ライフサイエンスコーパス: ricin

1 in, which has mechanism of action similar to ricin.

2 e susceptibility of human cells to the toxin ricin.

3 tected mice from lethal nasal challenge with ricin.

4 and thus inhibit the biological activity of ricin.

5 The best known example of type 2 RIPs is ricin.

6 powdered milk has a high binding affinity to ricin.

7 rest in identifying effective inhibitors for ricin.

8 plant, has similar structure and function as ricin.

9 This assay detects as little as 30pg of ricin.

10 confer both systemic and mucosal immunity to ricin.

11 sting macrophages may be a primary target of ricin.

12 ing in the inflammatory process triggered by ricin.

13 rticular was found to be highly specific for ricin.

14 ound to recognize three distinct epitopes on ricin.

15 ER stress contributes to the cytotoxicity of ricin.

16 rancisella tularensis, Brucella abortus, and ricin.

17 Ricin A chain (RTA) inhibits protein synthesis by removi

18 We recently showed that ricin A chain (RTA) interacts with the P1 and P2 protein

19 to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the ricin A chain (RTA) must cross the ER membrane to reach

20 plexes and C-terminally truncated forms with ricin A chain (RTA), which binds to the stalk to depurin

21 The method allows for identification of ricin A chain and B chain and for distinction of ricin f

22 Ricin A chain can cause toxicity by inhibiting protein s

23 Remarkably, ricin A chain dislocation occurred via a membrane-integr

24 The data support a model in which ricin A chain dislocation occurs via a novel strategy of

25 To study the molecular processes of ricin A chain dislocation, we have established, for the

26 lected on ricin were found to bind to either ricin A chain or the intact molecule; no ricin B chain b

27 ICs containing deglycosylated ricin A chain prepared from ricin toxin extracted from c

28 Subsequently, the ricin A chain traverses the ER bilayer by a process refe

29 this human cell-based system, we found that ricin A chains underwent a rapid dislocation event that

30 lamas, are known to have high affinities for ricin A or B chains and low cross-reactivity with RCA 12

31 Ricin A-chain (RTA) and saporin-L1 (SAP) catalyze adenos

32 tibody is a full-length IgG and binds to the ricin A-chain subunit with a high affinity (KD=53pM).

33 security as the seeds contain high levels of ricin, a highly toxic, ribosome-inactivating protein.

34 Retro-2 that showed mouse protection against ricin, a notorious ribosome inactivating protein (RIP).

35 (HA) as a model protein and then applied to ricin, a potent protein toxin extracted from the castor

36 sonance (SPR) was used to monitor binding of ricin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, to the plasma me

37 me-inactivating proteins (RIPs) family (e.g. ricin, abrin) are potent cytotoxins showing a strong let

38 The potent toxins ricin, abrin, and other ribosome-inactivating proteins d

39 the RIP-II family of plant proteins, such as ricin, abrin, viscumin, and volkensin was based on their

40 We then monitored the movement of ricin across polarized human HCT-8 intestinal monolayers

41 ming a role for this enzyme in intracellular ricin activation.

42 We report a single-step, real-time ricin activity assay that requires little or no sample p

43 The inhibitory effect of milk on ricin activity in Vero cells was at the same level as by

44 The ricin activity is determined by detecting the unique cle

45 Ricin added to beverage matrices was extracted using ant

46 We first showed that ricin adhered in a specific pattern to human small bowel

47 Ricin administered intragastrically (i.g.) to BALB/c mic

48 We demonstrated previously that ricin administered to the lungs of mice causes death of

49 to the alveolar region of human lungs, where ricin aerosol particles mostly accumulate.

50 nd B chain and for distinction of ricin from ricin agglutinin within a single analytical run.

51 dimers that were most effective at promoting ricin aggregation in solution were also the most effecti

52 o a case involving the illegal production of ricin and abrin toxins.

53 he cell intoxication operated by type 2 RIPs ricin and abrin.

54 us (jequirity seeds)--the natural sources of ricin and abrin.

55 ing system for rapid differentiation between ricin and agglutinin done in real time.

56 philia could be restored by co-administering ricin and exogenous IL-1beta to IL-1alpha/beta(-/-) mice

57 d mice and assessed them for the presence of ricin and for histological damage.

