ライフサイエンスコーパス: savanna

1 o determine tree distributions in an African savanna.

2 and woody thickening in a warm-temperate oak savanna.

3 e rates of tree growth and canopy closure in savanna.

4 fire-free intervals, which are rare in mesic savanna.

5 ed set of LMH exclosures in semi-arid Kenyan savanna.

6 more appropriate to seasonal forest than to savanna.

7 als on an ant-Acacia mutualism in an African savanna.

8 pe-scale productivity gradient in an African savanna.

9 ss an aridity gradient in a semiarid African savanna.

10 large areas of tropical forest into scrub or savanna.

11 rally compressed compared with those in open savanna.

12 d at the landscape scale, as forest replaces savanna.

13 the West African forest and the West African savanna.

14 er than in other neotropical biomes, such as savanna.

15 a ants) animal species in a semi-arid Kenyan savanna.

16 (six wild, one domestic) in semiarid African savanna.

17 l dung balls along straight paths across the savanna.

18 erwise displacing grasses, at least in mesic savannas.

19 critical transitions between grasslands and savannas.

20 anna environments, as well as in present-day savannas.

21 precipitation variability and was largest in savannas.

22 ease two and a half times that of Australian savannas.

23 ense precipitation change, especially within savannas.

24 ill accelerate the expansion of forests into savannas.

25 n the stability of tree-grass coexistence in savannas.

26 e coexistence of woody plants and grasses in savannas.

27 Are trees in savannas a 'slow' variable?

28 present knowledge of diversity across other savanna-adapted species, as well as with palaeoclimate a

29 me from multiple locations across forest and savanna Africa.

30 al resolution of 56 cm throughout 1640 ha of savanna after 6-, 22-, 35-, and 41-year exclusions of he

31 dynamics in frequently burned longleaf pine savannas along a gradient of soil moisture availability

32 ons, generally decreased, both in forest and savanna, although the directionality of changes varied l

33 can be used to differentiate between forest, savanna and admixed isolates, which has not previously b

34 ally, fire-tree cover feedbacks can maintain savanna and forest as alternative stable states.

35 the climate-carbon-fire feedback in tropical savanna and forest biomes.

36 t with fire to determine the distribution of savanna and forest by influencing the time needed to rea

37 Global change will likely affect savanna and forest structure and distributions, with imp

38 Fire shapes the distribution of savanna and forest through complex interactions involvin

39 imodal, and only fire differentiates between savanna and forest.

40 s, sedges, and succulents common in tropical savannas and deserts) likely represents a significant ec

41 Fire regimes in savannas and forests are changing over much of the world

42 adaptation in frequently burned areas across savannas and forests in both temperate and tropical regi

43 vity of ecosystem carbon across 180 plots in savannas and forests throughout the 2.2-million km(2) Ce

44 supported more diverse AMF communities than savannas and grassland.

45 en up by the mid-continent aridification and savannas and grasslands expanded into the interior of th

46 encroachment in both Australian and African savannas and grasslands may present similar threats to b

47 ct the spread of woody vegetation in African savannas and grasslands under future climate scenarios,

48 ween forested areas and periodically flooded savannas and grasslands.

49 010-11 carbon sink was primarily ascribed to savannas and grasslands.

50 c N(2) fixers in phosphorus-limited tropical savannas and lowland tropical forests.

51 several million years before fire-maintained savannas and probably, in different environmental condit

52 provide insights into the nature of African savannas and suggest that future changes in precipitatio

53 abundance to climate variations in tropical savannas and suggest that projected increases in rainfal

54 arm, and vegetation alternated among forest, savanna, and prairie.

55 rresponding displacement of native woodland, savanna, and shrubland.

56 predict will be frequent in rain forest and savanna, and which represent excellent case studies of i

57 nate tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannas, and C(3) grasses dominate the world's cooler t

58 . used spatial data to show that grasslands, savannas, and forests represent opposing stable states.

59 y hotspot comprised of dry forests, woodland savannas, and grasslands.

60 al model with two components: (1) forest and savanna are alternative stable states, maintained by tre

61 Above a MAP of approximately 650 mm, savannas are 'unstable' systems in which MAP is sufficie

62 Tropical savannas are a globally extensive biome prone to rapid v

63 hment over the next century and that African savannas are at high risk of widespread vegetation chang

64 Savannas are globally important ecosystems of great sign

65 lusions 55 Acknowledgements 55 References 56 Savannas are highly variable systems, and predicting var

66 lly vulnerable, whereas seasonal forests and savannas are more robust.

