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1 ery few (450 in each mouse retina, 0.005% of retinal neurons).
2 (important for the high metabolic demands of retinal neurons).
3 croglia/macrophages associate with apoptotic retinal neurons.
4 ectric current to stimulate the nearby inner retinal neurons.
5 ltiple genes expressed specifically in inner retinal neurons.
6 ssion with the modulation of Src activity in retinal neurons.
7 nin potentiates signaling from rods to inner retinal neurons.
8 tion, which is necessary for the survival of retinal neurons.
9 es and decreasing apoptosis of pericytes and retinal neurons.
10 t not genes characteristic of differentiated retinal neurons.
11 a(v)1.3 L-type Ca(2+) channels in salamander retinal neurons.
12 rentiation when in the vicinity of wild-type retinal neurons.
13 s known about propofol's effects on specific retinal neurons.
14 normal electrophysiology at the level of the retinal neurons.
15 zed in photoreceptor cells and in some inner retinal neurons.
16 l roles in processing the light responses of retinal neurons.
17 leads to chronic but reversible silencing of retinal neurons.
18  important role in promoting the survival of retinal neurons.
19 ginates mainly from activity of second-order retinal neurons.
20 or studying the function of coupling between retinal neurons.
21 and progressive loss of adult cerebellar and retinal neurons.
22 ture and interactions in the spike trains of retinal neurons.
23 the activity of second-order hyperpolarizing retinal neurons.
24 unced expression in photoreceptors and other retinal neurons.
25 c degeneration of cerebellar, brainstem, and retinal neurons.
26 le is known about the responses of the inner retinal neurons.
27  retinal vasculature can result in damage to retinal neurons.
28  (RPG) expression and the differentiation of retinal neurons.
29 n synaptic activity and AMPAR trafficking in retinal neurons.
30 n cAMP levels and PKA activity in developing retinal neurons.
31 + and the actin cytoskeleton organization in retinal neurons.
32 ot solely photoreceptor cells but also inner retinal neurons.
33  metabolism increased insulin sensitivity in retinal neurons.
34 hich are derived from the second-order inner retinal neurons.
35        CoCl(2) upregulated Hsp27 in cultured retinal neurons.
36 ), can block differentiation and function of retinal neurons.
37 vels in the glia, but very low levels in the retinal neurons.
38 stnatal retina, and it is expressed by inner retinal neurons.
39 ts their level of innervation by more distal retinal neurons.
40 tic connections between specific subtypes of retinal neurons.
41 d for coincidence and threshold detection in retinal neurons.
42 lved in the development of multiple types of retinal neurons.
43  and formed a cell layer connected with host retinal neurons.
44 inal homeostasis and support the survival of retinal neurons.
45 cells (MGPCs) with the ability to regenerate retinal neurons.
46 d dopamine-dependent GABA release from other retinal neurons.
47 mprise approximately 1/2 of a percent of all retinal neurons.
48 that are expressed in overlapping subsets of retinal neurons.
49 rriers and thereby access and photosensitize retinal neurons.
50 cell death but spare second- and third-order retinal neurons.
51 ous reservoir may recover function of "sick" retinal neurons.
52 erve to replace or resurrect dead or injured retinal neurons.
53 nd subsequent regeneration of HuC/D(+) inner retinal neurons.
54 faster cone-driven responses in second-order retinal neurones.
55 d precursor cells, whereas loss of any other retinal neurons activates Muller glia proliferation to p
56          Vision impairment caused by loss of retinal neurons affects millions of people worldwide, an
57 CANCE STATEMENT Adult zebrafish generate new retinal neurons after a tissue-disrupting lesion.
58 ant for transgene expression in regenerating retinal neurons after eye injury.
59 ller glia upregulate genes characteristic of retinal neurons after growth factor stimulation in vitro
60 n shown to be effective in transducing inner retinal neurons after intravitreal injection in several
61 and an acute treatment increased survival of retinal neurons after optic nerve crush (ONC) in rodent
62 igated to examine their abilities to protect retinal neurons against glutamate toxicity.