58 termining contamination of food product with ricin and human exposure to ricin is therefore an import

59 ort the development of a method that detects ricin and its activity in food or clinical samples.

60 The high toxicity of ricin and its ease of production have made it a major bi

61 s of recurrent RNA 3D motifs (such as sarcin-ricin and kink-turn internal loops or T- and GNRA hairpi

62 Due to the potential use of ricin and other fast-acting toxins as agents of bioterro

63 are the roles of genes for susceptibility to ricin and Shiga toxin in different human cell lines and

64 ctively block endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of ricin and Shiga toxins and protect mice from ricin's dea

65 formation prior to exiting the cell, whereas ricin and Shiga-like toxins and some nonenveloped viruse

66 stances of GNRA tetraloop, kink-turn, sarcin-ricin and tandem-sheared motifs.

67 e VHH heterodimers had higher affinities for ricin and, in the case of heterodimer D10/B7, a 6-fold i

68 ay express multiple cell surface ligands for ricin and/or the inhibitor.

69 aeruginosa exotoxin A, Botulinum neurotoxin, ricin, and Zika virus.

70 Vero cells was at the same level as by anti-ricin antibodies.

71 s that the inflammatory effects triggered by ricin are responsible for its lethality.

72 Shiga-like toxins and ricin are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that are

73 B (SEB), shiga toxin (STX), and plant toxin ricin, are involved in a number of diseases and are cons

74 y the same degree of cell protection against ricin as (+/-)-Retro-2(cycl).

75 We were able to detect ricin at 100 pg/ml in buffer and at 1 ng/ml in spiked ap

76 We also found that (a) milk did not inhibit ricin at concentrations of 10 or 100 ng/ml; (b) autoclav

77 The Simoa was able to detect ricin at levels of 10 fg/mL, 100 fg/mL, and 1 pg/mL in b

78 recognition elements for direct detection of Ricin at temperatures great than 4 degrees C.

79 ion were also the most effective at blocking ricin attachment to cell surfaces.

80 ovalbumin-encapsulated AuNCs, can recognize ricin B because of the presence of Galbeta(1-->4)GlcNAc

81 oxicity by inhibiting protein synthesis, and ricin B can bind to the galactose ligand on the cell mem

82 her ricin A chain or the intact molecule; no ricin B chain binders were identified.

83 the proposed approach to selectively detect ricin B chain in complex samples.

84 and have characterized their binding to the ricin B chain.

85 , each of whose monomers consist of a single ricin B lectin domain with its beta-trefoil fold and one

86 The generated conjugates of AuNCs@ew and ricin B were heavy and readily settled down under centri

87 We have expressed CNL, a ricin B-like lectin from the basidiomycete Clitocybe neb

88 found to be thermal stable, regaining their ricin binding activity following heating to 85 degrees C

89 ing effectiveness of compounds at inhibiting ricin binding was ascertained by determining the IC(50)

90 ococcal enterotoxins A and B, cholera toxin, ricin, botulinum toxin A, and heat labile toxin of E. co

91 Milk also removes ricin bound to the microtiter plate.

92 Ricin-bound beads were also tested for deadenylase activ

93 The MCR allowed identification of ricin by signature peptides in all targeted mode injecti

94 Using Ricin Chain-A, a naturally occurring toxin, as a model a

95 their capacity to confer protection against ricin challenge in vivo was not determined.

96 of GD12 to serve as a therapeutic following ricin challenge was not explored in this study.

97 were able to completely protect mice against ricin challenge, even though the two classes of antibodi

98 red 100% survival in response to a 10 x LD50 ricin challenge, whereas a 2:1 heterodimer:toxin ratio c

99 ice against intraperitoneal and intragastric ricin challenges.

100 on of bioterrorism agents, as exemplified by ricin, cholera toxin (CT), and staphylococcal enterotoxi

101 and nonhuman primates have demonstrated that ricin delivered to the pulmonary system leads to acute l

102 Ricin depurinates the eukaryotic ribosomes more efficien

103 for antibody affinity profiling and one-step ricin detection at concentrations down to 300 pM using a

104 Current ricin detection methods based on immunoassays lack the r

105 ricin, macrophage-depleted mice treated with ricin displayed a reduction in pulmonary IL-1beta.

