ライフサイエンスコーパス: retrograde

1 eferred primary strategy in 77%, followed by retrograde (17%) and antegrade dissection re-entry strat

2 Efficient retrograde access to projection neurons for the delivery

3 Ca(2+)-dependent retrograde actin flow corrals ER tubule extensions and S

4 asts and myoblasts polarizing for migration, retrograde actin flow moves the nucleus rearward, result

5 nd integrins orient in the same direction as retrograde actin flow with their cytoskeleton-binding be

6 of myosin IIB- and IIA-dependent processes: retrograde actin network flow and transverse actin bundl

7 Retrograde amnesia after an associative learning task ca

8 molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying retrograde amnesia and memory.

9 retrograde amnesia; (iii) psychogenic focal retrograde amnesia following a minor neurological episod

10 ross all time periods, whereas the two focal retrograde amnesia groups showed a 'reversed' temporal g

11 By contrast, the two focal retrograde amnesia groups showed less improvement and co

12 Retrograde amnesia of learned associative memories is el

13 In particular, we examined the pattern of retrograde amnesia on an assessment of autobiographical

14 zed as: (i) fugue state; (ii) fugue-to-focal retrograde amnesia; (iii) psychogenic focal retrograde a

15 tween MGN and AI, R, RT, RTp, and STGr using retrograde and anterograde anatomical tracers.

16 Because retrograde and anterograde communication exists between

17 likelihood of a stalled "tug-of-war" between retrograde and anterograde forces on the MT, providing a

18 fluorogold and biotinylated dextranamines as retrograde and anterograde tracers, respectively.

19 Finally, retrograde and anterograde tracing experiments identifie

20 In the present study, retrograde and anterograde tracing studies revealed a pr

21 Here we use various retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques both in vi

22 s between LHb and aVTA, pVTA, and RMTg using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques in the rat

23 ment at trans-Golgi membranes, as well as in retrograde and anterograde transport of virion capsids.

24 rs of the gel, enabling a transition between retrograde and direct wave locomotion.

25 Retrograde and ultrastructural examinations reveal that

26 X-ray and thermal characteristics of native, retrograded and microwave reheated starch samples differ

27 The retrograde approach is commonly used in contemporary chr

28 Seven of 11 patients (63%) undergoing a retrograde approach to the LV developed at least 1 new b

29 vention, especially when antegrade wiring or retrograde approaches are not feasible.

30 hin the axon initial segment (AIS), controls retrograde (axon-to-soma) and anterograde (soma-to-axon)

31 We found that retrograde axonal trafficking of brain-derived neurotrop

32 e regulation of retromer trafficking through retrograde axonal transport to fulfil its function in pr

33 n primary neurons to measure anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, demonstrating the usefulnes

34 zation through Snapin-mediated dynein-driven retrograde axonal transport, thereby suggesting a potent

35 malized anterograde BDNF transport, restored retrograde BDNF transport, and normalized lysosomal tran

36 Retrograde beads were infused into the DMS or midbrain t

37 e imbalance toward the 4R isoform promoted a retrograde bias by a significant reduction of anterograd

38 found that dynein inhibition eliminates the retrograde bias of BDNF/TrkB trafficking.

39 erograde cargoes and clathrin clusters or 2) retrograde cargoes and coatomer clusters.

40 by cholangiogram (ERC) during the endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatiographic (ERCP) exam; even

41 evelop septic complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC).

42 s, 1109 lower endoscopies, and 58 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies).

43 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technica

44 contaminated duodenoscopes during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures.

45 of choledocholithiasis requiring endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with stone ex

46 occurrence of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

47 0 patients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at university hospit

48 stents (cSEMS) may require fewer endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures (ERCPs) t

49 s over the course of 40 weeks via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures at a sing

50 tients who underwent preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography since the isolated m

51 nsferred to our hospital where an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with biliary stentin

52 choledocholithiasis treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with laparoscopic ch

53 Dnchc2, Wdr34 is required for ciliogenesis, retrograde ciliary protein trafficking, and the regulati

54 genes suggest microglial activity, increased retrograde ciliary transport, and a decrease in inhibiti

55 strates that asteroid 2015 BZ509 is indeed a retrograde co-orbital asteroid of the planet Jupiter.