63  as a negative feedback mechanism protecting retinal neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity
64                 Dark and light adaptation of retinal neurons allow our vision to operate over an enor
65 munohistochemistry for bromodeoxyuridine and retinal neuron and photoreceptor-specific markers.
66 e postsynaptic current (PSC) in second-order retinal neurons and (2) capacitance measurements of vesi
67 ng of spontaneous activity in populations of retinal neurons and by making whole-cell recordings from
68    Many retinal diseases lead to the loss of retinal neurons and cause visual impairment.
69 c sequence of circuit models that represents retinal neurons and connections and fitted them to the e
70 a variety of diseases involving the death of retinal neurons and contributes to neurodegenerative pro
71                        CX3CL1 signaling from retinal neurons and endothelial cells likely modulates d
72                          Characterization of retinal neurons and glia was performed by immunocytochem
73 cid metabolites differentially gate TRPV4 in retinal neurons and glia, with potentially significant c
74  and an absence of terminally differentiated retinal neurons and glia.
75 these cells are responsible for regenerating retinal neurons and glia.
76 ls, and an increase in phosphorylated tau in retinal neurons and glia.
77 ssing Muller glia were capable of generating retinal neurons and glia.
78 whereas SERCA2b was found in the majority of retinal neurons and in glial cells.
79 ty of progenitor cells to differentiate into retinal neurons and is highly expressed by human Muller
80 olecule identified that is produced by dying retinal neurons and is necessary to induce Muller glia t
81 take within the retina, and are expressed by retinal neurons and Muller cells.
82 to result from a complex interaction between retinal neurons and Muller glia, which release toxic mol
83 med that MMP activity occurred only in these retinal neurons and not in glial or other retinal cell t
84 ynthase (NOS), modulates the function of all retinal neurons and ocular blood vessels and participate
85 tion that reveals GC somas, axons, and other retinal neurons and permits their quantitative analysis.
86 o dedifferentiate, migrate, and generate new retinal neurons and photoreceptor cells by alpha-aminoad
87 kb promoter directed transgene expression to retinal neurons and progenitor cells, the activity of mu
88 xpressed by non-overlapping subsets of chick retinal neurons and promote their lamina-specific arbori
89       Ngb and Cygb are widely distributed in retinal neurons and RPE, but not in glial cells of the c
90                      We apply this method to retinal neurons and show that it can accurately recover
91 ortant visual computation is accomplished by retinal neurons and synapses.
92 at insulin mediates a prosurvival pathway in retinal neurons and that normal retina expresses a highl
93 done to achieve higher yields of functioning retinal neurons and to promote better integration within
94                                              Retinal neurons and vasculature interact with each other
95        The construct expressed in most inner retinal neurons, and it also suppressed visual loss and
96  of inner retinal neurons, synapse with host retinal neurons, and respond to light.
97                 Mouse somatosensory neurons, retinal neurons, and taste receptor cells do not appear
98  hyperpolarizing second- and all third-order retinal neurons; and TTX (tetrodotoxin, 6 muM), to block
99 f Epo also protected against hypoxia-induced retinal neuron apoptosis.
100 re resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in retinal neuron apoptosis.
101        Cone-driven responses of second-order retinal neurons are considerably faster than rod-driven
102                          Individual types of retinal neurons are distributed to minimize proximity to
103 urposes of this study were to identify which retinal neurons are infected and to determine the routes
104                Previous results suggest that retinal neurons are infected early during murine cytomeg
105 ge-gated sodium channels (Na(v) channels) in retinal neurons are known to contribute to the mammalian
106                      The mechanisms by which retinal neurons are patterned along the dorsal/ventral a
107  Our results indicate that multiple types of retinal neurons are potential circadian clock neurons th
108 in the monkey retina and localize to diverse retinal neurons as well as putative microglia.
109 d photopic signal arose only from lost inner retinal neurons, as cone numbers did not change.
110  clock genes in individual, identified mouse retinal neurons, as well as characterized the clock gene
111 trolled by a hierarchy of interactions among retinal neurons, astrocytes and blood vessels.
112 expressed in calbindin- and Prox1-expressing retinal neurons at birth.