106 the GTPase-associated center, and the sarcin/ricin domain (SRD) was determined.

107 ossibility of the co-evolution of the sarcin/ricin domain and the elongation factors.

108 duction and SDS denaturation in the isolated ricin domain and the larger fragment containing the rici

109 The disruption of the sarcin/ricin domain by covalent modification with either sarcin

110 The sarcin/ricin domain in 23 S rRNA, the site of inactivation of r

111 e question that arises is whether the sarcin/ricin domain is necessary for factor-independent peptide

112 s imply that the sole function of the sarcin/ricin domain is to provide a binding site for the elonga

113 ajor epitope in the N-terminal cysteine-rich ricin domain of PLA2R that is recognized by 90% of human

114 Two peptides from the ricin domain showed strong inhibition, with a longer seq

115 Ricin enters cells via endocytosis, where only a minute

116 The plant cytotoxin ricin enters target mammalian cells by receptor-mediated

117 antibody VH domains (VHHs) specific for the ricin enzymatic (RTA) and binding (RTB) subunits.

118 omain and the larger fragment containing the ricin, fibronectin type II, first and second C-type lect

119 oped for detecting the highly lethal protein ricin from castor bean extract.

120 This method was used successfully to extract ricin from each beverage matrix.

121 ased methodologies are unable to distinguish ricin from RCA 120, a nontoxic protein also found in the

122 n A chain and B chain and for distinction of ricin from ricin agglutinin within a single analytical r

123 unknown samples requires differentiation of ricin from the highly homologous Ricinus communis agglut

124 Detection of ricin from unknown samples requires differentiation of r

125 addition, we harvested organs from unlabeled ricin-gavaged mice and assessed them for the presence of

126 re single copy, the number of members of the ricin gene family is larger than previously thought.

127 as a biowarfare agent and homicidal weapon, ricin has been classified as a category B bioterrorism a

128 Ricin has been proposed as a bioweapon because of its le

129 The toxic plant protein ricin has gained notoriety due to wide availability and

130 nd improve the ITs, different toxins such as ricin, have been used, aiming for higher efficacy agains

131 mers) had virtually identical affinities for ricin holotoxin and similar IC50 values in a Vero cell c

132 Ricin holotoxin did not bind ribosomes or depurinate the

133 Ricin holotoxin does not inhibit translation unless the

134 GD12 bound ricin holotoxin with high affinity (K(D) [dissociation c

135 erived from humans who had been treated with ricin immunotoxin.

136 itive analytical assays capable of detecting ricin in a variety of matrixes are urgently needed to li

137 100 ng/ml; (b) autoclaving 10 and 100 ng/ml ricin in DMEM at 121 degrees C for 30 min completely abo

138 nd toxicity of suspicious samples containing ricin in less than 30 minutes.

139 xin A, cholera toxin, botulinum toxin A, and ricin in model buffer (PBS-BSA) and 0.1 ng/mL for staphy

140 and convenient sensing methods for detecting ricin in suspicious samples must be developed.

141 ive mass spectrometry-based method to detect ricin in tap water, 2% milk, apple juice, and orange jui

142 racterized them for their ability neutralize ricin in vitro and in vivo.

143 s region of RTA were capable of neutralizing ricin in vitro, their capacity to confer protection agai

144 and B, cholera toxin, botulinum toxin A, and ricin increased 2- to 5-fold, while for LT the detection

145 loying mice deficient in IL-1, we found that ricin-induced inflammatory responses were suppressed, in

146 ignaling by corticospinal tract transection, ricin-induced motor neuron death, or neurodegeneration i

147 ient and approved treatment for poisoning by ricin inhalation, although there have been major improve

148 er exposure to ER stress, demonstrating that ricin inhibits activation of UPR by preventing HAC1 mRNA

149 Ricin inhibits protein synthesis by depurinating the alp

150 ces that occur in mice after introduction of ricin into the pulmonary system.

151 chemistry values from buffer-treated versus ricin-intoxicated animals.