56 Retrograde co-orbital asteroids of Jupiter and other pla

57 red orbit to establish whether it was such a retrograde co-orbital body.

58 We hypothesized that retrograde coronary venous ethanol ablation can be an al

59 Moreover, we propose that retrograde coupling has two distinct and separable compo

60 bited these neurons chemogenetically using a retrograde Cre-recombinase-expressing canine adenovirus-

61 lammatory process results in anterograde and retrograde degeneration of axons, leading to the tempora

62 re distal axons, we show that axotomy causes retrograde dendritic spine loss at directly injured pyra

63 cer reprogramming, FOXA1 upregulation, and a retrograde developmental transition in PDA metastasis.

64 n regulating COG complex-dependent fusion of retrograde-directed COPI vesicles.

65 es in distal axons move predominantly in the retrograde direction toward the soma, where mature lysos

66 e direction, differences are observed in the retrograde direction where IFT20 only utilizes IFT, and

67 cytes, indicating a paradoxical role for the retrograde dynein/dynactin complex in anterograde mbp mR

68 le animal studies demonstrate a role for the retrograde dynein/dynactin motor complex in anterograde

69 Non-retrograde eCB-mediated modulation of RGC signalling inv

70 the enrichment terms morphine addiction and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, whereas binge eati

71 tiation and depression, and neurotrophin and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling.

72 naptic neurotransmitter receptors leads to a retrograde enhancement in presynaptic release.

73 We uncover a retrograde extension mechanism for axon growth, and reve

74 The study assessed both retrograde facilitation and alcohol induced memory impai

75 These findings demonstrate the retrograde facilitation effect in a naturalistic setting

76 ere positively correlated with the amount of retrograde facilitation the following morning.

77 t only does the dense actin cortex flow in a retrograde fashion toward the synapse center, but the pl

78 ll ALS-FUS variants impaired anterograde and retrograde FAT in squid axoplasm, whereas FUS WT had no

79 ic drive, which is consistent with a loss of retrograde feedback inhibition.

80 directly with clutching of filamentous actin retrograde flow (RF), which our findings strongly sugges

81 sed on the cooperation of an actin-dependent retrograde flow and anterograde and retrograde microtubu

82 g between two states: frictional coupling to retrograde flow and Arp2/3-dependent propulsion.

83 r provides a traction force to promote actin retrograde flow and focal adhesion assembly.

84 osin II bipolar filament assembly, and actin retrograde flow at the T-cell-substrate interface.

85 tally by comparing cell traction and F-actin retrograde flow for two cell types with differing amount

86 hese mice could enter the thoracic cavity by retrograde flow into enlarged paravertebral lymphatics a

87 duct stenting with covered stents to exclude retrograde flow into the lungs.

88 chylothorax in ADN-VEGF-C mice results from retrograde flow of chyle from the thoracic duct into lym

89 Although retrograde flow of chyle from the thoracic duct is consi

90 more, TA and LAP1 were indispensable for the retrograde flow of dorsal perinuclear actin cables, supp

91 provide a mechanism for driving the observed retrograde flow of signaling molecules such as the TCR,

92 lioma cell migration, morphology and F-actin retrograde flow rate can be shifted to lower stiffness b

93 s correlated with 10-fold slower local actin retrograde flow rates, as well as spatial homogenization

94 zed that mechanical feedback among the actin retrograde flow, myosin activity, and substrate adhesion

95 In combination with retrograde flow, this process results in posterior accum

96 o dorsal perinuclear actin cables undergoing retrograde flow.

97 dhesion sites from the mechanical effects of retrograde flow.

