ライフサイエンスコーパス: respiratory chain

1 ctron-accepting complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

2 l, which is generated by the activity of the respiratory chain.

3 slation, or a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

4 their putative positions in the aerobic iron respiratory chain.

5 sential to the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

6 en species, a byproduct of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

7 hemoglobin, myoglobin, and components of the respiratory chain.

8 t nematocidal activity via the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

9 a multisubunit, membrane-bound enzyme of the respiratory chain.

10 eases due to a biochemical deficiency of the respiratory chain.

11 ed glutamine metabolism and Complex 1 of the respiratory chain.

12 a role in the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

13 nes encoding components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

14 translocase-associated import motor and the respiratory chain.

15 including the complex I (CI) subunits in the respiratory chain.

16 he operation of the protein complex I of the respiratory chain.

17 plex with multiple components of the aerobic respiratory chain.

18 entry point for electrons from NADH into the respiratory chain.

19 through oxidative phosphorylation within the respiratory chain.

20 y evolving genome and lacks complex I of the respiratory chain.

21 and functions as a negative regulator of the respiratory chain.

22 de, confirming the oxidation occurred in the respiratory chain.

23 to an important role for the function of the respiratory chain.

24 y of all four complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

25 ydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) generated by the respiratory chain.

26 taPsi(m)) generated by proton pumping by the respiratory chain.

27 nslocase of the outer membrane (TOM) and the respiratory chain.

28 which encode components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

29 e (CcO) is the last electron acceptor in the respiratory chain.

30 energy disruptor targeting complex I of the respiratory chain.

31 ighly potent inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

32 hat GLDH is associated with complex I of the respiratory chain.

33 idation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and respiratory chain.

34 totrophs but can also be involved in aerobic respiratory chains.

35 ich is reflected in the composition of their respiratory chains.

36 y point into the mitochondrial and bacterial respiratory chains.

37 tase, and FeS cluster-containing subunits of respiratory chains.

38 ons as a redox-driven proton pump in aerobic respiratory chains.

39 despread CoQ(9) deficiency and mitochondrial respiratory chain abnormalities, only affected organs sh

40 Complex I deficiencies of the respiratory chain account for the majority of unfavorabl

41 reased ATP synthesis, oxygen consumption and respiratory chain activities compared to cybrids with ca

42 sue showed reduced mitochondrial density and respiratory chain activity along with increased mitophag

43 Respiratory chain activity and mitochondrial content.

44 o abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential, respiratory chain activity and morphology.

45 ated activation of matrix dehydrogenases and respiratory chain activity by calcium allows the respira

46 stent changes in cellular iron handling, and respiratory chain activity was unaffected.

47 ions, and their ablation results in impaired respiratory chain activity, increased oxidative stress,

48 resulting flies are characterized by lowered respiratory chain activity, premature aging, age-related

49 The branched character of their respiratory chains allows bacteria to do so by providing

50 s have a lower spare reserve capacity in the respiratory chain and are more susceptible to oxidative

51 oduction of hydrogen peroxide was a block in respiratory chain and diversion of electrons from NADH o

52 lex I is the first and largest enzyme of the respiratory chain and has a central role in cellular ene

53 efects in all complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and in the F-ATP synthase, while adult

54 roton motive force (Deltap) generated by the respiratory chain and increases thermogenesis.

55 de inhibited complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and induced apoptosis.

56 s activity is linked to the operation of the respiratory chain and is essential for the development o

57 ion will expand our understanding of how the respiratory chain and mitochondrial ROS influence whole

58 work underscores the connection between the respiratory chain and one-carbon metabolism with implica

59 stream forms that are devoid of a functional respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

60 T mice presented a similar impairment of the respiratory chain and phosphorylation system, decreased

61 esigned to directly target the mitochondrial respiratory chain and prevent excessive reactive oxygen

62 ed pathway essential for the function of the respiratory chain and several mitochondrial enzyme compl

63 ncluding key metabolic pathways, such as the respiratory chain and the photosystems, as well as the t

64 ochondria-localized proteins involved in the respiratory chain and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

65 olamine are required for the activity of the respiratory chain and therefore to maintain the membrane

66 bunits of the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase of respiratory chains and to subunits of several hydrogenas

67 mately maintained by the proton pumps of the respiratory chain, and Ca(2+) binding to matrix buffers.