113  of Casz1 increases production of early-born retinal neurons at the expense of later-born fates, wher
114 portant in shaping responses of second-order retinal neurons at the tonically active photoreceptor sy
115     However, the extent to which regenerated retinal neurons attain appropriate morphologies and circ
116 NAs in terminally differentiated adult human retinal neurons based on their sequence conservation acr
117 ds and cones, after processing by downstream retinal neurons (bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and gangl
118 tion, they possess the potential to generate retinal neurons, both in vitro and in vivo.
119 ors, in rod bipolar cells, and in most inner retinal neurons but was absent from cones.
120 signaling did not prevent differentiation of retinal neurons, but it did disrupt spatial patterning i
121 ive in hippocampal, dorsal root ganglia, and retinal neurons, but its propermeability, vasodilatatory
122  mediate the initial proliferative arrest of retinal neurons, but may indirectly induce arrest in RPC
123                  Ngb IR was localized within retinal neurons, but not in glia.
124  can signal changes in light levels to inner retinal neurons, but the role of glutamate in communicat
125 multipotent retinal stem cells that generate retinal neurons by homeostatic and regenerative developm
126 layed rectifier potassium (K(V)) channels in retinal neurons by means of a metabotropic receptor path
127                                  A subset of retinal neurons, called direction-selective ganglion cel
128      Under these conditions and pathologies, retinal neurons can die via apoptosis that may be due to
129 ls, greater than the range of output signals retinal neurons can produce.
130  result in photoreceptor loss, but the inner retinal neurons can survive, making them potentially ame
131 study suggests that changes in the output of retinal neurons caused by disturbances in outer retinal
132  precise synaptic connections among distinct retinal neuron cell types is critical for processing vis
133 s have neurogenic potential and can generate retinal neurons, confirming a hypothesis, first proposed
134 esults provide a better understanding of how retinal neurons connect to the central circadian pacemak
135 hes: 1) hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced retinal neuron degeneration in vitro, and 2) light-induc
136                          Subsequently, inner retinal neurons develop aberrant synaptic activity, comp
137   We found that in the absence of microglia, retinal neurons did not undergo overt cell death or beco
138                                              Retinal neurons differentiated, but their laminar arrang
139 otein, activates Atonal (Ato) expression and retinal neuron differentiation synergistically with the
140 clude that Isl1 has an indispensable role in retinal neuron differentiation within restricted cell po
141 gnificantly increased the apoptotic death of retinal neurons during embryonic and postnatal developme
142                            As RD progresses, retinal neurons exhibit aberrant activity, driven by AII
143                                              Retinal neurons exhibit sustained versus transient light
144                                  In summary, retinal neurons exhibited numerous age-related quantitat
145                 Dopaminergic and other inner retinal neurons express many of the clock genes, whereas
146 ons adopted a generic rather than a specific retinal neuron fate.
147 e a cell-autonomous requirement for ADCY8 in retinal neurons for normal midline crossing.
148 nds were also present in certain other adult retinal neurons, for example, horizontal cells and amacr
149 he absence of beta1-Integrin or Cas function retinal neurons form ectopic cell clusters beyond the in
150 ecific structure, in which specific types of retinal neurons form highly selective synapses to transf
151              However, little is known of how retinal neurons form this laminar-specific synaptic stru
152 show a simultaneous requirement for Math5 in retinal neuron formation and cell cycle progression.
153               RPE, photoreceptors, and inner retinal neurons formed normally in zebrafish platinum mu
154 tivation of the receptor by G1 protected the retinal neuron from insult, whereas G15, an antagonist o
155 demonstrate that EGCG provides protection to retinal neurones from oxidative stress and ischemia/repe
156 ave developed efficient methods for deriving retinal neurons from human embryonic stem (hES) cells.
157 IOP in glaucomatous mouse eyes and protected retinal neurons from IOP-induced death.
158  have a robust ability to regenerate injured retinal neurons from Muller glia (MG) that activate the
159 nitors or Muller glia, and added dissociated retinal neurons from older retinas.