98 Retrograde fluorescent labeling of dental primary affere

99 Retrograde fluorogold tracing experiments demonstrate th

100 this report, we present our experience with retrograde flushing (RF) of 7 living donor kidneys via t

101 on with experimental tests, we show that the retrograde flux of the branched actin network promotes t

102 n vivo directed evolution to engineer potent retrograde functionality into the capsid of adeno-associ

103 ta mutation with deletions in other putative retrograde Golgins (sgm1Delta and rud3Delta) caused stro

104 ic plexin B (PlexB) receptors to mediate the retrograde, homeostatic control of presynaptic neurotran

105 ckdown of the fly homologue of LRRK2 thwarts retrograde, homeostatic synaptic compensation at the lar

106 1) channels to produce a rapidly propagating retrograde hyperpolarization that causes upstream arteri

107 gnificant repression indicating an exclusive retrograde impact on this gene family.

108 ansgenic mice, indicating that resistance to retrograde infection was due to impaired virus adsorptio

109 eal injections of caerulein, L-arginine, the retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate, and another

110 Retrograde inhibition is mediated by a soluble form of N

111 Finally, dual retrograde injections into the IC and amygdala plus corp

112 engaging the ISR subsequent to JNK-mediated retrograde injury signaling.

113 tudy, we demonstrated that beta-DG undergoes retrograde intracellular trafficking from the PM to the

114 Collectively our data describe the retrograde intracellular trafficking route that beta-DG

115 chain of cytoplasmic dynein 2, the motor for retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) in primary cil

116 bition of these MAP4Ks blocks stress-induced retrograde JNK signaling and protects from neurodegenera

117 Using retrograde labeling and electrophysiological techniques

118 ng of predominantly layer 13 tectal neurons, retrograde labeling of PL neurons, and anterograde label

119 njections in rUva also resulted in extensive retrograde labeling of predominantly layer 13 tectal neu

120 Tract-tracing retrograde labeling suggests that telencephalic and preo

121 By using a retrograde labeling system, we defined the requirement o

122 ls using a combination of mouse genetics and retrograde labeling.

123 -2 or a light-activated chloride channel for retrograde labelling, bidirectional optogenetic manipula

124 JIP4 depletion abolishes starvation-induced retrograde lysosomal transport and prevents autophagosom

125 ependent retrograde flow and anterograde and retrograde microtubule-dependent transports.

126 to show that they indeed associate with the retrograde motor complex.

127 nit of dynactin, a critical activator of the retrograde motor dynein.

128 ly, this does not involve dynein's role as a retrograde motor in cargo transport, hinging instead on

129 ch mitochondria fail to attach to the dynein retrograde motor.

130 ut also relieves constraints on actin bundle retrograde movement at the site of lamella, such that ac

131 bead propulsion matched or exceeded rates of retrograde network flow and was dependent on Arp2/3 comp

132 Retrograde neuronal tracers were injected by direct visu

133 To this end, we performed a series of retrograde neuronal tract tracer injections into rat cor

134 uction involves a non-canonical mechanism of retrograde nitric oxide signalling, which is triggered b

135 ample of a cell adhesion receptor exhibiting retrograde nuclear trafficking and having dual roles in

136 Thus, we placed injections of retrograde or anterograde tracers into different IP subd

137 us formation such as the GARP complex or the retrograde pathway can provide a potential target for an

138 hering factor complex GARP (Golgi-associated retrograde pathway complex), a central component of retr

139 consistent with SedV(Sed5) playing roles in retrograde pathway(s) connecting endocytic compartments

140 The retrograde pathway, which directs traffic in the opposit

141 ore homeostasis, including the activation of retrograde pathways such as the mitochondrial unfolded p

142 es in comparison to antegrade-only crossing, retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention remains cr

143 rectly injured pyramidal neurons followed by retrograde presynaptic hyper-excitability.

144 , those associated with the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex.

145 S51-54), which comprise the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex.

146 emonstrate that sortilin is also involved in retrograde protein traffic.

147 molecular mass as plastidial HMR, support a retrograde protein translocation mechanism in which HMR

148 This retrograde regulation functions by inhibiting the recrui

149 agonists, indicating it was mediated by the retrograde release of the endocannabinoid 2-AG.

