ライフサイエンスコーパス: sea urchin

1 a GRN model for embryonic development in the sea urchin.

2 ms including the mouse, frog, zebrafish, and sea urchin.

3 ggesting cdk2 involvement in this process in sea urchin.

4 whose fertilization occurs externally, like sea urchins.

5 e stable state by increasing diet breadth in sea urchins.

6 columnals, changed in step with diversity of sea urchins.

7 focussing on abundant macroalgae and grazing sea urchins.

8 temporal regulation of PLCgamma and SFK1 in sea urchins.

9 nfect marine animals such as farmed fish and sea urchins.

10 the GRN for the same embryonic territory of sea urchins.

11 fertilization and reproductive isolation of sea urchins.

12 g constructs: the Widom 601 sequence and the sea urchin 5S ribosomal gene.

13 In the sea urchin, a basal deuterostome, Hh signaling is shown

14 In the sea urchin, a prototypic deuterostome, the ectoderm-endo

15 In sea urchins, a Src Family Kinase (SpSFK1) is necessary f

16 we found in the responses of Padina spp. and sea urchin abundance at several vent systems increases c

17 rate for grazing epifauna, where scraping by sea urchins affects overall column-topography.

18 e performed a structure-function analysis of sea urchin Alx1 using a rescue assay and identified a no

19 In the sea urchin, an endomesoderm GRN model explains much of t

20 complete ancestral TPC gene family from the sea urchin and demonstrate that all three isoforms local

21 rison of the regulation of foxa orthologs in sea urchin and in Caenorhabditis elegans shows that foxa

22 We combined ecological data of sea urchin and macroalgal abundance with fishery data of

23 rom one to three days after fertilization of sea urchin and sea star (total of 22,670,000 reads).

24 that 47 and 38 known miRNAs are expressed in sea urchin and sea star, respectively, during early deve

25 In contrast, carbon enrichment deterred sea urchins and attracted isopods, while simulated herbi

26 Although invagination of the archenteron in sea urchins and dorsal closure in Drosophila are known t

27 ases focused on the genomic information from sea urchins and related echinoderms.

28 ryos of the echinoderms, especially those of sea urchins and sea stars, have been studied as model or

29 ritories have evolved different functions in sea urchins and sea stars, this subcircuit is part of an

30 lain some of the distinctions between modern sea urchins and the much more disparate groups of forms

31 echinoderms, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (sea urchin) and Patiria miniata (sea star) are excellent

32 oRNA adenylation is widely conserved in fly, sea urchin, and mouse.

33 ns in the digestive tracts of the mouse, the sea urchin, and the nematode and in the chordate notocho

34 in embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchins, and observe a sequence of three mineral pha

35 ing plate addition pattern characteristic of sea urchins, and that application of the Bertalanffy gro

36 provide strong support for the idea that the sea urchin ANE regulatory state and the mechanisms that

37 , we show that during early development, the sea urchin ANE territory separates into inner and outer

38 Sea urchins are a major component of recent marine commu

39 Sea urchins are an important model for experiments at th

40 Sea urchins are considered highly vulnerable to OA.

41 The trophic interactions of sea urchins are known to be the agents of phase shifts i

42 Sea stars and sea urchins are model systems for interrogating the type

43 re synthesized with both the nanorod and the sea-urchin-arm dimensions controlled by Co/Fe ratios.

44 ole of miR-31 in early development using the sea urchin as a model.

45 y trophic replacement of herbivorous fish by sea urchins at low biomass and the accumulation of slow-

46 other deuterostomes, including ascidians and sea urchins, but no nodal orthologue has been reported i

47 The sea urchin C-terminal construct (SUPC2 Ccore) also forms

48 Sea urchins challenged with heat-killed marine bacteria

49 ological inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex in sea urchin coelomocytes, cells that possess an unusually

50 A reduction in top-down control on sea urchins, combined with other expected impacts of cli

51 of embryos only if Tld levels are reduced in sea urchin compared to fly.