160                  Responses from postsynaptic retinal neurons from the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum s
161 ogenitors differentiate primarily into inner retinal neurons (ganglion and amacrine cells), with func
162 lacking TGF-beta receptor II (TGFbetaRII) in retinal neurons had reduced C1q expression in RGCs and r
163                   These results suggest that retinal neurons have a homeostatic mechanism that integr
164 cted time to develop blindness suggests that retinal neurons have an endogenous mechanism for protect
165 to reprogram resident glial cells to replace retinal neurons have been proposed.
166          Imaging of exocytosis from isolated retinal neurons, however, has revealed ectopic release (
167 ansmission, dopamine modulates all layers of retinal neurons; however, it is not well understood how
168  markers and by the expression of markers of retinal neurons (HuD, betaIII tubulin, rhodopsin, BRN3B,
169 retinogram (ERG) via activity of third-order retinal neurons, i.e. amacrine and ganglion cells.
170 lamin B2 prevents proper lamination of adult retinal neurons, impairs synaptogenesis, and reduces con
171  of S1R in the nuclear envelope in all three retinal neurons implicates a potential role of S1R in mo
172           Baseline images of the fluorescent retinal neurons in 30 Thy1-CFP mice were obtained using
173 hich have biases toward producing subsets of retinal neurons in a terminal division, with the types o
174                                      Loss of retinal neurons in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) induces
175 ng provides a trophic signal for transformed retinal neurons in culture, but the in vivo role of Akt
176 ng provides a trophic signal for transformed retinal neurons in culture, but the role of IR activity
177 f the overexpression of alpha-crystallins in retinal neurons in culture.
178 tigated in two animal models of diabetes and retinal neurons in culture.
179 ion and significantly decreased apoptosis of retinal neurons in embryos and pups.
180 e every 2 weeks totalling 5-6 injections) to retinal neurons in Ins2(Akita) diabetic mice.
181 xels provide highly localized stimulation of retinal neurons in rats.
182 f ptc+/- mice could be induced to regenerate retinal neurons in response to damage, we bred ptc+/- mi
183 GFP) (Chop2-GFP) were evaluated in the inner retinal neurons in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchu
184 3) were detected primarily in differentiated retinal neurons in the embryonic and adult retina.
185      Subsequently, the number of fluorescent retinal neurons in the group that received one treatment
186       In contrast, the number of fluorescent retinal neurons in the group that received repeated brim
187 expression of ChR2 was observed in the inner retinal neurons in the marmoset retina through intravitr
188  report that HDAC4 regulates the survival of retinal neurons in the mouse in normal and pathological
189                       As most of fluorescent retinal neurons in this system are RGCs, these findings
190 rce of stem cells is important for producing retinal neurons in three-dimensional (3D) organ cultures
191  morphology and failed to differentiate into retinal neurons in vitro or in vivo.
192 tant role in adult hMSC differentiation into retinal neurons in vitro.
193 retina has the potential to regenerate inner retinal neurons in vivo.
194 in-2 (ChR2), can be achieved in rodent inner retinal neurons in vivo.
