ライフサイエンスコーパス: replicator

1 sequences that can initiate DNA replication (replicators).

2 tion of Mcm3, but not Orc2, across the c-myc replicator.

3 in activity was restored to the mutant c-myc replicator.

4 that function as components of a chromosomal replicator.

5 hange of shape--a step towards the Star Trek replicator.

6 Earth, for spontaneous incorporation into a replicator.

7 ly changing platform than a spontaneous self-replicator.

8 t subunit previously recognized as a minimal replicator.

9 te that induced the initial emergence of the replicator.

10 d (3) design of a simple conformational self-replicator.

11 but (ATTCT)48 could not act as an autonomous replicator.

12 ements for replication initiation from these replicators.

13 tion region contains two adjacent, redundant replicators.

14 two distinct kinetic possibilities for early replicators.

15 requent intervals that correspond to genetic replicators.

16 pping arrays in virtually all papillomavirus replicators.

17 gions flanking both sides of HMR-E contained replicators.

18 exes can form efficiently on closely apposed replicators.

19 tion among sibling genomes selects for super-replicators.

20 nsequence of births and deaths of individual replicators.

21 ranging from interlocked structures to self-replicators.

22 (ARS) elements that function as chromosomal replicators.

23 maintenance of chromosome fragments lacking replicators.

24 est whether the region that displays plasmid replicator activity also acts as a chromosomal replicato

25 an c-myc replication origin is essential for replicator activity and is a target of the DNA-unwinding

26 These data support a combinatorial model for replicator activity and suggest that the initiation of D

27 eplicating sequence activity in plasmids and replicator activity at an ectopic chromosomal site.

28 consistent with the presence of chromosomal replicator activity in the 2.4-kb region of c-myc origin

29 299 that is necessary but not sufficient for replicator activity in transient assays.

30 the minimal HHV-7 DNA element necessary for replicator activity was mapped to a 600-bp region which

31 However, the specific sequences that confer replicator activity were not identified.

32 spaced EBNA-1 binding sites, had significant replicator activity when the other half had been deleted

33 factor binding sites, substantially reduced replicator activity, whereas deletion of the c-myc promo

34 e of this core-also required for significant replicator activity-had little effect.

35 ant sequences, which cooperatively determine replicator activity.

36 iple functional elements essential for c-myc replicator activity.

37 16, are ancillary elements required for full replicator activity.

38 AT-rich sequences were essential for replicator activity: a low frequency of initiation was o

39 Once in existence, the replicator aggregates promote further replication also i

40 Replicator and adaptive dynamics describe short- and lon

41 actor Sp1 can bind to TR outside the minimal replicator and contributes to TR's previously reported e

42 contribution of each EBNA-1 site within the replicator and flanking sequences through the use of an

43 ic region within the human beta-globin Rep-P replicator and includes hnRNP C1/C2, SWI/SNF complex, an

44 nization of sequence-specific cis-regulatory replicator and origin elements.

45 The results suggest that ACE3 acts as a replicator and support and extend the replicator model f

46 The AMA1 sequence is an efficient plasmid replicator and transformation enhancer in Aspergillus ni

47 election pressure in the competition between replicators and can determine the outcome of a covalent

48 a more thorough analysis of the appropriate replicators and lineages for this model.

49 hich, unlike other theories, treats memes as replicators and looks to memetic as well as genetic adva

50 Most of these studies focus on single replicators and the effects of replicators on the emerge

51 that life could have originated with peptide replicators and transitioned to nucleic acid replicators

52 usion, the DS of oriP is an EBNA-1-dependent replicator, and its minimal active core appears to be si

53 enance (MCM) helicase activator Cdc45 to the replicator, and restored origin activity.

54 Therefore a symbiosis of membranes, replicators, and catalysts probably mediated the origin

55 These results suggest that researchers, replicators, and consumers should be mindful of contextu

56 ional elements known to bind ORC, but no two replicators are identical in the arrangement of elements

57 pool of substrates, during which recombinant replicators arose and grew to dominate the population.

58 A fragment containing two closely associated replicators, ARS1-A (0.8 kb) and ARS1-B (1.2 kb).

59 The removal of the inefficient replicator ARS308 from this originless region caused lit

60 Analysis of the chromosome III replicator ARS309 unexpectedly revealed that its essenti

61 addition of a small amount of the preformed replicator at a specific location within a microsyringe,

62 nction without the Watson-Crick pairs, or no replicator at all, remain as viable alternatives.