52 binding motifs is significantly depressed in sea urchins compared with sea star, but both motif types

53 In contrast, for sea urchins, connectivity among pairs of MPAs generally

54 The genome of the purple sea urchin contains numerous large gene families with pu

55 d tropical systems the abundances of grazing sea urchins declined dramatically along CO2 gradients.

56 ggers a trophic cascade leading to increased sea urchin densities and decreased macroalgal biomass.

57 ll treatments to examine the extent to which sea urchin density and macroalgal biomass were related t

58 er abundance and sea urchin density, and (2) sea urchin density and macroalgal biomass.

59 tionships between: (1) lobster abundance and sea urchin density, and (2) sea urchin density and macro

60 These results show that sea urchin development is highly sensitive to Ni via a m

61 ned gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying sea urchin development.

62 During embryogenesis the sea urchin early pluteus larva differentiates 40-50 neur

63 sive work over the last decades in echinoid (sea urchins) echinoderms has led to the characterization

64 R analogues in both Jurkat T-lymphocytes and sea urchin egg homogenate (SUH) were investigated.

65 nist potency for release of Ca(2+)-ions from sea urchin egg homogenates and in potency for competitio

66 zido-NAADP was shown to release calcium from sea urchin egg homogenates at low concentration and to c

67 Photolysis of sea urchin egg homogenates preincubated with [(32)P-5N(3

68 itors for ex vivo and in vitro treatments of sea urchin eggs and isolated cortices and cortical vesic

69 in a systematic manner, we place individual sea urchin eggs into microfabricated chambers of defined

70 ch can then be mixed, injected together into sea urchin eggs, and subsequently deconvolved.

71 ing NAADP-evoked Ca(2+) signaling, including sea urchin eggs, human cell lines (HEK293, SKBR3), and m

72 hich have been most extensively described in sea urchin eggs.

73 y in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the sea urchin embryo (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) is qui

74 pability occurs at early gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo and requires activation of early speci

75 amental discoveries that originated with the sea urchin embryo as an experimental system are used to

76 mesoderm (NSM) from the endomesoderm during sea urchin embryo development.

77 hod to challenge specific predictions of the sea urchin embryo endomesoderm GRN.

78 a, which are central to specification of the sea urchin embryo endomesoderm.

79 rior neuroectoderm (ANE) of the deuterostome sea urchin embryo expresses many of the same transcripti

80 of the regulative development for which the sea urchin embryo has long been famous.

81 strulation the ectodermal territories of the sea urchin embryo have developed an unexpectedly complex

82 Recent studies of the sea urchin embryo have elucidated the mechanisms that lo

83 d interference to demonstrate that the early sea urchin embryo integrates information not only from W

84 The formation of the endoskeleton of the sea urchin embryo is a powerful experimental system for

85 rmation of the calcified endoskeleton of the sea urchin embryo is a valuable experimental system for

86 The oral-aboral axis of the sea urchin embryo is specified conditionally via a regul

87 age labelling studies have shown that in the sea urchin embryo model system, descendants of the veg1

88 e model of community effect signaling in the sea urchin embryo oral ectoderm.

89 urrent gene regulatory network (GRN) for the sea urchin embryo pertains to pregastrular specification

90 ll micromeres to the coelomic pouches in the sea urchin embryo provides an exceptional model for unde

91 Dorsal/ventral (DV) patterning of the sea urchin embryo relies on a ventrally-localized organi

92 Skeletal patterning in the sea urchin embryo requires a conversation between the sk

93 it activated early in the development of the sea urchin embryo reveal a sequence of encoded "fail-saf

94 idal ciliated band (CB) of the postgastrular sea urchin embryo surrounds the oral ectoderm, separatin

95 hese data strongly support the idea that the sea urchin embryo uses an ancient anterior patterning sy

96 ion process in the vegetal half of the early sea urchin embryo using Boolean models with continuous-t

97 terized gene regulatory network (GRN) in the sea urchin embryo was used to identify the transcription

98 is afforded by the oral ectoderm GRN of the sea urchin embryo where cis-regulatory evidence, experim

99 we describe a general methodology using the sea urchin embryo, a material of choice because of the l

100 (GRN) model that promotes myogenesis in the sea urchin embryo, an early branching deuterostome.