68 s predicted to be important in thaumarchaeal respiratory chain, and the absence of a high-affinity ph

69 etabolism; a partial Kreb's cycle; a reduced respiratory chain; and a laterally acquired rhodoquinone

70 observation that cells lacking a functional respiratory chain are auxotrophic for pyruvate, which se

71 mutants in nuclear-encoded components of the respiratory chain are non-viable, emphasizing the import

72 he physical arrangement of the mitochondrial respiratory chain as a compact physical entity (the soli

73 of increasing the electron flux through the respiratory chain as a strategy to induce oxidative stre

74 cially highlighting lipid metabolism and the respiratory chain as important pathways involved in neur

75 proposed in another study, we identified the respiratory chain as the most probable target of Hint2.

76 n contrast, the inhibition of the chlamydial respiratory chain at mid-stage of the infection cycle de

77 disrupting the flow of electrons through the respiratory chain at the cytochrome bc1 complex, causing

78 is the most commonly observed mitochondrial respiratory chain biochemical defect, affecting the larg

79 Mitochondrial respiratory chain biogenesis is orchestrated by hundreds

80 Thus, attenuation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain by MCJ in macrophages exquisitely regu

81 2 and Rcf3 increases oxygen flux through the respiratory chain by up-regulation of the cytochrome c o

82 ll and exemplify how the plant mitochondrial respiratory chain can act as a multifunctional electron

83 piration and calcium retention capacity, and respiratory chain complex activities and oxidative stres

84 d droplets had decreased in size and number, respiratory chain complex activities were partially rest

85 in all patients tested and severe, combined respiratory chain complex activity deficiencies.

86 rial mass, without a concomitant increase in respiratory chain complex activity.

87 Multiple respiratory chain complex defects are particularly diffi

88 All had biochemical evidence of multiple respiratory chain complex defects but no primary pathoge

89 showed normal YARS2 protein levels and mild respiratory chain complex defects.

90 out of nine families presented with combined respiratory chain complex deficiencies in skeletal muscl

91 tient presenting with combined mitochondrial respiratory chain complex deficiency.

92 AD9) is an assembly factor for mitochondrial respiratory chain Complex I (CI), and ACAD9 mutations ar

93 Deficiencies of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity have been observed

94 750]), revealed both proteins are present in respiratory chain complex I and the Translocase of the I

95 Fanconi Syndrome results from mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I deficiency.

96 encoding NDUFA9, a subunit of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I in HEK293T cells.

97 und to have profoundly decreased activity of respiratory chain complex I in muscle, heart and liver.

98 f chronic low-dose rotenone, a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I inhibitor, to alter lithium-

99 ein identified as an endogenous inhibitor of respiratory chain complex I.

100 ciates with the oncoprotein survivin and the respiratory chain Complex II subunit succinate dehydroge

101 We fed KD to mice with respiratory chain complex III (CIII) deficiency and prog

102 of the preferential interfaces of CLs on the respiratory chain complex III (cytochrome bc(1), CIII).

103 Respiratory chain complex III and possibly cytochrome b

104 re neurological phenotypes and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III deficiency.

105 specific biochemical defect of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III, and explores the impact o

106 cts in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase or respiratory chain complex IV (CIV) assembly are a freque

107 ic decrease in the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, COX)

108 ders can exhibit dysfunctional mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity.

109 duction of mitochondrial DNA copy number and respiratory chain complex IV levels, altered mitochondri

110 ndrial function, in particular mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV or cytochrome c oxidase act

111 rol cells undergoing normal respiration, the respiratory chain complex IV subunit 1 (COX1) was tightl

112 f cytochrome c oxidase (MTCO1), a subunit of respiratory chain complex IV, mitochondrial transcriptio

113 localized in mitochondria and interacts with respiratory chain complex IV, suggesting that Mb could b

114 and the general depression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex levels (including complex II)

115 dosis and evidence of multiple mitochondrial respiratory-chain-complex deficiencies in skeletal muscl

116 The specific type of brain mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (mRCC) that are adversely af

117 mbalanced stoichiometry of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and skin inflammation and su

118 decrease of AAC1 protein levels and loss of respiratory chain complexes containing mitochondrial DNA

119 Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes convert chemical energy into

120 mitochondrial respiration by downregulating respiratory chain complexes I and III.

121 hondrial biochemical abnormalities involving respiratory chain complexes I and IV due to clonally-exp

122 rasomes are macromolecular assemblies of the respiratory chain complexes I, III and IV in the inner m

123 Activities of skeletal muscle respiratory chain complexes I, III, and IV, encoded by n

124 Respiratory chain complexes in mitochondria are assemble

125 creases in transcript polyadenylation and in respiratory chain complexes were effectively rescued by

126 d TCA cycle enzymes as well as components of respiratory chain complexes were selected and assessed f

127 ain how AIF contributes to the biogenesis of respiratory chain complexes, and they establish an unexp

128 to downregulated expression and activity of respiratory chain complexes, features characteristic of

129 an imbalanced stoichiometry of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, inducing a unique combinati

130 s, decreased activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, multiple mitochondrial DNA

131 h impaired activity of various mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, were observed in muscle bio

132 required for the normal expression of major respiratory chain complexes.