195 oping mice studied, we detected infection of retinal neurons; in many mice, this was also associated
196 op2-GFP was observed in all major classes of retinal neurons, including all major types of ganglion c
197 d by the upregulation of specific markers of retinal neurons, including betaIII tubulin, rhodopsin, B
198 an extensive gap junction network with other retinal neurons, including other ipRGCs, which shapes th
199 ) channels play important roles in mammalian retinal neurons, including photoreceptors, bipolar cells
200 rhodopsins, such as ChR2, in surviving inner retinal neurons is a potential strategy for the restorat
201              In vitro culture of dissociated retinal neurons is an important model for investigating
202   Therefore, although the Sema3E secreted by retinal neurons is evenly distributed throughout the ret
203 hows that extrinsic feedback from developing retinal neurons is important for the temporal expression
204 ulated crosstalk between the vasculature and retinal neurons is increasingly recognized as a major fa
205 ission at ribbon synapses of cones and other retinal neurons, it is unknown whether Gbetagamma contri
206  their ability to up-regulate genes found in retinal neurons, it was concluded that these sphere-form
207   This protocol can also be applied to study retinal neurons labeled with other two photon-excitable
208                                              Retinal neuron loss in Grn-KO mice is preceded by nuclea
209 x36) subunits, which are highly expressed by retinal neurons, markedly reduced loss of neurons and op
210  constitutive expression of SOCS6 protein in retinal neurons may improve glucose metabolism, while el
211 nal progenitor cells that differentiate into retinal neurons, mimicking the responses observed in the
212   By use of protocols that preserve proximal retinal neuron morphology, we have examined the shape, d
213                       In response to loss of retinal neurons, Muller glia partially dedifferentiate,
214                       LIRD rapidly triggered retinal neuron neuritogenesis and up-regulated several k
215 n preparing the eye for vision by regulating retinal neuron number and initiating a series of events
216  by a light-response pathway that suppresses retinal neuron number, limits hypoxia and, as a conseque
217           To establish functional circuitry, retinal neurons occupy spatial domains by arborizing the
218 e that expression of ChR2 in surviving inner retinal neurons of a mouse with photoreceptor degenerati
219 f cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in retinal neurons of C57Bl/6 mice within days of diabetes
220 n effectively restore OFF responses in inner retinal neurons of mice with retinal degeneration.
221 t of large numbers of GCs onto the remaining retinal neurons of the same class.
222 inst loss of fluorescence within fluorescent retinal neurons of Thy1-CFP mice after optic nerve crush
223  operational range of rod bipolar cells, the retinal neurons operating immediately downstream of rod
224 r processes but no characteristics of mature retinal neurons or glia.
225  adult retinal architecture, the survival of retinal neurons, or the laminar organization of their de
226 ferred expression of this isotype in certain retinal neurons plays a cell specific role, or whether i
227 m that is essential for targeting a discrete retinal neuron population to the proper lamina.
228                                   Most inner retinal neuron populations responded to kainate in a con
229                               Alterations in retinal neuron populations were evaluated quantitatively
230 ities is affected by the spiking activity of retinal neurons, possibly including that of the DA neuro
231 pressing channel rhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in inner retinal neurons, previous studies have demonstrated rest
232              In sum, these results show that retinal neurons produce a cytostatic TGF(beta) signal th
233          Electrical stimulation of surviving retinal neurons provides an alternative route for the de
234 ows that after selective ablation, zebrafish retinal neurons regenerate and reconstruct some, althoug
235 , after a chemical lesion that ablates inner retinal neurons, regenerated retinal bipolar neurons (BP
236                                              Retinal neurons release platelet-derived growth factor (
237                   In addition, we found that retinal neurons remain immature for prolonged periods of
238 ontrast, the mean proportions of fluorescent retinal neurons remaining in the group treated with MS-2
239          The mean proportions of fluorescent retinal neurons remaining in the vehicle group following
240 Milner and Do describe how the population of retinal neurons responsible for entrainment of the brain
241                              Apoptotic inner retinal neurons, resulting from intravitreal injection o
242 onged light sensitivity on multiple types of retinal neurons, resulting in synaptically amplified res
243                            BDNF treatment of retinal neurons results in reduced RhoA activity.
244 c nerve crush, the proportion of fluorescent retinal neurons retaining fluorescence was 44+/-7% of ba
245 rafish line, in which all different types of retinal neurons show distinct fluorescent spectra, we fo
246 nal deletion of TGF-beta-inhibiting Smad7 in retinal neurons significantly enhanced Smad3 phosphoryla
247 nes associated with neurogenesis, as well as retinal neuron-specific genes, are differentially expres
248  and Sema5B constrain neurites from multiple retinal neuron subtypes within the inner plexiform layer
249 , but rather to the cell lineage (early born retinal neurons) suggesting that the expression of class
250 ersistence of transcripts expressed by inner retinal neurons suggests that despite significant plasti
251 postmitotic, terminally differentiated adult retinal neurons suggests that EGFR has pleiotropic funct
252  and G9a-mediated HKM plays crucial roles in retinal neuron survival and may represent novel epigenet
253  authors reveal a role for HKM in regulating retinal neuron survival.