101 diator of oral ectoderm specification in the sea urchin embryo, and indirectly, of aboral ectoderm sp

102 fully applied to regulatory processes in the sea urchin embryo, but it is generally applicable to any

103 In the sea urchin embryo, cells at gastrulation were found to r

104 The well-known regulative properties of the sea urchin embryo, coupled with the recent elucidation o

105 are formed at the fifth cell division of the sea urchin embryo, illustrate many typical features of p

106 In the sea urchin embryo, one such asymmetrical structure, oddl

107 n the non-skeletogenic mesoderm of the early sea urchin embryo.

108 t a mitotic function of Vasa revealed in the sea urchin embryo.

109 terning each of the mesoderm subtypes in the sea urchin embryo.

110 s the development of the endoskeleton of the sea urchin embryo.

111 e regulatory network for neurogenesis in the sea urchin embryo.

112 ry networks (GRNs) that control pregastrular sea urchin embryogenesis to reveal the gene regulatory f

113 During sea urchin embryogenesis, the skeleton is produced by pr

114 dy explores the role of Chordin (Chd) during sea urchin embryogenesis.

115 -specific up-regulation during both frog and sea urchin embryogenesis.

116 ABC transporter activity during formation of sea urchin embryonic cells necessary for the production

117 les for the entire expressed gene set during sea urchin embryonic development.

118 irectly involved in biomineralization during sea urchin embryonic development.

119 lso found 13 potentially novel miRNAs in the sea urchin embryonic library.

120 irectly to the CUB (Complement 1r/s, Uegf [a sea urchin embryonic protein] and BMP1) domains of BMP1

121 nanoparticles (NPs) in early development of sea urchin embryos (Paracentrotus lividus).

122 aggregated late blastula- and gastrula-stage sea urchin embryos according to the regulatory states ex

123 AV) and secondary (oral-aboral) (OA) axes of sea urchin embryos are established by distinct regulator

124 Here we show that in sea urchin embryos cis-regulatory control systems which

125 In sea urchin embryos Delta signaling specifies non-skeleto

126 on of the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) in sea urchin embryos depends on Delta signaling.

127 overy that some of the pharyngeal neurons of sea urchin embryos develop de novo from the endoderm.

128 d dorsal-ventral (DV) axes, respectively, of sea urchin embryos during cleavage and early blastula st

129 the result of early specification processes, sea urchin embryos eventually form various mesodermal ce

130 Biomineralization in sea urchin embryos is a crystal growth process that resu

131 e ventral ectoderm to the dorsal ectoderm in sea urchin embryos is not understood.

132 onstrates that pantropic retroviruses infect sea urchin embryos with high efficiency and genomically

133 opic retroviruses as a transduction tool for sea urchin embryos, and demonstrates that pantropic retr

134 In sea urchin embryos, BMP is produced in the ventral ectod

135 PS NPs in several human cell lines, also in sea urchin embryos, differences in surface charges and a

136 In sea urchin embryos, pigmented immunocytes are specified

137 In sea urchin embryos, small micromeres formed at the fifth

138 In sea urchin embryos, specification of the secondary (oral

139 Using sea urchin embryos, we showed that Notch signaling initi

140 , whole-mount fruit fly embryos, whole-mount sea urchin embryos, whole-mount zebrafish larvae, whole-

141 ortical cytoskeletons prepared from dividing sea urchin embryos.

142 of principle for transduction technology in sea urchin embryos.

143 y as early as the first cleavage division in sea urchin embryos.

144 ers have been shown to control patterning of sea urchin embryos.

145 ecessary for endodermal gut morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos.

146 o study aspects of this transport process in sea urchin embryos.

147 an essential node of the well-characterized sea urchin endomesoderm gene regulatory network (GRN).