150 s both inside the chloroplast and, following retrograde release or processing, in the cytosol and nuc

151 The retrograde route was demonstrated by finding that F13 wa

152 reasing anterograde run lengths and reducing retrograde runs and segmental velocities.

153 COPD patients had six-fold greater baseline retrograde shear rate (P < 0.05) and lower FMD (P < 0.05

154 acutely disturbed blood flow with increased retrograde shear stress further deteriorates the already

155 Here, we show that the retrograde signal decreases ACh release by inhibiting th

156 opagate into the dendritic tree to provide a retrograde signal that conveys information about the lev

157 r data support a new model in which a (1) O2 retrograde signal, generated by chlorophyll precursors,

158 flurazon and FR pretreatment affect the same retrograde signal.

159 SNARE machinery controls multiple aspects of retrograde signaling and cargo trafficking within the po

160 Here, we report that retrograde signaling by target-derived nerve growth fact

161 Here, we show that respiration-dependent retrograde signaling from mitochondria to nucleus contri

162 Retrograde signaling from the plastids would then delay

163 molecular mechanism by which GUN1 integrates retrograde signaling in the chloroplast is unclear.

164 Retrograde signaling in these mutants, therefore, could

165 tion profiles reveal extensive similarity to retrograde signaling initiated by partial mitochondrial

166 Retrograde signaling is a mechanism by which mitochondri

167 nd expose the compartmentalized role of this retrograde signaling metabolite in induction of distinct

168 evels of both the stress-specific plastidial retrograde signaling metabolite methyl-erythritol cyclod

169 plastidial isoprenoids and a stress-specific retrograde signaling metabolite, enables cellular readju

170 These findings allow us to speculate that retrograde signaling might involve GUN1-dependent format

171 n different cell types induced mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway (MtRS) involving Ca(+2)-sen

172 A screen designed to identify components of retrograde signaling resulted in the discovery of the so

173 ainly involved in photosynthesis process and retrograde signaling, and were regulated by chloroplast

174 Many proteins are known modulators of retrograde signaling, but whether microRNAs (miRNAs) are

175 ide the first evidence for miRNA controlling retrograde signaling, demonstrating its epigenetic regul

176 t miR-663 may be epigenetically regulated by retrograde signaling.

177 the nucleus, termed mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling.

178 s to antidromically propagate to the soma in retrograde signaling.

179 ion, mitochondrial content and mitochondrial retrograde signaling.

180 Here, we show that the phytochrome and retrograde signalling (RS) pathways converge antagonisti

181 n various Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) retrograde signalling mutants.

182 photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes via retrograde signals from the disturbed organelles toward

183 Retrograde signals from the plastid regulate photosynthe

184 Originally, chloroplast retrograde signals in plants were known to lead to the r

185 We further demonstrate that retrograde signals likely influence visual processing be

186 Our data indicate a specific impact of retrograde signals on metabolism-related genes in pap7-1

187 ets, suggesting that they affected different retrograde signals.

188 short distances before they reach extensive retrograde slopes.

189 he hippocampal dentate gyrus, seizures drive retrograde sprouting of granule cell mossy fiber axons.

190 e granule cells contribute to the pathologic retrograde sprouting of mossy fiber axons, both hallmark

191 First, retrograde studies identified NPS fibers originating in

192 inoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) mediates retrograde synaptic depression including depolarization-

193 nd pre-synaptic Neuroligin (NLG-1) mediate a retrograde synaptic signal that inhibits acetylcholine (

194 tors and related currents, and (ii) impaired retrograde synaptic signaling by the endocannabinoid 2-a

195 For the retrograde task, as predicted, both conditions exhibited

196 In the retrograde task, participants learnt information in thei

197 of the neuronal activity marker Fos with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (injected in N

198 Retrograde tracer deposits were made in the DCN of CBA/C

199 Dual retrograde tracer injections into IL and lateral entorhi

200 rat barrel cortex (vS1), we illustrate that retrograde tracer injections into multiple subcortical s

201 ced by fewer labeled cells in the DRif after retrograde tracer injections into the mPFC of stressed r

202 dely labeled cells after focal injections of retrograde tracer into the inferior colliculus (IC) of t

203 s of orienting behavior in mice, we injected retrograde tracer into the intermediate and deep layers

204 ade tracers in combination with injection of retrograde tracer into the medial rectus muscle.