152 respiratory tract of mice 6h after pulmonary ricin intoxication allowed the rescue of 100% of intoxic

153 U145 reduced the sensitivity of the cells to ricin intoxication further confirming a role for this en

154 Although ricin intoxication is not transmittable from person to p

155 ntly no vaccine or therapeutic treatment for ricin intoxication, ultrasensitive analytical assays cap

156 e characterized a murine model of intestinal ricin intoxication.

157 Ricin is a family member of the lethal ribosome-inactiva

158 Ricin is a highly toxic protein produced by the castor p

159 Ricin is a highly toxic protein which causes cell death

160 Ricin is a lethal protein toxin derived from the castor

161 Ricin is a potent A-B toxin that is transported from the

162 Ricin is a potent ribotoxin considered to be a potential

163 Ricin is a potent toxin capable of inhibiting protein sy

164 Ricin is a potent toxin found in the beans of Ricinus co

165 Ricin is a ribosome inactivating protein that catalytica

166 Ricin is a select agent toxin and a member of the RNA N-

167 Ricin is an extremely potent ribosomal inactivating prot

168 In this method, the ricin is captured by a specific polycolonal antibody fol

169 ause of its high availability and lethality, ricin is considered a likely agent for bioterrorism.

170 Ricin is one of the most toxic plant toxins known.

171 ood product with ricin and human exposure to ricin is therefore an important public health goal.

172 mmalian cells, the heterodimeric plant toxin ricin is transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),

173 ws for a sensitive and selective analysis of ricin isolated from a food or clinical sample.

174 rt flexible linker: a catalytic domain and a ricin-like lectin carbohydrate binding domain.

175 so propose that mice intoxicated orally with ricin likely die from distributive shock.

176 rsally conserved adenine in the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) and inhibit protein synthesis at the tr

177 mes and an RNA stem-loop mimic of the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) at a higher catalytic rate and is a mor

178 cleavage of the universally conserved Sarcin-Ricin loop (SRL) in 23S rRNA.

179 The sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) is one of the longest conserved sequenc

180 A (rRNA) at the universally conserved sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) leading to complete inactivation of the

181 pact on structure formation using the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) motif.

182 hibits translation by cleavage of the Sarcin-Ricin loop (SRL) of 23S ribosomal RNA at the same positi

183 g the minimal specific substrate, the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of 23S-28S rRNA.

184 ical RIP target site within the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of 28S rRNA.

185 lational GTPases (trGTPases) with the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is pivotal for

186 ally conserved adenine from the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of the 28S rRNA.

187 n family site-specifically cleave the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) on the ribosome to inhibit translation

188 o stalk P-proteins to reach the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) where it cleaves a conserved adenine.

189 to release a single adenine from the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL).

190 binds to the stalk to depurinate the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL).

191 n synthesis by depurinating the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL).

192 al protein L3 to depurinate the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop and binding of PAP to L3 was critical for its

193 ractions, including those between the sarcin-ricin loop and the P loop of EF-Tu, and between the effe

194 interactions of restrictocin with the sarcin/ricin loop are particularly favorable.

195 enine from the highly conserved alpha-sarcin/ricin loop in the large rRNA.

196 rate of restrictocin to the isolated sarcin/ricin loop is electrostatically enhanced by approximatel

197 ific adenine residue in the conserved sarcin/ricin loop of 28S rRNA.

198 ves specific purine residues from the sarcin/ricin loop of large rRNA, arresting protein synthesis at

199 on of the histidine with A2662 of the sarcin-ricin loop of the 23S ribosomal RNA.

200 of the 30S subunit docks EF-Tu at the sarcin-ricin loop of the 50S subunit, activating EF-Tu for GTP

201 at depurinates ribosomes at the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, resulting in inhibition of

202 ne how individual ribose hydrogens of sarcin/ricin loop RNA participate in strand cleavage.

203 cupy the P site and extend toward the sarcin-ricin loop to interact with Tif6.

204 differences in the interaction of the sarcin ricin loop with the two elongation factors and (iii) net

205 ) share the same substrate, the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop, but differ in their specificities towards pr

206 ant rRNA regions, including the alpha-sarcin-ricin loop, have different relative positions within the

207 uberculosis that cuts 23S rRNA at the sarcin-ricin loop, VapC-mt4 selectively targets three of the 45

208 rtion of 28S rRNA intact at the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop.