63 When integrated alongside the c-myc replicator at an ectopic chromosomal site in the HeLa ge

64 reviously mapped IR serves as an independent replicator at ectopic chromosomal sites in hamster cells

65 supramolecular structures to which different replicators attached and were selected as a higher-level

66 on to analyze the collective behavior of RNA replicators based on known experimental kinetics data.

67 Which of the two replicators becomes dominant is influenced by whether th

68 Here we report a replicator-binding protein complex involved in the preve

69 een experimentally defined for most of these replicators but not for ARS318 (HMR-I), which is one of

70 that ori-beta does not contain an essential replicator, but that distant sequence elements have prof

71 nstrate that the presence of the amphiphilic replicator, by lowering the interfacial tension between

72 results reveal for the first time how a new replicator can emerge in a process that relies criticall

73 , the results demonstrate that two mammalian replicators can be activated at ectopic sites in chromos

74 at, while the outcome of competition between replicators can be altered selectively, it is limited by

75 the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, replicators can function outside the chromosome as auton

76 The realization of a replicator capable of initiating a reaction-diffusion fr

77 ters, the notion that RNA was the first self-replicator carries many difficulties.

78 ith reduced silencing; inactivation of these replicators caused by either the orc2-1 mutation or the

79 The replicator clustering and redundancy exemplified in the

80 lection: the physical encapsulation of local replicator communities into the pores of the mineral sub

81 lly feasible, selection mechanisms acting on replicator communities need to be invoked and the corres

82 We now report two systems in which two replicators compete for a common building block and wher

83 replicator through cross-catalysis and that replicator composition is history dependent.

84 amers), we observed the emergence of hexamer replicator consisting of six units of the threonine pept

85 rs: the acknowledgment that interactors, not replicators, constitute the causal unit of selection; an

86 ptide only when it is seeded with an octamer replicator containing eight units of a serine building b

87 letion mapping revealed a 71-bp-long minimal replicator containing two distinctive sequence elements:

88 Significantly, chimeric c-myc replicators containing ATX10 DUEs displayed length-depen

89 on the right arm showed that both groups of replicators contribute significantly to the maintenance

90 Thus, if replicators control the positions of nascent strand star

91 bly, the activity of one of the non-silencer replicators correlated with reduced silencing; inactivat

92 Modules from the two replicators could combine to initiate replication.

93 replicators or that peptide and nucleic acid replicators could have been interdependent.

94 ly and differentially bound across the c-myc replicator, dependent on discrete structural elements in

95 Unexpectedly, this replicator depends on a 9/11-bp match to the ACS that po

96 Here we report that a 32-residue peptide replicator, designed according to our earlier principles

97 ors on the left end of the chromosome or the replicators distal to ARS310 on the right arm showed tha

98 ution of the GAL4-binding site for the c-myc replicator DUE allowed Orc2 and Mcm7 binding, but elimin

99 hat when a model of imitation used to derive replicator dynamics in isolated populations is generaliz

100 olymorphism is the attractor of the standard replicator dynamics operating on an infinite population

101 utionary game theory by proposing a class of replicator dynamics with feedback-evolving games in whic

102 ions is adequately described by conventional replicator dynamics, and these equations are known to ha

103 ymptotically stable under a class of delayed replicator dynamics, for any lag distribution.

104 Here, we consider stochastic replicator dynamics, operating on a finite population of

105 uman beta globin locus contains two adjacent replicators, each capable of initiating DNA replication

106 , each of which harbors a 71-bp-long minimal replicator element (MRE).

107 this report we demonstrate that the minimal replicator element (RE-LBS1/2) replicates in synchrony w

108 e only essential single-sequence HCMV oriLyt replicator element described to date.

109 cation of the plasmid containing the minimal replicator element, confirming the involvement of the ho

110 We also prove that a modified replicator equation can describe how the expected values

111 It derives a simple replicator equation for allele frequencies under conditi

112 me can be predicted from the behavior of the replicator equation for the modified game.

113 e spatial game is different from that of the replicator equation for the modified game.

