mental effects on a cell's photophysiology - reinforcing the need to understand the complex responses

255 f novel CRISPR spacers from each metagenome, reinforcing the notion of high viral diversity in the th

256 1 mutations and subsequently deleted DNMAML, reinforcing the notion that activated Notch1 is particul

257 stray gas mimic also that of Strawn, further reinforcing the notion that the source of stray gas in t

258 Reinforcing the paramount importance of graft outcomes e

259 vations that link platelets to inflammation, reinforcing the platelet's origin from a lower vertebrat

260 d IL-12-mediated effects on Tr-1-development reinforcing the pro-inflammatory phenotype of Th17 cells

261 These findings have important implications, reinforcing the public health message of staying active

262 patients with high SYNTAX scores, a finding reinforcing the recommendation that CABG should be stron

263 nt avoidance acquires a positive value, thus reinforcing the response.

264 nt outcome definitions or model adjustments, reinforcing the robustness of the study findings.

265 ndance of genes in context-dependent manner, reinforcing the role of DNA methylation as a genome defe

266 netic barrier that hinders anionic currents, reinforcing the role played by the internal arrangement

267 seed surface, suggesting that GA may act by reinforcing the seed coat.

268 class of problems under investigation, thus reinforcing the significance of the present findings.

269 lone, with each genetic change incrementally reinforcing the transmission cycle.

270 etabolic phenotype of Stk25 transgenic mice, reinforcing the validity of the results.

271 ciaries using self-reported visual function, reinforcing the value of identifying patients with visua

272 he composition of the intestinal microbiota, reinforcing the view that IBD results from altered inter

273 dependent restriction of Listeria infection, reinforcing the view that ISG15 is a key component of th

274 shape of the complexes formed by the former, reinforcing the view that shape is a key factor in stabi

275 icycle cells, we provide compelling evidence reinforcing the view that the capacity for de novo organ

276 s highly conserved between mammals and fish, reinforcing the view that the zebrafish is an excellent

277 entation field coevolving with the cells and reinforcing their alignment.

278 lammation and cholestasis during PN, thereby reinforcing their contribution to IFALD.

279 in expanding TA-specific CD8(+) T cells and reinforcing their function.

280 h Futsch locally stabilizes active zones, by reinforcing their link with the underlying microtubule c

281 nomas originate from epigenomic alterations, reinforcing their unique value.

282 of graphene-based foams can be engineered by reinforcing them with nanocrystalline zirconia, thus imp

283 This work is also the first report reinforcing therapeutic potential of cl-nanozyme in a we

284 ng warm and cool thermoreceptor cells, while reinforcing thermal activity which is anti-correlated.

285 l infection and suggest that therapeutically reinforcing this pathway represents a universal approach

286 Reinforcing this target for overall mortality in each co

287 rs in Brazil supplied to 60 other countries, reinforcing this view.

288 ratio (FRR) was quantified by measuring the reinforcing value of food (Food Pmax) in proportion to t

289 food (Food Pmax) in proportion to the total reinforcing value of food and a nonfood alternative (DVD

290 his study was designed to assess whether the reinforcing value of food and nonfood alternatives could

291 d in 9- to 18-mo-old infants and whether the reinforcing value of food and nonfood alternatives is di

292 A high relative reinforcing value of food is cross-sectionally related t

293 leptin and ghrelin concentrations, relative-reinforcing value of food, and olfaction were measured a

294 bit monoamine oxidase (MAO) may increase the reinforcing value of low doses of nicotine.

295 e smoking ad libitum, to assess the relative reinforcing value of smoking and reward sensitivity.

296 Reinforcing values were assessed by using absolute progr

297 travenous nicotine infusions or a moderately-reinforcing visual stimulus in daily 1-h sessions.

298 hromosomes by forming new TAD boundaries and reinforcing weak boundaries through interactions between

299 showing that dMHb activity is intrinsically reinforcing, whereas optical silencing of dMHb outputs i

300 d new investment funds are complementary and reinforcing, with China shaping a unique global engageme