ライフサイエンスコーパス: reticulospinal

1 We describe how the phasic modulation of reticulospinal activity from the spinal CPG ensures reli

2 preparation, stimulation of the PT elicited reticulospinal activity together with locomotor movement

3 ng the role of this phasic modulation of the reticulospinal activity, because the brainstem-spinal co

4 brainstem locomotor networks and concurrent reticulospinal activity.

5 rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) contains reticulospinal adrenergic (C1) neurons that are thought

6 confirm the segmental territories defined by reticulospinal anatomy.

7 We find that the axons of reticulospinal and commissural primary ascending (CoPA)

8 remarkable bilateral symmetry in myelinated reticulospinal and lateral line afferent axons.

9 no spatial facilitation between inputs from reticulospinal and sensory afferents with DRPs or PADs,

10 the amplitude of responses were similar for reticulospinal and sensory inputs, increasing during fic

11 ependent presynaptic inhibitory pathways for reticulospinal and sensory inputs.

12 ude that electrical coupling among pre motor reticulospinal and spinal dINs, the excitatory interneur

13 Because both the reticulospinal and the motoneuronal segmental patterns p

14 s and that the critical period for growth of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal axons through the les

15 xonal diffusion characteristics of the giant reticulospinal axons (20-40 microm in diameter).

16 Regenerating neurites of giant reticulospinal axons (GRAs) have diameters only 5-10% of

17 Substantial regenerative fiber sprouting of reticulospinal axons above the injury site was demonstra

18 By recording directly from presynaptic reticulospinal axons and postsynaptic motoneurons of the

19 Paired recordings were made between reticulospinal axons and the neurons that make axo-axoni

20 ostsynaptic currents (EPSCs) between lamprey reticulospinal axons and their postsynaptic targets by a

21 By the use of paired-cell recordings between reticulospinal axons and their postsynaptic targets, NMD

22 thoracolumbar levels of the spinal cord via reticulospinal axons in the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF

23 onclude that NMDA receptor-mediated input to reticulospinal axons increases basal Ca2+ within the axo

24 Reticulospinal axons of the lamprey spinal cord receive

25 retracting ones, fluorescently labeled large reticulospinal axons were imaged in the living, transect

26 ) depresses transmitter release from lamprey reticulospinal axons were investigated.

27 ic currents (EPSCs) evoked by stimulation of reticulospinal axons were recorded in ventral horn neuro

28 DA evoked an increase in presynaptic Ca2+ in reticulospinal axons.

29 synaptic potentials with short latencies in reticulospinal axons.

30 individually identified, serially homologous reticulospinal cells (the Mauthner cell, MID2cm, and MID

31 stimulation produces a growing activation of reticulospinal cells and a progressive increase in the s

32 The brainstem reticulospinal cells are segmentally organized into 14 c

33 ity were also positioned near the outputs of reticulospinal cells in spinal cord.

34 In addition, reticulospinal cells responded to glutamate microinjecti

35 el inputs from the MLR and projected back to reticulospinal cells to amplify and extend the duration

36 Other medullary reticulospinal cells, as well as cells of the nucleus of

37 lamped MLR cells, accompanied by activity in reticulospinal cells.

38 in the MLR, together with the activation of reticulospinal cells.

39 nt with spike timing-dependent plasticity in reticulospinal circuits, specific to the stimulated musc

40 inhibit evoked neurotransmitter release from reticulospinal command neurons, their activation does no

41 and in addition to multiple sites within the reticulospinal complex.

42 eciprocal inhibition can contribute to early reticulospinal dIN firing during swimming and show rebou

43 These recordings showed that reticulospinal dINs in the caudal hindbrain (rhombomeres

44 However, the earliest-firing reticulospinal dINs spike too soon to be driven by under

45 hese relay summating excitation to hindbrain reticulospinal dINs; dIN firing then initiates activity

46 the midbrain central gray did not reduce the reticulospinal-evoked axial muscle response, consistent

47 Regrowing reticulospinal fibers exhibited excitatory, vGLUT2-posit

48 Reticulospinal fibers formed close appositions onto desc

49 Our results suggest that severed reticulospinal fibers, which are part of the phylogeneti

50 ects of two identified groups of commissural reticulospinal hindbrain neurons.

51 the medulla are key elements of a brainstem-reticulospinal inhibitory system that participates in ra

52 rity of submidbrain circuits of serotonergic reticulospinal innervation at lumbar levels, the proprio

53 locomotion, DRP and PAD amplitudes evoked by reticulospinal inputs were increased during the flexion

54 g, we fired a single action potential in the reticulospinal Mauthner (M) cell, which initiates the es

55 The reticulospinal Mauthner cells (M-cells) of the startle c

56 e action potential in a single, identifiable reticulospinal neuron make this an attractive model syst

57 f glutamatergic antagonists markedly reduced reticulospinal neuron responses, indicating that the MLR

58 NVIII) EPSP recorded in vivo in the goldfish reticulospinal neuron, the Mauthner cell, can be evoked

59 re recorded in vitro in the axons of lamprey reticulospinal neurones.