209 to remove a specific adenine from the sarcin/ricin loop.

210 When compared with control mice treated with ricin, macrophage-depleted mice treated with ricin displ

211 In view of the possibility that ricin may be used as a bioweapon against human populatio

212 Inhalation or ingestion of ricin may even lead to death.

213 LDI TOF MS-based activity assay that detects ricin mediated depurination of synthetic substrates was

214 ermore, IL1Ra/anakinra cotreatment inhibited ricin-mediated inflammatory responses, including recruit

215 rement for macrophages in the development of ricin-mediated pulmonary inflammation by employing trans

216 ittable from person to person, even a single ricin molecule can lead to cell necrosis because it inac

217 a endocytosis, where only a minute number of ricin molecules reach the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lum

218 munosensor fabricated using the conventional Ricin monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have also bee

219 nor-coaxial stacking combinations and sarcin/ricin motif variants.

220 We describe the development of an anti-ricin neutralizing monoclonal antibody (IgG 43RCA-G1) an

221 VHHs, V5E1, ranks as one of the most potent ricin-neutralizing antibodies described to date.

222 ess this question, we assessed the impact of ricin on the gastrointestinal tract and organs of mice a

223 549 cells resulted in a dramatic increase of ricin or abrin cytotoxicity compared with control mock-t

224 to be 53 +/- 2 pmol adenine per picomole of ricin per hour.

225 ng of transferrin, retrograde trafficking of ricin, phagolysosomal trafficking, or phagosome permeabi

226 Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) like ricin, pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) and Shiga-like t

227 Ricin produced from the castor oil plant, Ricinus commun

228 toxin, an examination of the activity of the ricin protein upon a DNA substrate that mimics the toxin

229 ter as capture reagents for the detection of ricin, providing a limit of detection in enzyme linked i

230 Ricin purification from the source castor seeds is essen

231 two plant toxins, recombinant A chains from ricin (RAC) and pulchellin (PAC) toxins, for their abili

232 any indication of enterocyte damage and that ricin rapidly reaches the kidneys of intoxicated mice.

233 se tight-binding inhibitors mimic the sarcin-ricin recognition loop of 28S rRNA and the dissociative

234 that milk can bind competitively to 1 ng/ml ricin, reducing the amount of toxin uptake by the cells,

235 is depleted from cell fraction preparations ricin reduction can still take place, indicating that al

236 emonstrated to be involved in the process of ricin reduction; however, when PDI is depleted from cell

237 We also present GI maps based on growth and ricin-resistance phenotypes, and we demonstrate how such

238 d by searching for kink-turn, C-loop, sarcin-ricin, reverse kink-turn and E-loop motifs against a 23S

239 ng GNRA tetraloop, kink-turn, C-loop, sarcin-ricin, reverse kink-turn, hook-turn, E-loop and tandem-s

240 ystal structures of the enzymatic subunit of ricin (RTA) in complex with the antigen binding domains

241 several of the sdAb were observed to bind to ricin's A chain, cell free translation assays were perfo

242 (C8) was particularly effective and blocked ricin's biological activity with an effectiveness equal

243 monitor the ability of the sdAbs to inhibit ricin's biological activity.

244 ricin and Shiga toxins and protect mice from ricin's deadly effects.

245 One challenge in the forensic analysis of ricin samples is determining the method and extent of sa

246 y (GC/MS) to assess compositional changes in ricin samples purified by different methods.

247 ll survival under selective conditions (i.c. ricin selection).