205 s (Microtus ochrogaster) were infused with a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold, and tested for affiliati

206 Following injections of retrograde tracers into DEn, labeled neurons appeared bi

207 y and frontal placement of eyes, we injected retrograde tracers into the medial rectus muscle of the

208 In other experiments, anterograde and retrograde tracers were separately injected into IL of e

209 ance imaging screen, we used anterograde and retrograde tracers, optogenetic and DREADD-assisted circ

210 region, without the need to inject multiple retrograde tracers.The major output cell type of the neo

211 , postrhinal, and entorhinal cortex by using retrograde tracing combined with choline acetyltransfera

212 Retrograde tracing combined with single-cell mRNA amplif

213 Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments revealed a topographicall

214 inal axon trajectories of these pathways via retrograde tracing from the high cervical spinal cord.

215 Retrograde tracing from the OB or posterior piriform cor

216 Rabies virus-based retrograde tracing has developed into a powerful approac

217 Anterograde and retrograde tracing identified the cortical and subcortic

218 wholemount tissue staining and clearing, or retrograde tracing in a MET(EGFP) transgenic mouse, we i

219 ted pseudorabies viruses (PRVs) that enabled retrograde tracing of neural inputs that terminate on Cr

220 n important limitation of rabies virus-based retrograde tracing of sensory neurons in adult mice, and

221 Retrograde tracing revealed that somata associated with

222 Retrograde tracing showed that these clustered cell bodi

223 ns as the claustrum, we used anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques to elucidate the connectiv

224 In the present study, we used fluorescent retrograde tracing to determine the olivary inputs to th

225 Using rabies virus -mediated monosynaptic retrograde tracing to label the inputs and adeno-associa

226 Here we use a combination of retrograde tracing, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, electr

227 In male mice, using pathway-specific retrograde tracing, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings an

228 lating ribosomes from neurons infected after retrograde tracing.

229 ere the authors combined in vivo recordings, retrograde tracings, and reconstructions of PTs in rat s

230 e of major IP and MnR afferents by combining retrograde tract tracing with immunofluorescence and in

231 transgenic, and conventional anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing methods to better define the re

232 s inhibitor I-associated protein 3), acts in retrograde trafficking by returning secretory vesicle ma

233 ation is critical as dynein powers essential retrograde trafficking events required for neuronal surv

234 Some nonenveloped viruses use retrograde trafficking for entry into the cell.

235 neurons between the rates of anterograde and retrograde trafficking of cargo destined for the sensory

236 Here, we show that this PKA-induced retrograde trafficking of Slack channels also occurs in

237 CV exocytosis may stimulate BAIAP3-dependent retrograde trafficking to maintain DCV protein homeostas

238 Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (STx1 and STx2) undergo retrograde trafficking to reach the cytosol.

239 These results suggest that retrograde trafficking to the TGN induces local Gs-prote

240 xtended these results while discovering that retrograde trafficking was required for virus egress rat

241 s mix with each other at the tip to assemble retrograde trains.

242 on parvalbumin-containing interneurons by a retrograde trans-synaptic mechanism and suggest a molecu

243 thdating with rabies virus-mediated putative retrograde trans-synaptic tracing was used to identify a

244 PVT neurons with tetanus toxin activated via retrograde trans-synaptic transport of cre from NAc effe

245 r-related PVN neurons were identified with a retrograde, trans-synaptic, viral tracer in male lean an

246 orylation of DLK within axons and subsequent retrograde translocation of the JNK signaling complex to

247 sicular trafficking was evidenced by delayed retrograde transport after brefeldin A treatment and abn

248 brane-to-trans Golgi network and Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport as well as to ER stress in beta-cel

249 in protein Coy1 and document its function in retrograde transport between early Golgi compartments.