60 axonal connections from retrogradely traced reticulospinal neurons (127% increase) compared with nor

61 n tau (htau) protein into identified lamprey reticulospinal neurons (anterior bulbar cells, or ABCs)

62 naptic, glutamatergic EPSPs in the hindbrain reticulospinal neurons (descending interneurons, dINs) t

63 I and II afferents (monosynaptically) and by reticulospinal neurons (mono- or disynaptically) and to

64 s of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and reticulospinal neurons (Rsps) in the brainstem medial re

65 eneration for each of 18 identified pairs of reticulospinal neurons and 12 cytoarchitectonic groups o

66 Plasticin is expressed also in reticulospinal neurons and in caudal primary motoneurons

67 profoundly reduced MLR-induced excitation of reticulospinal neurons and markedly slowed MLR-evoked lo

68 uron pathway from head skin afferents to the reticulospinal neurons and motoneurons that drive locomo

69 These include duplicated reticulospinal neurons and posterior expansions of rhomb

70 udy confirms that CRNs project directly onto reticulospinal neurons and presents other anatomical fea

71 Following stronger stimuli, reticulospinal neurons are excited through a trigeminal

72 he sensorimotor cortex, some rubrospinal and reticulospinal neurons are labeled with YFP, and some YF

73 f, at this early stage of development, these reticulospinal neurons are themselves the primary source

74 We discuss the origin of these reticulospinal neurons as specialised members of a longi

75 FL and NF132 was downregulated in identified reticulospinal neurons by 5 weeks after spinal cord tran

76 input, it seems likely that medial medullary reticulospinal neurons could adjust the activity of resp

77 Ablating different sets of reticulospinal neurons did not impair prey capture, sugg

78 s in the sensory pathways exciting brainstem reticulospinal neurons ensure alternating and co-ordinat

79 An increase in the types of identifiable reticulospinal neurons expressing the UNC5L receptors wa

80 due to the inhibition of sympathoexcitatory reticulospinal neurons found in the rostral ventrolatera

81 axons of individual tetanus toxin expressing reticulospinal neurons have fewer myelin sheaths than co

82 in lampreys, axons of the large, identified reticulospinal neurons have heterogeneous regenerative a

83 evealed that multiple CRNs synapse on single reticulospinal neurons in PnC, suggesting a convergence

84 s elicited by excitation of oxygen-sensitive reticulospinal neurons in RVLM to reflexively elevate rC

85 Reticulospinal neurons in the brainstem activate the loc

86 erminals are apposed to retrogradely labeled reticulospinal neurons in the contralateral nucleus reti

87 We record from key reticulospinal neurons in the network controlling swimmi

88 (MOR) activation can both excite and inhibit reticulospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medu

89 rainstem circuits from the MLR to identified reticulospinal neurons in the salamander Notophthalmus v

90 itudinal fasciculus (nMLF), a small group of reticulospinal neurons in the zebrafish midbrain.

91 neurons fire to head-skin stimuli but excite reticulospinal neurons indirectly.

92 the goldfish Mauthner cells, a pair of large reticulospinal neurons involved in the organization of s

93 Build-up of excitation to reticulospinal neurons is the key decision-making step f

94 ts labeled with BDA were apposed to thoracic reticulospinal neurons labeled with FG in the ventrolate

95 ent UNC5L receptor transcripts in identified reticulospinal neurons of mature larval or adult sea lam

96 ncreased, the responses increased in size in reticulospinal neurons of the mRN and iRN, but the respo

97 Sympathoexcitatory reticulospinal neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medu

98 ed brains revealed very similar responses in reticulospinal neurons on both sides to a unilateral MLR

99 Reticulospinal neurons project to spinal motor neurons c

100 We reported previously that nPGi reticulospinal neurons terminate preferentially within t

101 Our results define reticulospinal neurons that are the source of the primar

102 adpoles, paired whole-cell recordings reveal reticulospinal neurons that directly excite swimming cir

103 s well characterized and includes excitatory reticulospinal neurons that drive swim circuit neurons.

104 It projects downward to reticulospinal neurons that in turn activate the spinal

105 xpression of UNC5L receptors was observed in reticulospinal neurons that when axotomized are known to

106 tional in retaining a rhombomeric pattern of reticulospinal neurons through embryonic, larval, and ad

107 sults reveal the contributions of one set of reticulospinal neurons to behavior and support the idea

108 For this study, reticulospinal neurons were identified with a retrograde

109 se in the background excitatory drive of the reticulospinal neurons would be sufficient to produce co

110 uter reconstructions of retrogradely labeled reticulospinal neurons yielded a segmental framework com

111 examined the role of two pairs of identified reticulospinal neurons, MeLc and MeLr, located in the nu

112 were reduced dramatically in all axotomized reticulospinal neurons, on the basis of semiquantitative

113 Reticulospinal neurons, situated between the supraspinal

114 s, but not the segmental pattern of primary, reticulospinal neurons, suggesting that RA acts on branc

115 imulations also predict that, in contrast to reticulospinal neurons, tectal steering/turning command

116 ape behavior and the recruitment of multiple reticulospinal neurons, we find that larval zebrafish do

117 the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) to reticulospinal neurons, which in turn project to locomot

118 Reticulospinal neurons, which play an important role in

119 One such set of three repeated reticulospinal neurons--the Mauthner cell, MiD2cm, and M

120 phalon and the startle response, mediated by reticulospinal neurons.