133 viability because it encodes subunits of the respiratory chain complexes.

134 tional expression and the pathogenic lack of respiratory chain complexes.

135 tic pathways and channeling electrons to the respiratory chain complexes.

136 ned defects affecting multiple mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes.

137 h was compensated by increased biogenesis of respiratory chain complexes.

138 ction and supramolecular organization of the respiratory chain complexes.

139 horylation system, which is composed of four respiratory-chain complexes and adenosine triphosphate (

140 In mitochondria, four respiratory-chain complexes drive oxidative phosphorylat

141 Deficiencies in respiratory-chain complexes lead to a variety of clinica

142 nuclear and mitochondrial genes that encode respiratory chain components and by NOTCH-dependent indu

143 s an opportunity to determine how individual respiratory chain components contribute to physiology fo

144 ately quantify the presence of mitochondrial respiratory chain components within individual bone cell

145 l genetic platform for acute inactivation of respiratory chain components.

146 metabolic gene expression, and mitochondrial respiratory chain content.

147 The genomic data suggest that C. trachomatis respiratory chain could produce a sodium gradient that m

148 Inhibition of the function of classical respiratory chain (CRC) led to a decrease in the electro

149 The terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain, cytochrome c oxidase, consists of a h

150 phenformin, an inhibitor of complex I of the respiratory chain, decreased the oxygen consumption rate

151 in glucose-free galactose medium revealed a respiratory chain defect in complexes I and II, and a tr

152 tion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and respiratory chain defect, metabolic disturbance, pro-apo

153 Furthermore, the toxicity of DEHP led to respiratory chain defects and attenuation of ATP level p

154 ical presentation of mitochondrial diseases, respiratory chain defects and defects of complex I speci

155 he regulatory mechanisms involved in sensing respiratory chain defects and modifying mitochondrial fu

156 g pathway in which DOX-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain defects and necrotic cell death are mu

157 thway that couples DOX-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain defects and necrotic cell death to the

158 ine in tissues, mitochondrial DNA depletion, respiratory chain defects and white matter changes.

159 Altogether, our results suggest that partial respiratory chain defects because of mtDNA mutations can

160 (COX)] deficiency is one of the most common respiratory chain defects in humans.

161 (COX) deficiency is one of the most frequent respiratory chain defects seen in human mitochondrial di

162 feature of mitochondrial disorders caused by respiratory chain defects, notably, cytochrome oxidase I

163 DOX-induced loss of COX1-UCP3 complexes and respiratory chain defects.

164 n breakdown, the latter because of intrinsic respiratory chain defects.

165 Multiple mitochondrial respiratory-chain defects, associated with the accumulat

166 ctor 21, a novel biomarker for mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiencies and inhibitor of white ad

167 sted, revealed severe combined mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiencies associated with a marked

168 ve useful as a therapeutic tool for limiting respiratory chain deficiencies caused by mtDNA decline i

169 Respiratory chain deficiencies exhibit a wide variety of

170 However, reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency (RIRCD), due to a homoplasm

171 rome c oxidase-negative fibres with combined respiratory chain deficiency and abnormal assembly of co

172 e, while somatic mtDNA deletions cause focal respiratory chain deficiency associated with ageing and

173 teins in passively cleared tissues to reveal respiratory chain deficiency associated with mitochondri

174 To assess the involvement of mtDNA in respiratory chain deficiency in IPD, SN neurons, isolate

175 Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency was present in muscle or fi

176 red mitochondrial biogenesis and progressive respiratory chain deficiency were also evident in cardio

177 mutations in this protein result in a severe respiratory chain deficiency, loss of mitochondrial memb

178 Patient fibroblasts present with respiratory chain deficiency, mitochondrial ultrastructu

179 se model of ageing and osteoporosis and show respiratory chain deficiency.

180 s group of metabolic disorders with combined respiratory-chain deficiency and a neuromuscular phenoty

181 hput screen (HTS) was undertaken against the respiratory chain dehydrogenase component, NADH:menaquin

182 imaging reveals that contractions constitute respiratory chain-dependent episodes of depolarization c

183 one oxidoreductase), the first enzyme of the respiratory chain, display various phenotypes depending

184 also produces coenzyme Q (a component of the respiratory chain), dolichols (important for protein gly

185 atic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and respiratory chain dysfunction accompany normal aging, bu

186 s a parkinsonian phenotype because of severe respiratory chain dysfunction in dopamine neurons.