67 e range of environmental conditions in which savannas are stable are still lacking.

68 e range of environmental conditions in which savannas are stable.

69 A large fraction of the world grasslands and savannas are undergoing a rapid shift from herbaceous to

70 African savannas are undergoing management intensification, and

71 in habitat and wildlife in semiarid African savannas are widely reported and commonly attributed to

72 s biodiversity hotspot shows that forest and savanna area both declined, by 74% (2.8 million ha) and

73 carbon-diversity trade-offs on the amount of savanna area remaining requires land managers to careful

74 es in seasonal floodplains in Bolivia's Beni savannas as vestiges of pre-European earthen fish weirs,

75 eastern African australopith diet to include savanna-based foods represents a shift to use of plant f

76 ist and that by about 1.8 million years ago, savanna-based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals

77 rica and between the West African forest and savanna bioclimes, with evidence of unidirectional gene

78 use in the context of climate-driven forest-savanna biome shifts through the mid-to-late Holocene.

79 Forest and savanna biomes dominate the tropics, yet factors control

80 Amazonian rain forest-savanna boundaries are highly sensitive to climatic chan

81 Recurrent backcrossing of female hybrids to savanna bulls replaced the forest nuclear genome.

82 se results show that climatic impacts on dry-savanna burning are heterogeneous through time, with imp

83 middle Holocene, the relative importance of savanna burning in the region varied primarily in respon

84 ial native vegetation (forest, grassland, or savanna) but strongly dependent on the characteristics o

85 the distributions of tropical woodlands and savannas, but our understanding of these processes is li

86 Herbivores cause treefalls in African savannas, but rates are unknown at large scales required

87 ack understanding of how cyclic fire affects savanna carbon dynamics.

88 The discovery that savanna chimpanzees use tools to obtain USOs contradicts

89 Determining whether savanna chimpanzees, who face much more extreme environm

90 Here, we show that savanna chimpanzees, who live in ecologically marginal h

91 ngle rDNA type, S/type I, corresponds to the Savanna chromosomal form.

92 mary agent of treefall across widely varying savanna conditions, and a large-scale 'elephant trap' pr

93 We identified forest:savanna-discriminatory genomic regions and report a set

94 Resolving the drivers of forest and savanna distribution has moved beyond simple correlative

95 arpest trade-offs between carbon storage and savanna diversity occurred at the early stages of carbon

96 Juniperus virginiana was the only savanna dominant in which neither survival nor final abo

97 expanse of presumed anthropogenic grassland savanna, dominated by the Family Poaceae, that blankets

98 structure of AMF communities in grasslands, savannas, dry forests and miombo in a protected area und

99 erestimate the bistability of grasslands and savannas due to limitations of substituting space for ti

100 biome distributions, whether at the cost of savanna (due to fragmentation) or forest (due to climate

101 The role of savannas during the course of early human evolution has

102 ntral Asia (16%) and decline in many African savannas (e.g., -18% in sub-Saharan western Africa).

103 transect largely contained within the Sudan-Savanna ecoclimatic zone, we analyzed chromosomal invers

104 perimentally excluding large wildlife from a savanna ecosystem in East Africa, and examining changes

105 iving in a temporally and spatially variable savanna ecosystem, I found that variance in reproductive

106 Tree cover in savanna ecosystems is usually regarded as unstable, vary

107 suggest that although woody encroachment in savanna ecosystems may provide substantial carbon benefi

108 Fire regulates the structure and function of savanna ecosystems, yet we lack understanding of how cyc

109 play in driving tree growth and survival in savannas, ecosystems of global economic and ecological i

110 of residual forest elephant mitochondria in savanna elephant herds renders evolutionary interpretati

111 African forest and savanna elephants are distinct species separated by a hy

112 ns, we examined gene flow between forest and savanna elephants at 21 African locations.

113 er, we show that the ivory was entirely from savanna elephants, most probably originating from a narr

114 s deep genetic separation between forest and savanna elephants.

115 Within African savannas, elephants often damage individual trees to the

116 y encroachment may reduce plant diversity of savanna endemics, even as the diversity of encroaching f

117 to sustain large and dense populations in a savanna environment.

118 t of woody plant species adapted to the open savanna environment.

119 lumbian tropical forest and Central American savanna environments, as well as in present-day savannas

120 Meanwhile, savannas, especially where they immediately bordered for

121 s low-resource sites are likely to remain as savanna even if fire is infrequent.