148 Using specific subcircuits from the sea urchin endomesoderm GRN, for which both circuit desi

149 Another seven T and two complement C1r/C1s, sea urchin epidermal growth factor, and bone morphogenet

150 effects of OA on the skeleton of "classical" sea urchins (euechinoids), but the impact of etching on

151 t showed that the embryos of the New Zealand sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) are the most sensitiv

152 rosophila embryo and the endomesoderm in the sea urchin, even though the respective subcircuits are c

153 We show that sea urchins exhibit significant morphological and behavi

154 We test the hypothesis that sea urchins exhibit trophic plasticity using an approach

155 The sea urchins exhibited a wide degree of phenotypic trophi

156 boratory observations indicate that cidaroid sea urchins feed on live stalked crinoids, leaving disti

157 ryo-electron tomography of Chlamydomonas and sea urchin flagella to answer long-standing questions an

158 ing of the roles played by growth factors in sea urchin gastrulation and skeletogenesis.

159 es to primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) during sea urchin gastrulation, although the relative contribut

160 In addition, we constructed a custom sea urchin gene ontology, and assigned about 7000 differ

161 81 active CRMs from 37 previously unexplored sea urchin genes.

162 The purple sea urchin genome encodes 10 IL17 subfamilies (35 genes)

163 eralization of embryonic spicules and of the sea urchin genome have identified several putative miner

164 ion of the regulatory genes predicted by the sea urchin genome project and shown in ancillary studies

165 cithotrophic (nonfeeding) development in the sea urchin genus Heliocidaris is one of the most compreh

166 Sea urchin gonads are usually sold as a fresh chilled pr

167 ndance and biomass among lobster (predator), sea urchins (grazer), and macroalgae (primary producer)

168 Reduced sea urchin grazing pressure and significant increases in

169 r signs of biological disturbance (primarily sea urchin grazing) and increased recovery rates of the

170 These results demonstrate that the sea urchin GRN for pigment cell development is quite sha

171 The sea urchin has a long and uninterrupted history as a mod

172 In temperate reefs, the grazing activity of sea urchins has been responsible for the destruction of

173 ating in the early development of euechinoid sea urchins have revealed that little appreciable change

174 he same result was seen with nanos2 from the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Hp).

175 sons of functional and expression studies in sea urchin, hemichordate and chordate embryos reveal str

176 ion of different shaped (spherical, rod, and sea-urchin) heteroatom-doped fluorescent carbon nanopart

177 d echinoderms Paracentrotus lividus Lamarck (sea urchin), Holothuria forskali Chiaje (sea cucumber),

178 e cell specification events, we identified a sea urchin homologue of Numb (LvNumb).

179 over, current flagellar model systems (e.g., sea urchin, human sperm) contain accessory structures th

180 strate that the binding of PIP(2) to SpIH, a sea urchin hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide

181 in two subsets of immune cells in the purple sea urchin in response to immune challenges.

182 ges, some commercially important fishes, and sea urchins in 24 Mediterranean MPAs.

183 hese seedlings were preferred by herbivorous sea urchins in feeding trials, which could potentially c

184 s for the genes and messages from individual sea urchins indicates that these two sequence sets have

185 However, in sea urchins initial characterizations of FGF function do

186 We conclude that the PGCs of this sea urchin institute parallel pathways to quiesce transl

187 We identified that Vasa in the sea urchin is essential for: (1) general mRNA translatio

188 The oral-aboral (OA) axis in the sea urchin is specified by the TGFbeta family members No

189 the development of the embryonic skeleton in sea urchins is an important model for understanding the

190 We investigated the manner in which the sea urchin larva takes up calcium from its body cavity i

191 iously uncharacterized putative orthologs in sea urchin larvae and detected expression for twelve out

192 FITC dextran conjugates, we demonstrate that sea urchin larvae have a leaky integument.

193 Sea urchin larvae have an endoskeleton consisting of two

194 city by regulating arm length in pre-feeding sea urchin larvae in response to food availability.