250 Increased retrograde transport by BICD2 mutants also was observed

251 Defective retrograde transport by genetic ablation of snapin in mi

252 Here, we demonstrate that defective retrograde transport contributes to autophagic stress in

253 e abnormal axon morphology and mitochondrial retrograde transport defects observed in actr10 mutants

254 Neurobiotin retrograde transport from the spinal cord combined with

255 tment and excluded from axons by predominant retrograde transport However, on overexpression rab11 wa

256 Cytoplasmic dynein mediates retrograde transport in axons, but it is unknown how its

257 Intriguingly, enhancement of retrograde transport in mutant hAPP neurons facilitates

258 an altered secretome and sensitivity to the retrograde transport inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) in cell

259 he cargo-selective elements that mediate the retrograde transport of CI-MPR from endosomes to the TGN

260 P complex is a tethering complex involved in retrograde transport of endosomes to the trans-Golgi app

261 of the L-selectin tail blocks AP-1-dependent retrograde transport of L-selectin.

262 t that regulates the retrieval, sorting, and retrograde transport of membrane receptors.

263 -negative bacteria and is thought to mediate retrograde transport of misplaced phospholipids from the

264 We found significantly slower retrograde transport of mitochondria in Ser135Phe, Pro39

265 Retrograde transport of other important cargoes, such as

266 We demonstrate that retrograde transport of retromer is impaired, leading to

267 and verification of projections by means of retrograde transport of the beta subunit of cholera toxi

268 the first insight into the requirements for retrograde transport of the MLV preintegration complex.

269 enes encoding MAGEL2 partners, either in the retrograde transport or in the ubiquitination-deubiquiti

270 Cellular retrograde transport pathways traffic cargo from endosom

271 To determine if cellular retrograde transport pathways were required for this wra

272 This work links cellular retrograde transport pathways with morphogenesis of poxv

273 Here, we demonstrate that Snapin-mediated retrograde transport plays a critical role in removing B

274 Here, we reveal that dynein-Snapin-mediated retrograde transport regulates BACE1 trafficking in axon

275 monas dynein mutant cells, which show slower retrograde transport speed.

276 Thus, vaccinia virus makes novel use of the retrograde transport system for formation of the viral w

277 (KSHV/HHV8), exploit microtubule (MT)-based retrograde transport to deliver their genomes to the nuc

278 hromophore were made in MGBv, and, following retrograde transport to the cortical cell bodies, apopto

279 es yeast and fungal cells by endocytosis and retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

280 tated GARP complex, suggesting that impaired retrograde transport uncouples nascent IMVs from the IEV

281 ules from axon tips to neuronal cell bodies (retrograde transport) or from cell bodies to axon tips (

282 phenotype can be reversed by Snapin-enhanced retrograde transport, which facilitates BACE1 traffickin

283 her back to the ER by KDEL receptor-mediated retrograde transport.

284 PKC-dependent inhibition of dynein-dependent retrograde transport.

285 ion at presynaptic terminals by enhancing AV retrograde transport.

286 formation of Kupffer's vesicle and delays in retrograde transport.

287 ade pathway complex), a central component of retrograde transport.

288 sferase, an established cargo of intra-Golgi retrograde transport.

289 a partner in Actr10-dependent mitochondrial retrograde transport.

290 out MTs to stabilize MTs and allow efficient retrograde transport.

291 euronal toxicity and efficiency in directing retrograde transsynaptic transfer.

292 Despite the successful application of retrograde transsynaptic viruses for identifying presyna

293 The anterograde and retrograde tubular carriers are both largely free of the

294 major complications, in-hospital mortality, retrograde type A dissection and follow-up mortality app

295 Retrograde urethrography (RU) and voiding cystourethrogr

296 Retrograde Urethrography - Voiding Cystourethrography ev

297 transport to the plasma membrane as well as retrograde vesicle tethering to the Golgi.

298 of the retromer, a protein complex mediating retrograde vesicle transport between endosomes and the t

299 In dual retrograde viral tracing and c-Fos immunostaining experi

300 Here, using a retrograde virus, targeted electrophysiological recordin