187 Respiratory chain dysfunction in IPD neurons not only in

188 ide two lines of evidence that mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction leads to alterations in on

189 nd skin inflammation and suggest that severe respiratory chain dysfunction, as observed in few cells

190 accumulates within mitochondria, but during respiratory chain dysfunction, high levels of reactive o

191 drial abnormalities, including mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, reduced ATP synthesis and

192 AD synthase (FADS), as the cause of MADD and respiratory-chain dysfunction in nine individuals recrui

193 or succinate with different sections of the respiratory chain engaged in catalysis as a proxy for th

194 ce and restored mtDNA copy number as well as respiratory chain enzyme activities and levels.

195 s and differentiated cells had mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities and oxygen consumpti

196 required for optimal TRMU function, rescued respiratory chain enzyme activities in human cell lines

197 The assessment of respiratory chain enzyme activities in the muscle from 1

198 r investigations including muscle biopsy and respiratory chain enzyme activity were non-specific or n

199 Respiratory-chain enzyme activities and CoQ10 were decre

200 ll individuals' samples, leading to combined respiratory-chain enzyme deficiency of complexes I, III,

201 tein interactions regulate the activity of a respiratory-chain enzyme, CymA, by changing the directio

202 is required for the insertion of heme b into respiratory chain enzymes.

203 mutants and revealed that deleting genes for respiratory chain flavoproteins or for tricarboxylic aci

204 lobacter jejuni uses complex cytochrome-rich respiratory chains for growth and host colonisation.

205 ighly potent inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain from myxobacteria.

206 into host respiratory complexes, decreasing respiratory chain function and increasing oxidative stre

207 The reduced respiratory chain function in cells lacking MFN2 can be

208 radiation-induced mitochondrial fission, but respiratory chain function in mitochondria inhibited by

209 thy with liver disease, including defects in respiratory chain function in patient muscle.

210 mitochondrial distribution or mitochondrial respiratory chain function result in corresponding chang

211 NNT)], we selectively impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain function, energy exchange, and mitocho

212 rane via affinity for cardiolipin to promote respiratory chain function.

213 ly rescued heart dysfunction, life span, and respiratory chain function.

214 radiated controls, suggesting a reduction in respiratory chain function.

215 ial processes, including multiple aspects of respiratory chain function.

216 other stress-resistant genes, mitochondrial respiratory chain genes, and potential IIS receptor anta

217 oxidases or Complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, H2O2 is under sophisticated fine cont

218 itor of the mitochondrial and photosynthetic respiratory chain, has been proven to be a unique voltag

219 Second, we show that lesioning the respiratory chain impairs mitochondrial production of fo

220 ects of both complex I and complex IV of the respiratory chain in all patients.

221 ficiency is the most prevalent defect in the respiratory chain in paediatric mitochondrial disease.

222 d thus target complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

223 st FGF21 secretion could be recapitulated by respiratory chain inhibition in cultured myotubes.

224 formate from serine, and that in some cells, respiratory chain inhibition leads to growth defects upo

225 cells and studied mitochondrial responses to respiratory chain inhibition.

226 neuroblastoma cells to prevent mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor-induced degeneration.

227 le human cancer cells, whereas mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors do not affect CHCM1/CHCHD6

228 roton-pumping complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is among the largest and most complica

229 The respiratory chain is located in the inner membrane of mi

230 structural organization of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is unknown.

231 O), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, is a complex process facilitated by s

232 was caused by inhibition of Complex I of the respiratory chain, leading to increases in cellular AMP

233 issues and species responsive to H2O2 as the respiratory chain, Lyn, and Syk were similarly required

234 ncomitant up-regulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activity induces reactive oxygen

235 nfluencing the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes into supercomplexes.

236 rm the terminal segment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC).

237 embrane protein complex in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC).

238 xygen-dependent oxidation of the multicenter respiratory chain occurred with a single macroscopic rat

239 tron transport (EET) pathway for linking the respiratory chain of bacteria to external surfaces, incl

240 genase (Na(+)-NQR) is a key component of the respiratory chain of diverse prokaryotic species, includ

241 Complex IV in the respiratory chain of mitochondria and bacteria catalyzes

242 reductase, bc1 complex, is the enzyme in the respiratory chain of mitochondria responsible for the tr

243 venging serves as a mechanism to sustain the respiratory chain of P. methylaliphatogenes when organic

244 oxs) are the basic energy transducers in the respiratory chain of the majority of aerobic organisms.