114 example, if a rock-paper-scissors game has a replicator equation that spirals out to the boundary, sp

115 A network of two synthetic replicators exhibits a critical unidirectional cross-cat

116 Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential t

117 R and UV-vis spectroscopies confirm that the replicator forms efficiently and with high diastereosele

118 To better characterize ARS305, a replicator from a chromosomal origin, we swapped functio

119 he cross-catalyzed emergence of a novel self-replicator from a dynamic combinatorial library made fro

120 hed this question by systematically deleting replicators from chromosome III.

121 ection criteria that govern the emergence of replicators from these systems.

122 binding sites was shown to be essential for replicator function of HHV-7 oriLyt.

123 ionship with a sequence element essential to replicator function, and its similarities to replicator

124 inactivation of one pair does not eliminate replicator function.

125 o that of sites 1 and 4 is not essential for replicator function.

126 EBNA-1 and this protein(s) are critical for replicator function.

127 nces across this entire region contribute to replicator function.

128 relative orientation are able to perform the replicator function.

129 ntify a single-sequence element essential to replicator function.

130 ions within dhfr oribeta which contribute to replicator function: the origin of bidirectional DNA rep

131 lement showed that it is essential to oriLyt replicator function; it is the only essential single-seq

132 ely as dimers to proximal sites in the viral replicator generating a sequence-specific E1E2-ori compl

133 DNA-unwinding elements (DUEs) at eukaryotic replicators has raised the question of whether these ele

134 , and a small number of fully synthetic self-replicators have already been described.

135 Short oligonucleotide and peptide replicators have been described.

136 Minimal artificial replicators have been designed based on molecular recogn

137 plicator activity also acts as a chromosomal replicator, HeLa cell sublines that each contain a singl

138 reductase locus functions as an independent replicator in ectopic locations in both hamster and huma

139 ORC and Mcm6 associated with just the ARS1-A replicator in G(1) phase when pre-replicative complexes

140 ion around the genetically defined ss-globin replicator in logarithmically growing HeLa cells, using

141 nd Cdc45 are not bound at the inactive c-myc replicator in the absence of a functional DUE or at the

142 wever, if the concentration of the potential replicator in the DCL fails to exceed its critical aggre

143 ted that contain ectopic copies of the c-myc replicator in which the essential DUE was replaced by AT

144 Chromosomal replicators in budding yeast contain an autonomously rep

145 Inclusion of functional replicators in gene therapy vectors may provide a tool f

146 understanding of the operation of synthetic replicators in isolation, this field has progressed to e

147 ic evidence for the existence of chromosomal replicators in metazoan cells and are consistent with th

148 ient origin usage in yeast cells because the replicators in question are not active in every cell cyc

149 Cooperators pay a cost for other replicators in the cell to receive a benefit.

150 ed only after all five efficient chromosomal replicators in the left two-thirds of the chromosome (AR

151 which function as the cis-acting chromosomal replicators in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depen

152 d chromosome (ACE3) appears to function as a replicator, in that it is required in cis for the activi

153 In both replicators, initiation required a combination of an asy

154 likely involves mechanisms other than simple replicator-initiator interactions and that in vivo other

155 By binding to the replicator, initiators mark the site and contribute to m

156 By binding to the replicator, initiators mark the site and contribute to m

157 eplication is driven by self-assembly of the replicators into fibrils and relies critically on mechan

158 These observations suggest that replicators introduce epigenetic chromatin changes that

159 A simple synthetic autocatalytic replicator is capable of establishing and driving the pr

160 Both replicators lack type I elements and hence complementari

161 ot even in those with the same deterministic replicator limit as imitation.

162 s as a replicator and support and extend the replicator model for the organization of metazoan chromo

163 his framework is the equivalence between the replicator-mutator equation and the Price equation.

164 Replicator-mutator equation is used to describe the dyna

165 First, the replicators need to have a critical macrocycle size that

166 dividuals, as group-level traits are neither replicators nor interactors.

167 he replication of a plasmid bearing the oriP replicator of Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and this defect

168 present evidence that shows that the minimal replicator of oriP consists of EBNA-1 sites 3 and 4 and

169 The replicator of oriP contains four binding sites for Epste

170 The replicator of oriP is an approximately 120-bp region cal

171 The DS appears to function as the replicator of oriP, while the FR acts in conjunction wit

172 shown to require the presence of the 120-bp replicator of oriP.

173 Upon seeding of this library with different replicators of different macrocycle size (hexamers and o

174 uence having counterparts in the lytic-phase replicators of several herpesviruses.

175 Although a largely inactive replicator on the chromosome, ARS318 becomes active if t

176 d a multiple sequence alignment of confirmed replicators on chromosomes III, VI, and VII.