122 Our findings suggest that herbivore-adapted savannas evolved several million years before fire-maint

123 Tree abundance in tropical savannas exhibits large and unexplained spatial variabil

124 ether mammals could also have contributed to savanna expansion by using spinescence as a marker of ma

125 A savanna fire analysis identified fire frequencies of 3-4

126 principal sources of disturbance in African savannas, fire and elephants, and measured their indepen

127 Savannas first began to spread across Africa during the

128 netic and functional--in C4-dominanted mesic savanna grassland sites with similar structure and physi

129 es of up to ca. 20-30% were simulated within savanna, grassland, and shrubland vegetation types.

130 ion density in places previously occupied by savanna-grassland mosaics) favouring some species at the

131 rbon and nitrogen losses were substantial in savanna grasslands and broadleaf forests, but not in tem

132 e carbon sink capacity of frequently burning savanna grasslands and broadleaf forests.

133 Here we analyse data from 48 sites in savanna grasslands, broadleaf forests and needleleaf for

134 sponses to altered fire regimes in two mesic savanna grasslands.

135 changes in soil carbon, especially in drier savanna grasslands.

136 ositively associated with living in semiarid savanna habitats and with temporal variability in rainfa

137 Savanna habitats are not only highly seasonal, but also

138 the management of biodiversity and carbon in savanna habitats, but has rarely been evaluated empirica

139 roles in the initial hominin colonization of savanna habitats, the development of the distinctive sku

140 articularly in the vast deserts and tropical savannas) has been in areas that are remote from human p

141 When accounting for land use, African savannas have a mean rate annual woody cover increase tw

142 In savannas, however, the situation is more complex.

143 Climate is clearly important, but extensive savannas in some high rainfall areas suggest a decouplin

144 ion by the ants stabilizes tree cover across savannas in what is otherwise a highly dynamic biome.

145 nderpin a variety of ecological processes in savannas, including responses to climate change.

146 condary contact with its close relative--the savanna-inhabiting Silver-backed Butcherbird--whose cont

147 of elephants, tree encroachment may convert savannas into closed-canopy woodlands; when elephants in

148 intensified browsing pressure can transform savannas into open grasslands.

149 e coexistence of woody plants and grasses in savannas is determined by a complex set of interacting f

150 oody vegetation into deserts, grasslands and savannas is generally thought to lead to an increase in

151 haping ecosystems, especially grasslands and savannas, it is important to understand its broader impa

152 tives on an emerging alternative approach to savanna land use and conservation that can help reduce c

153 t the inhabitants exploited a naturally open savanna landscape that they maintained around their sett

154 uctural diversity of vegetation across large savanna landscapes.

155 ons of cooperatively breeding vertebrates in savanna-like habitats and other temporally variable envi

156 Yet in some savanna locales distant from present-day forest habitats

157 of hybridization between forest females and savanna males, which are larger and reproductively domin

158 at pre-Columbian farmers practiced fire-free savanna management calls into question the widely held a

159 In the dry tropics, including African savannas, many trees grow new leaves during the dry seas

160 These arid and semi-arid savannas may be considered 'stable' systems in which wat

161 Reduced megaherbivore biomass in wooded savannas may have resulted in increased plant biomass an

162 rest extensions into the Arctic and semiarid savannas; more frequent wildfire in Amazonia, the far no

163 bility, the other in the northern rainforest-savanna mosaic, with species of greater hunting potentia

164 Savanna must become an explicit policy priority in the f

165 Of studies done in Amazonian savannas, none has the temporal resolution needed to det

166 Although grassland and savanna occupy only a quarter of the world's vegetation,

167 nutrient-rich soils, whereas fire-maintained savannas occur in wetter climates on nutrient-poor soils

168 l data indicate that fire in the dry lowland savanna of southeastern Kenya was not fuel-limited durin

169 ss (Schizachyrium scoparium) in southern oak savanna of the United States were evaluated under four c

170 Fires burning the vast grasslands and savannas of Africa significantly influence the global ca

171 ls on fire occurrence in the grass-dominated savannas of eastern equatorial Africa.

172 ted to rocky habitats within the Neotropical savannas of eastern South America.

173 at extensive fires in the seasonally flooded savannas of French Guiana are a post-Columbian phenomeno

174 sing most rapidly in the remaining uncleared savannas of South America, most likely due to fire suppr

175 ology is ubiquitous across the woodlands and savannas of southern tropical Africa.