195 Sea urchin larvae may have co-opted the widespread use o

196 nexpected findings from the immune system of sea urchin larvae potentially provide insights into immu

197 The sea urchin larval skeleton offers a simple model for for

198 d biogenic (extracted from California purple sea urchin larval spicules, Strongylocentrotus purpuratu

199 The Co-Fe-P structure, especially the sea-urchin-like (Co(0.54)Fe(0.46))2P, shows enhanced cat

200 om the polyhedral Co-Fe-O nanoparticles) and sea-urchin-like Co-Fe-P (from the cubic Co-Fe-O nanopart

201 e was maintained in early development of the sea urchin lineage.

202 a), and pinnotherid pea crab parasites for a sea urchin (Loxechinus albus).

203 sts that the chemosensory behavior of a deep-sea urchin may be impaired by ocean acidification.

204 Trophic plasticity in the sea urchin may contribute to the stability and resilienc

205 Using this assay, we found that sea urchin MDR transporters export canonical MDR susbtra

206 terminus (found in basal species such as the sea urchin) mediates direct catalytic activation of NADK

207 briefly compare the observed dynamics in the sea urchin model to a version that applies to the fly em

208 Testing whether this holds for all sea urchins necessitates comparative analyses of echinoi

209 ndoderm specification has been conceived for sea urchins, nor for any other deuterostome.

210 The sea urchin oral ectoderm gene regulatory network (GRN) m

211 Here we identify a sea urchin ortholog of the Twist transcription factor, a

212 muatm pCO2) on sperm competitiveness for the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus.

213 species; mussels (Mytilus edulis) and purple sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus).

214 We also employed the sea urchin PC2 (SUPC2) as a model for biophysical and st

215 port the Sp185/333 gene expression in single sea urchin phagocytes.

216 s a macroevolutionary response to changes in sea urchin predation pressure and that it may have set t

217 ovide unique insights into the importance of sea urchin predation through geologic time.

218 uenced herbivore feeding behavior, yet while sea urchins preferred nutrient-enriched seagrass tissue

219 Sea urchins provide an excellent model for studying cell

220 AG1 proteins, Transib transposase and purple sea urchin RAG1-like, have a latent ability to initiate

221 otinic acid 5-position are recognized by the sea urchin receptor, albeit with a 20-500-fold loss in a

222 We found that, with one exception, sea urchins remained more abundant at heavily fished sit

223 we characterized the proteomes of cilia from sea urchins, sea anemones, and choanoflagellates.

224 Among the various shapes of CNPs, the sea-urchin shape CNPs (SU-CNPs) shows the high product a

225 Sea urchins share a molecular heritage with chordates th

226 Mesozoic diversity changes in the predatory sea urchins show a positive correlation with diversity o

227 ent studies in naked mole rat and long-lived sea urchins showed that these species do not alter their

228 can sulfation serves as a positional cue for sea urchin skeletal patterning.

229 of skeletal development, the newly expanded sea urchin skeletogenic GRN will provide a foundation fo

230 y transcription factors that function in the sea urchin skeletogenic mesoderm are co-expressed in the

231 A comparison of this network to the sea urchin skeletogenic mesoderm GRN revealed a conserve

232 Mg2+ content and protective function of the sea urchin skeleton will play out in a complex way as gl

233 been developed to simulate growth of regular sea urchin skeletons.

234 These results suggest that sea urchin SMics share many more characteristics typical

235 us purpuratus and Lytechinus variegatus, two sea urchin species whose ancestors diverged approximatel

236 all available bindin sequences for two other sea urchin species, S. pallidus and S. droebachiensis.

237 self-inactivation strategy to both insert a sea urchin-specific enhancer and disrupt the endogenous

238 The GC chemoreceptor in sea urchin sperm can decode chemoattractant concentratio

239 uctural arrangements of Ribbon proteins from sea urchin sperm flagella, using quantitative immunobioc

240 oscopy and optochemical techniques, we track sea urchin sperm navigating in 3D chemoattractant gradie

241 We report that sea urchin sperm sampled molecules for 0.2-0.6 s before

242 ent observations of flagellar counterbend in sea urchin sperm show that the mechanical induction of c

243 We encapsulated individual sea urchin sperm with demembranated flagellum inside wat

244 In sea urchin sperm, a cyclic nucleotide-gated K(+) channel

245 the presence of polysialic acid (polySia) on sea urchin sperm.