254  MG-derived neurons express markers of inner retinal neurons, synapse with host retinal neurons, and
255 r for VEGF, was more abundantly expressed in retinal neurons than in endothelial cells, including end
256  rabbit AII amacrine cell, a multifunctional retinal neuron that forms an electrically coupled networ
257  glaucoma are disorders that target specific retinal neurons that can ultimately lead to vision loss.
258 sh (Danio rerio) are capable of regenerating retinal neurons that have been lost due to mechanical, c
259 mine activates a receptor in adult mammalian retinal neurons that is distinct from classical D1 and D
260 genesis is indicated by increased early-born retinal neurons that result from accelerated cell cycle
261 i-bullwhip cells are unconventional types of retinal neurons that utilize the neuropeptides glucagon,
262 s of Sfrs1 function resulted in the death of retinal neurons that were born during early to mid-embry
263         Although NGB is greatly expressed in retinal neurons, the biological functions of NGB in reti
264                             The second-order retinal neurons, the bipolar cells, are thought to initi
265                                           In retinal neurons, the molecular chaperone sigmaR1 binds B
266 own to modulate the number of other types of retinal neuron-the proapoptotic gene, Bax, and tyrosinas
267 eceives information from a similar number of retinal neurons, throughout the visual field.
268 ntenance of retinal polarity and survival of retinal neurons, thus providing the basis for the pathol
269 d unprecedented cellular regulation of VEGF: retinal neurons titrate VEGF to limit neuronal vasculari
270 erently rely on the ability of the remaining retinal neurons to correctly synapse with new photorecep
271 cessary to better understand the response of retinal neurons to electric stimulation.
272 gonistic center-surround receptive fields of retinal neurons to enhance visual contrast.
273 this enhances signal transmission from inner retinal neurons to ganglion cells, potentially allowing
274 etic retina, increases the susceptibility of retinal neurons to injury in the presence of increased c
275 ation and fractionation METHODS: Survival of retinal neurons to metabolic stress after overexpression
276  explore the feasibility of converting inner retinal neurons to photosensitive cells as a possible st
277                             Converting inner retinal neurons to photosensitive cells by expressing ch
278 uthors have genetically engineered surviving retinal neurons to take on the lost photoreceptive funct
279 trols match the effective signaling range of retinal neurons to the local image statistics.
280  these agents to examine the contribution of retinal neurons to this syndrome.
281 e studied the effects of aerobic exercise on retinal neurons undergoing degeneration.
282                                 Whereas many retinal neurons use L-type channels to stimulate vesicle
283                                              Retinal neurons use multiple strategies to fine-tune vis
284 However, it is not known how adult mammalian retinal neurons use Thy1.
285                                Reprogramming retinal neurons using this protocol will take 56 d, and
286 ncrease in glucosylceramide composition, R28 retinal neurons were treated with glucosylceramide synth
287                   Excitatory inputs to inner retinal neurons were visualized by introduction of a pla
288 ated whether trafficking of AMPARs occurs in retinal neurons, which are subject to tonic glutamate re
289 ll type that is distinct from other types of retinal neurons, which we termed large glucagon-expressi
290                    Electrical stimulation of retinal neurons with an advanced retinal prosthesis may
291 etinal photoreceptors by directly activating retinal neurons with electrical stimulation.
292 itric oxide, GABAergic and glycinergic inner retinal neurons with expression of a reporter for the ci
293 ion cells (RGCs) are the best studied of the retinal neurons with respect to the effect of diabetes.
294 during the critical period in development of retinal neurons with small, foveal receptive fields.
295                           Incubation of live retinal neurons with TRPM1-positive MAR serum resulted i
296 ted alternative splicing for the survival of retinal neurons, with sensitivity defined by the window
297                          Loss of fluorescent retinal neurons within specific retinal areas was determ
298  the retina, not hitherto shown, in discrete retinal neurons within the inner retina.
299 ification of the size of every population of retinal neuron, yet genetic variants work largely indepe
300 he formation of the antagonistic surround of retinal neurons, yet the mechanism by which horizontal c

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