121 spinal cord to verify that CRNs project onto reticulospinal neurons.

122 y was designed to determine if they might be reticulospinal neurons.

123 s on the perikarya and proximal dendrites of reticulospinal neurons.

124 g that the MLR sends glutamatergic inputs to reticulospinal neurons.

125 of glutamatergic projections from the MLR to reticulospinal neurons.

126 LR and projected glutamatergic excitation to reticulospinal neurons.

127 otion in vertebrates and the roles played by reticulospinal neurons.

128 neurons and in the number of three hindbrain reticulospinal neurons: Mauthner cells, RoL2 cells, and

129 The main pretectal output is to the reticulospinal nuclei, and thus the pretectum indirectly

130 s are preferentially activated by a midbrain reticulospinal nucleus by virtue of longer membrane time

131 e express tetanus toxin (TeNT) in individual reticulospinal or CoPA neurons to prevent synaptic vesic

132 These observations suggest that reticulospinal outputs after SCI contribute to hand moto

133 es involved in lordosis is exerted through a reticulospinal pathway with cells of origin in the nucle

134 ial musculature, innervated predominantly by reticulospinal pathways and tend to manifest when gait a

135 ninvasive stimuli that are known to activate reticulospinal pathways, at timings predicted to cause s

136 process usually results in the activation of reticulospinal pathways.

137 orm a significant component of glutamatergic reticulospinal pathways.

138 In contrast, few MOR-IR terminals contacted reticulospinal perikarya and large dendrites although th

139 contrast, the large and giant glutamatergic reticulospinal perikarya mostly lacked glutamate immunor

140 rey motor circuits, and the unique access to reticulospinal presynaptic terminals in the intact spina

141 labeled small and medium-sized cells of some reticulospinal-projecting groups were often glutamate-im

142 ntly characterized physiologically a pontine reticulospinal (pRS) projection in the neonatal mouse th

143 we took advantage of the large size of giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons in the brain of the lamprey,

144 To do so, we used the giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons of lamprey spinal cord becau

145 of larval lamprey, biophysical properties of reticulospinal (RS) neurons were determined by applying

146 spinal cord transection, several identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons were missing in Nissl-staine

147 escending brain neurons, such as many of the reticulospinal (RS) neurons, probably initiate locomotio

148 rostral spinal cord to axotomize ipsilateral reticulospinal (RS) neurons.

149 urons that have direct or indirect inputs to reticulospinal (RS) neurons.

150 lateral efferent neurons were aligned to the reticulospinal scaffold by mapping neurons immunopositiv

151 Reticulospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons of rostral ven

152 ral cortex elicited by hypoxic excitation of reticulospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons of the rostral

153 We have utilized the lamprey giant reticulospinal synapse to characterize functional coloca

154 Using acute perturbations at giant reticulospinal synapses of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon m

155 We conclude that at lamprey giant reticulospinal synapses, Ca(2)(+) channels and release s

156 inal lesion (such as following stroke), when reticulospinal systems could provide a substrate for som

157 We conclude that reticulospinal systems sub-serve some of the functional

158 in the brainstem, which is the source of the reticulospinal tract and could also generate spinal moto

159 Rubrospinal and reticulospinal tract axons also did not grow into the le

160 Recent data provide evidence that the reticulospinal tract can exert some influence over hand

161 Recent work has shown that the primate reticulospinal tract can influence spinal interneurons a

162 axons and/or brainstem pathways such as the reticulospinal tract contributes to recovery is unknown.

163 le standing to verify normal function of the reticulospinal tract in HSP.

164 CI; therefore, it has been proposed that the reticulospinal tract is one of the descending motor path

165 The primate reticulospinal tract is usually considered to control pr

166 The reticulospinal tract seems unaffected in HSP patients, b

167 the first evidence for a contribution of the reticulospinal tract to hand control in humans with SCI

168 nt via a startling stimulus that engages the reticulospinal tract, by measuring reaction times from e

169 a startle stimulus, a test that engages the reticulospinal tract, while performing a power grip but

170 le pathways; one possible contributor is the reticulospinal tract.

171 ored motor program conveyed by the preserved reticulospinal tract.

172 nstem pathways including the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts, or into the L5 dorsal root gangli