246 Sea urchin spermatozoa respond to sperm-activating pepti

247 In sea urchins, spermatozoan motility is altered by chemota

248 e precursors to calcite (CaCO3) formation in sea urchin spicules, and not proto-aragonite or poorly c

249 most abundant occluded matrix protein in the sea urchin spicules, SM50, stabilizes ACC . H(2)O in vit

250 present a comprehensive analysis of an adult sea urchin spine, and in revealing a complex, hierarchic

251 OA on fertilization success in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri using pH treatment cond

252 re under altered conditions on the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri.

253 and antioxidant activity of gonads from the sea urchin, Stomopneustes variolaris, inhabiting the coa

254 , including two exons and one intron, in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius represented by

255 In the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (class Echinoid

256 changed with the discovery of a gene in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (phylum Echinod

257 os homologs are present in the genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Sp), and each

258 A deuterostome Grl from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus displays simila

259 We find that the PGCs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus exhibit broad t

260 l cells missing (gcm) regulatory gene of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is first expres

261 ible for skeletogenesis in the embryo of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is restricted t

262 apacity of the ecologically important purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to adapt to OA,

263 ch contrasts with previous findings from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus where L-type an

264 sus kowalevskii and Ptychodera flava and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus).

265 os homologs are present in the genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, all of which a

266 During embryonic development of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Vasa protein i

267 wn to be an important predator of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

268 ng development of the larval skeleton in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

269 developmental and environmental biology, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

270 axis orientations in the tooth of the purple sea urchin ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ), using high

271 Larvae of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) exhibit drama

272 e loci their annotations with respect to the Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) genome.

273 patterns of genome-wide selection in purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) cultured und

274 feeding behavior of a deep-sea echinoid, the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus fragilis.

275 The Sp185/333 gene family in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, consists of a

276 The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, expresses a d

277 ork during early embryogenesis of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is well descr

278 rized to a considerable extent in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

279 extant, morphologically distinct, echinoid (sea urchin) subclasses, Euechinoidea and Cidaroidea, whi

280 h research on indirect-developing euechinoid sea urchins suggests strong conservation of GRN circuitr

281 Sea urchin teeth are remarkable and complex calcite stru

282 In sea urchin the ANE is restricted to the anterior of the

283 In the sea urchin, the primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) GRN contro

284 In sea urchins, the coelomic pouches are the major contribu

285 In sea urchins, these changes include polymerization of cor

286 In sea urchins, this structure is built from glycoproteins

287 In modern sea urchins, this territory gives rise to skeletogenic m

288 The Nkx5/HMX family is highly conserved from sea urchins to humans, with known roles in neuronal and

289 formation and germ layer specification from sea urchins to mammals.

290 posed a genetically homogenous population of sea urchins to two very different trophic environments o

291 NAADP have molecular masses smaller than the sea urchin TPCs, and antibodies to TPCs do not detect an

292 l mineralogy, thickness, and strength in the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla reared in all combinatio

293 f polyethylene microspheres by larvae of the sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla.

294 Herein we demonstrate that recombinant sea urchin vascular endothelial growth factor (rVEGF), a

295 primary sequences of drug binding domains of sea urchin versus murine ABCB1 by mutation of Sp-ABCB1a

296 For two key marine species (kelp and sea urchins), we use oceanographic modelling to predict

297 of predator and prey sizes, although larger sea urchins were consumed only by large starfishes.

298 lsulfatase insulator (ArsI) derived from the sea urchin, which has conserved insulator activity throu

299 ce and predation rate of P. helianthoides on sea urchins will likely decrease with future warming.

300 ncluding Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, sea urchin, Xenopus, chick, and mouse has begun to illum