248 immunoglobulin E and the bioterrorist agent ricin, sequentially captured by the immobilized aptamer

249 Like Ricin, Shiga, and Cholera toxins, yeast K28 is an A/B to

250 neys of mice instilled with a lethal dose of ricin showed accumulation of fibrin/fibrinogen in glomer

251 eins while differentiating by injection of a ricin-specific antibody (R18) in a subsequent enhancemen

252 The two additional ricin-specific heterodimers, when tested in vivo, provid

253 urrent study we produced a new collection of ricin-specific VHH heterodimers, as well as VHH homodime

254 Among the 20 unique ricin-specific VHHs we identified, six had toxin-neutral

255 ters, the limit of detection of 0.2 ng/mL of ricin spiked in buffer and milk was accomplished, repres

256 e utility of this method was demonstrated on ricin spiked into food and clinical samples consisting o

257 e three potential biological warfare agents, ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and epsilon toxin,

258 A candidate ricin subunit vaccine (RiVax) consisting of a recombinan

259 d the assay to study enzymatic properties of ricin such as pH and temperature optima (pH 4.5-5.0 and

260 A GI map focused on ricin susceptibility broadly recapitulates known pathway

261 The LC-MS detection limit achieved for ricin target peptides was 10 amol and the corresponding

262 Depurination of the ribosomal sarcin-ricin tetraloop (GAGA) causes inhibition of protein synt

263 ntaining DADMeA and based on the GAGA sarcin-ricin tetraloop gave slow-onset tight-binding inhibition

264 geted by cytotoxins such as alpha-sarcin and ricin that completely abolish translation.

265 h is used as a model to study the binding of ricin to galactose cell-surface receptors.

266 Administration of aerosolized ricin to macrophage-depleted mice led to reduced inflamm

267 ethal dose of purified fluorescently-labeled ricin to mice by oral gavage and followed transit of the

268 These observations suggest that ricin toxicity may possibly be reduced at room temperatu

269 iously unidentified GIs between modifiers of ricin toxicity.

270 Ricin toxin (RT) is the second most lethal toxin known;

271 Ricin toxin A chain (RTA) binds to stalk P-proteins to r

272 urface plasmon resonance to demonstrate that ricin toxin A chain (RTA) binds to the P1 and P2 protein

273 k is required for depurination of the SRL by ricin toxin A chain (RTA).

274 he light chain of Botulinum Neurotoxin A and Ricin Toxin A chain, which could be specifically and rep

275 ell system in which enzymatically attenuated ricin toxin A chains (RTA(E177D) and RTA(Delta177-181))

276 Ricin toxin A-chain (RTA) from castor beans catalyzes th

277 otein synthesis and induce cell death, plant ricin toxin and bacterial Shiga toxins enter the cell th

278 g deglycosylated ricin A chain prepared from ricin toxin extracted from castor beans were the most ef

279 -molecule array (Simoa) for the detection of ricin toxin in human urine and serum.

280 Rapid and sensitive detection of ricin toxin in various types of sample matrices is neede

281 Ricin toxin is a heterodimer consisting of RTA, a riboso

282 ormation required for the rational design of ricin toxin subunit vaccines.

283 city to protect human cells and mice against ricin toxin without toxicity.

284 agnetic beads for the sensitive detection of ricin toxin.

285 enes affecting growth and sensitivity to the ricin toxin.

286 tulinum, Clostridium difficile, anthrax, and ricin toxins.

287 e display library from llamas immunized with ricin toxoid and selected a number of single domain anti

288 We observed that, in both systems, ricin trafficked through the cells without apparent dama

289 We conclude that ricin transverses human intestinal cells and mouse intes

290 elow 100 pg/mL and excellent specificity for ricin versus the highly related RCA 120 (1 to 10 000).

291 The activity of recovered ricin was assessed, and quantification was achieved, wit

292 Depurination of the substrate by ricin was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption

293 In the case of sdAb immunosensor, Ricin was detected in a linear range of 1log(fg/mL)-1log

294 inhomogeneous substrate herring sperm DNA by ricin was determined to be 53 +/- 2 pmol adenine per pic

295 eer countermeasures for the category B toxin ricin, we produced and characterized a collection of epi

296 Phage selected on ricin were found to bind to either ricin A chain or the

297 deglycosylated A chain prepared from native ricin were the most effective in killing cells, but thei

298 era toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and ricin) were 1.6, 0.064, and 1.6 ng/mL for the microflow

299 Unlike ricin, which is internalized into the cells via a galact

300 it possible to quantitatively detect active ricin with 3 orders of magnitude dynamic range.

301 Single domain antibodies (sdAb) that bind ricin with high affinity and specificity were selected f