245 en acts as the terminal electron sink in the respiratory chains of aerobic organisms.

246 one oxidoreductase (NDH-2) is central to the respiratory chains of many organisms.

247 nctions as a redox-linked proton pump in the respiratory chains of mitochondria and bacteria, driven

248 pe cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) terminates the respiratory chains of mitochondria and many bacteria.

249 as the initial electron acceptor in aerobic respiratory chains of most organisms.

250 The respiratory chains of nearly all aerobic organisms are t

251 ium nitroprusside (complex inhibitors of the respiratory chain) on mitochondrial function were also s

252 which required increased supply of NADH for respiratory chain oxidoreductases from central carbon ca

253 ase (COX) or complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain plays a fundamental role in energy pro

254 X), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, plays a key role in regulating mitoch

255 t require heme for electron transport in the respiratory chain, protection against oxidative stress,

256 found that ClpP interacts with mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins and metabolic enzymes, and kn

257 stages of prion infection, dysregulation of respiratory chain proteins may lead to impairment of mit

258 cardiolipin and functions in the assembly of respiratory chain proteins.

259 d the levels and activities of mitochondrial respiratory-chain proteins.

260 lactic acidemia in association with combined respiratory chain (RC) deficiencies of complexes I, III

261 from teratomas manifested cell-type specific respiratory chain (RC) deficiency patterns.

262 Mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) disease therapies directed at int

263 han 100 metabolites across various states of respiratory chain (RC) function.

264 The mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) produces most of the cellular ATP

265 contrast, the turnover of many mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) subunits showed greater impairmen

266 Defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) underlie a spectrum of human cond

267 nction was ameliorated and the mitochondrial respiratory chain recovered following obeticholic acid t

268 vely, our data lend mechanistic insight into respiratory chain-related activities and prioritize hund

269 ng several key proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (rho(0) cells), the membrane potential

270 ce, which are deficient in the mitochondrial respiratory chain subunit Ndufs4 [NADH dehydrogenase (ub

271 c translational activators ensure that these respiratory chain subunits are synthesized at the correc

272 regulates the expression of nuclear-encoded respiratory chain subunits involved in Complexes I, II,

273 technique enabling the quantification of key respiratory chain subunits of complexes I and IV, togeth

274 Interaction of Coi1 with respiratory chain subunits seems transient, as it appear

275 analysis confirmed the reduced levels of the respiratory chain subunits that included mitochondrially

276 lear (succinate dehydrogenase A) DNA-encoded respiratory chain subunits.

277 but do not preserve mitochondrial cristae or respiratory chain supercomplex assembly in prohibitin-de

278 Cox2 is part of a respiratory chain supercomplex.

279 In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respiratory chain supercomplexes form by association of

280 into large macromolecular structures, termed respiratory chain supercomplexes or respirasomes.

281 l facilitates the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes to sustain high mitocho

282 iate with monomeric cytochrome c oxidase and respiratory chain supercomplexes.

283 Finally, we discuss how the formation of respiratory-chain supercomplexes may confer alternative

284 d to prominence with the characterization of respiratory-chain supercomplexes.

285 O), the terminal enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen

286 cing of ND75, a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that controls ROS formation independen

287 predictions of the behavior of the mammalian respiratory chain that depend on whether channeling in s

288 heir essential role in the biogenesis of the respiratory chain, the molecular function of twin Cx9C p

289 rmembrane space, delivering electrons to the respiratory chain through CYTc These results provide a c

290 a signal transduction pathway that links the respiratory chain to the mitochondrial intermembrane spa

291 of complex I is formed during hypoxia, when respiratory chain turnover is slowed, and may contribute

292 esentative PRC-dependent stress genes by the respiratory chain uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide m-chloroph

293 ponse as the results place the mitochondrial respiratory chain upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase Ly

294 nts from cytosolic NADH to the mitochondrial respiratory chain via the D-lactate dehydrogenase Dld1.

295 ogenesis, and Cox-1, a critical component of respiratory chain, was significantly increased in M2 pol

296 rthermore, by compromising components of the respiratory chain, we demonstrated that the reliance on

297 processes such as photosynthesis and in the respiratory chain, where they mediate long-range charge

298 s succinate:quinone reductase as part of its respiratory chain, whereas under microaerophilic conditi

299 ssion of the complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain), which is compromised in NPC1 cells.

300 It is the largest protein assembly of the respiratory chain with a total mass of 970 kilodaltons.