177 cus on single replicators and the effects of replicators on the emergence of other replicators remain

178 entations that removed the normally inactive replicators on the left end of the chromosome or the rep

179 replicators and transitioned to nucleic acid replicators or that peptide and nucleic acid replicators

180 s essential components with a chromosome III replicator, ORI305.

181 agment that carries its normal complement of replicators (originless fragment maintenance mutants, or

182 ned human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) lytic-phase replicator, oriLyt, comprises more than 2 kb in a struct

183 human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) lytic-phase DNA replicator, oriLyt, which spans more than 2 kbp in a str

184 lates onto large agar pads using inexpensive replicator pins and automatically imaging the resulting

185 st that the interaction of LARC complex with replicators plays a role in preventing gene silencing an

186 e we show that PIF is required for the viral replicator protein NS1 to nick and become covalently att

187 ng RNA-RNA hybrid permits translation of the replicator protein, but blocks base-pairing with a natur

188 to a region of the mRNA encoding the plasmid replicator protein.

189 stions regarding whether the optimal size of replicators reflects a trade-off between the information

190 The replicator regions of the Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium t

191 cts of replicators on the emergence of other replicators remains under-investigated.

192 In this model, the replicator Rep protein complex binds, destabilizes, and

193 The replicator (rep) of the nopaline-type Ti plasmid pTiC58

194 th two other genetically defined chromosomal replicators reveals a conservation of functional element

195 , indicating that a non-silencer chromosomal replicator(s) existed in close proximity to the silencer

196 act silencer, initiation by the non-silencer replicator(s) was abolished in an orc2-1 mutant, indicat

197 n, the replicon, is governed by a cis-acting replicator sequence and a trans-activating initiator fac

198 We found that the minimal replicator sequence of OriP, referred to as the dyad sym

199 A common feature of replicator sequences from a variety of organisms is mult

200 an initiator protein are a common feature of replicator sequences from various organisms.

201 nt for the extreme difficulty in identifying replicator sequences in mammalian cells and suggest that

202 ation initiation, which occurs at cis-acting replicator sequences that are spaced at intervals of app

203 Here we report a detailed analysis of replicator sequences that dictate initiation of DNA repl

204 dies have shown that mammalian cells contain replicator sequences, which can determine where DNA repl

205 by replication delay and can be prevented by replicator sequences.

206 Replicators such as parasites invading a new host specie

207 ergence of genomic parasites in any evolving replicator system, these multiple lines of evidence reve

208 This replicator templates its own synthesis through a 1,3-dip

209 Theories that involve replicators that function without the Watson-Crick pairs

210 sequence (ARS) assay for isolating potential replicators, the identification of origins has proven to

211 lies critically on the assistance by another replicator through cross-catalysis and that replicator c

212 nucleic acid world of independent molecular replicators to a nucleic acid/protein/lipid world of rep

213 Replicator trans-T(m) also reduces the efficiency of its

214 These cycloaddition reactions create replicators trans-T(p) and trans-T(m).

215 l accumulation and structure of the smallest replicator transcript, which we call SRT, and identify a

216 replicator function, and its similarities to replicator transcripts in other systems suggest the poss

217 Each replicator was capable of initiating DNA replication ind

218 protein DUE-B to the endogenous human c-myc replicator was studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation.

219 hypothesis that ori-beta contains a genetic replicator, we restored a deletion in the 3' end of the

220 Within each of these two replicators, we identified short, discrete, nonredundant

221 d in an orc2-1 mutant, indicating that these replicators were extremely sensitive to defects in ORC.

222 When replicators were included in silencing-prone transgenes,

223 ives of yeast chromosome III that lack known replicators were replicated and segregated properly in a

224 nd DUE-B were also bound at an ectopic c-myc replicator, where deletion of sequences essential for or

225 rganisms can be thought of as imperfect self-replicators which produce closely-related species, allow

226 A mutant replicator, which could not initiate replication, could

227 re the environment dictates which of the two replicators wins.

228 omplex and emergent behaviour in networks of replicators with the connectivity and catalytic relation

229 his work has led to spontaneous emergence of replicators with unrivalled structural complexity, being

230 inefficient, suggesting that closely spaced replicators within HMR contributed to an inhibition of r

231 amples where catalytic relationships between replicators within the same network and the extant react