176 Forest Code governs the fate of forests and savannas on Brazil's 394 Mha of privately owned lands.

177 Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop-based biofu

178 The prehispanic savanna peoples of the Bolivian Amazon built an anthropo

179 forces reconsideration of how pre-Columbian savanna peoples practiced raised-field agriculture and h

180 t African grazing mammals and North American savanna plants strongly support these predictions.

181 iomass burning associated with pre-A.D. 1492 savanna raised-field agriculture and a sharp increase in

182 Are trees in savannas really more heterogeneous?

183 s across Africa, that maximum woody cover in savannas receiving a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of

184 ropical America, especially in the Brazilian Savanna region.

185 ver, pre-Columbian human impact in Amazonian savannas remains poorly understood.

186 s, even in disturbance-dependent biomes like savanna, remains poorly understood.

187 nteract to determine vegetation structure in savannas represents a challenge.

188 - and branch-level data harvested from three savanna sites across a rainfall gradient in Mali, West A

189 sing field observations from several African savanna sites.

190 Are trees in savannas spatially patterned?

191 of forest encroachment, and beyond a point, savanna species losses outpace forest species gains with

192 Furthermore, the loss of savanna species quickens in the final stages of forest e

193 t-day forest habitats, many individuals with savanna-specific nuclear genotypes carried maternally tr

194 celerate the transition between a forest and savanna state.

195 int, that separates regions where forest and savanna states are naturally selected.

196 on which of these are the primary drivers of savanna structure.

197 National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes.

198 hed quickly, increasing the probability that savanna switches to forest, whereas low-resource sites a

199 In a Kenyan savanna system, replicate plots dominated by the tree Ac

200 metric Similarity, and Stress Similarity) in savanna systems.

201 rest environments and into tropical woodland/savanna systems.

202 logical record from a French Guianan coastal savanna that forces reconsideration of how pre-Columbian

203 een mosaic, consisting of a matrix of wooded savanna that formed a transitional zone between the extr

204 tent with scenarios of hominin adaptation to savannas, these data come from Ugalla (Tanzania), one of

205 e will differentially alter the structure of savannas through hydrological changes to the seasonally

206 th evidence of unidirectional gene flow from savanna to forest strains.

207 h fire exclusion often causing a switch from savanna to forest.

208 gh the process of hydraulic lift could allow savannas to persist stably in mesic regions that would o

209 We use the rainforest-savanna transition region in Brazil to show differences

210 Savanna tree-grass interactions may be particularly sens

211 nal Park, South Africa, to assess sources of savanna treefall across nested gradients of climate, top

212 raits influence both thresholds; saplings of savanna trees accumulate bark thickness more quickly tha

213 We hypothesize savanna trees have greater length-scaling exponents than

214 lephant trap' predominantly removes maturing savanna trees in the 5-9 m height range.

215 trees accumulate leaf area more rapidly than savanna trees, thereby accelerating the transition to fo

216 the trajectory of juniper encroachment into savannas, under these anticipated climatic conditions.

217 contribute to a predictive understanding of savanna vegetation heterogeneity.

218 sturbances to identify what determines local savanna vegetation heterogeneity.

219 Savanna vegetation is variable, and predicting how water

220 Savanna vegetation structure was reasonably predictable,

221 ere in comparisons between localities in the savanna vs. forest zones (range FST 0.024-0.087, Nm 2.6-

222 mine climate-vegetation-fire linkages in dry savanna, we conducted macroscopic and microscopic charco

223 the human footprint, and proximity to woody savanna were each strongly associated with HeV spillover

224 Spiny savannas with abundant mammal herbivores occur in drier

225 hat is commonly referred to as tree- or bush-savanna, with 25% or less woody canopy cover.

226 ved in a river-margin forest in an otherwise savanna (wooded grassland) landscape at Aramis, Ethiopia

227 n basin, in the Paraguayan Chaco, and in the savanna woodlands of the Sahel and East Africa).

228 s expected, but that the richness of endemic savanna woody plant species declines with carbon storage

229 Via a meta-analysis, we quantified savanna woody vegetation change spanning the last centur

230 -deciduous (SDF), dry forests (DF) and woody savanna (WS), we find that (i) climate is more closely r

231 ed even between localities in the forest and savanna zones (range FST 0.001-0.019, Nm 12.7-226.1) or

232 t span the ecological zones of Nigeria (arid savanna zones in the north gradually turn into humid for